Reasonable Policy Research Articles

Changes in built‐up land along slope gradients and their effects on vegetation in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

AbstractBuilt‐up land changes along slope gradients (BCSG) are widespread globally, driven by natural environmental and socio‐economic variations. This process has profound effects on vegetation cover and is closely related to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. However, the mechanisms involved in the BCSG remain to be elucidated, and the impacts of BCSG on vegetation cover need to be quantified. The BCSG from 1990 to 2020 was described through slope spectrum analysis by taking the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) as an example. Then, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used as an indicator of vegetation cover, and its influence by BCSG was explored through a multiple linear regression model. The built‐up land in the TGRA from 1990 to 2020 was first dominated by slope climbing (SC) and then by horizontal expansion, and the intensity of built‐up land SC showed a general trend of weakening over time. During the 30 years, the intensity of built‐up land SC weakened and then strengthened in townships with mainly intermountain plains, while gradually decreasing in townships with mainly hills and townships with mainly mountains. Socio‐economic factors, natural factors, and regional special events drive the BCSG in TGRA. Built‐up land SC in the TGRA will have a negative impact on NDVI but to a progressively lesser degree from 1990 through 2020. The built‐up land SC in townships with mainly hills and mountains has a negative effect on NDVI. The built‐up land SC in townships with mainly intermountain plains has a positive impact on NDVI. These results can provide a scientific basis for formulating reasonable vertical management policies for built‐up land and help reduce the ecological risks caused by land development.

Public Reason, Bioethics, and Public Policy: A Seductive Delusion or Ambitious Aspiration?

Can Rawlsian public reason sufficiently justify public policies that regulate or restrain controversial medical and technological interventions in bioethics (and the broader social world), such as abortion, physician aid-in-dying, CRISPER-cas9 gene editing of embryos, surrogate mothers, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis of eight-cell embryos, and so on? The first part of this essay briefly explicates the central concepts that define Rawlsian political liberalism. The latter half of this essay then demonstrates how a commitment to Rawlsian public reason can ameliorate (not completely resolve) many of the policy disagreements related to bioethically controversial medical interventions today. The goal of public reason is to reduce the size of the disagreement by eliminating features of the disagreement that violate the norms of public reason. The norms of public reason are those norms that are politically necessary to preserve the liberal, pluralistic, democratic character of this society. What remains is reasonable disagreement to be addressed through normal democratic deliberative processes. Specific issues addressed from a public reason perspective include personal responsibility for excessive health costs, the utility of a metaphysical definition of death for organ transplantation, and the moral status of excess embryos generated through IVF and/or their use in medical research.

A Comparative Study and Analysis of the History and Recent Development of Real Estate in Hong Kong and the Mainland

Since the resumption of customs between Hong Kong and the Mainland, exchanges between the two places have become increasingly close. With the stabilisation of connectivity between the two places and the recovery of the Mainland economy, the transaction volume of Hong Kong's real estate market has been rising. This paper compares and analyzes the real estate development in Hong Kong and the mainland, on the one hand, analyzes the real estate development history of the two places, in particular, focuses on the impact of key historical events and policies on Hong Kong's real estate, and on the other hand, compares the development status of real estate in the two places in recent years, so as to understand the characteristics and development trends of the real estate markets in the two places, and provides reference for policy formulation and investment decision-making in the context of the close connection between the real estate in the two places after the reopening of the border. At the same time, it looks forward to the development trend of real estate in Hong Kong and mainland China, predicts possible challenges and opportunities, and puts forward reasonable policy suggestions and coping strategies. The results of the study show that the development of real estate in the Mainland is more affected by the political environment and is different from that of Hong Kong in terms of economy, policy and society; the lack of land supply has become an inevitable trend in both places, and it is necessary to solve the problem in a multi-faceted manner.

Factors Leading Marginalized Transgenders Towards Digital Entrepreneurship in Pakistan

The transgenders in Pakistan are facing challenges in jobs quota and starting their businesses in Pakistan. Transgenders are a marginalized community in Pakistan facing challenges in establishing their businesses. There are fewer opportunities for lesbians and guys in Pakistan to start their physical business due to bullying and harassment. The objective of the current research was to measure the impact of entrepreneurial support and entrepreneurial opportunities on the digital entrepreneurship of transgender people in the presence of microfinance loans and government policies in developing economies like Pakistan. A sample of 56 marginalized transgender people from the Punjab province of Pakistan was collected for the findings. The statistical analysis is performed by using SPSS 24 and Smart PLS 4. The partial least square–structural equation modelling (PLS–SEM) approach was used to measure the findings of measurement model assessment and structural model assessment. It is empirically concluded that the effect of entrepreneurial support and entrepreneurial opportunities on digital entrepreneurship for transgender people is large. Therefore, microfinance loans and government policies for supporting transgenders in digital entrepreneurship are critically required when there is appropriate support for transgenders for the accomplishment of entrepreneurial opportunities. Furthermore, the government of Pakistan is needed to plan and execute reasonable policies for sustainable entrepreneurship to motivate transgenders to the digital entrepreneurial environment. The execution of entrepreneurial policies by the Pakistani government and support of microfinance loans can increase digital entrepreneurship by transgenders in Pakistan, and this marginalized community can achieve success and standard life. This study also provides some recommendations for future studies.

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF CHALLENGES FACED BY CORPORATES IN MATTER OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING

The study got the best idea of solving the problems like to maintain appropriate financial statements like bookkeeping etc, to follow correct planning with lawful aspects and to maintain correct environmental management as this is the key for financial management. A business can only sustain when it always solves the problem of environmental changes. Business climate empowers the firm to Recognize potential chances to get the principal mover advantage: Climate give different open doors to business achievement. Understanding it helps an association in distinguishing beneficial open doors and taking advantage of advantages preceding contenders. It assists the firm with Distinguishing dangers and early admonition signals: subsequently natural administration helps the administrators overall. For instance, Bajaj Auto made significant upgrades in its bikes when different organizations entered the auto industry, It helps in tapping valuable assets: Business Climate is a wellspring of different assets, for example, man, machine, cash, unrefined substance, power and so on. to a business firm. By understanding the business climate a venture can plan approaches to obtain the expected assets and convert them into yield that the climate wants, It assists in adapting to quick changes: Business climate is exceptionally powerful where changes are occurring at a high speed. Changes, for example, ecological administration etc.. In request to adapt to huge changes supervisors should comprehend, inspect, and foster a reasonable strategy. It helps in helping with arranging and strategy detailing: Understanding and examination of the business climate can be the reason for arranging and strategy plan in an association. It helps in further developing execution: The endeavors that ceaselessly screen the climate and take on reasonable strategic policies are the ones, which work on their presentation as well as keep on prevailing on the lookout for an extensive stretch.

Exploring the characteristics and drivers of virtual cropland trade of major agricultural products in China

The trade volume of agricultural products can be used to measure the global flow of virtual cropland. This paper measures the virtual cropland contained in 68 major agricultural products in China, analyzes the changes in China's virtual cropland from 2001 to 2020, and examines the main import and export agricultural product categories of virtual cropland and the main trading countries of virtual cropland. Meanwhile, according to the LMDI model, the driving factors of virtual cropland trade are categorized into five effects, and the driving factors of virtual cropland trade are discussed in depth. The main findings are as follows: the net value of virtual cropland trade is growing rapidly, the import of legume crops is the main source of the net value of virtual cropland trade, and the virtual cropland importing countries are dominated by European and American countries, and the exporting countries are dominated by Asian countries. As for the driving factors, the quality effect and the structural effect play a dampening effect on the net imports of virtual cropland, however, the dampening effect is relatively weak and cannot offset the promotion brought by the other effects. The economic effect is the main driver of virtual net imports of cropland, and the amount of trade in agricultural products also has an important role in promoting virtual imports of cropland, while the demand effect is not significant. It is suggested that China should correctly formulate reasonable cropland management policies and trade strategies, optimize the structure of virtual cropland trade, guarantee national food security and promote sustainable development.

Impact on green finance and environmental regulation on carbon emissions: evidence from China

Introduction: Achieving peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality is an extensive and profound systematic economic and social change. Through market-oriented financial means, green finance has moved forward the effective governance port, curbed polluting investment and promoted technological progress such as green low-carbon, energy conservation and environmental protection, which has become a powerful starting point to support the practice of low-carbon development.Methods: Based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China (except Tibet, Hongkong, Macau and Taiwan Province) from 2004 to 2021, this paper calculates the development level of green finance in China provinces by using entropy weight method, and on this basis, uses mathematical statistical model to verify the impact of green finance and its sub-dimensions on carbon emissions and the regulatory effect of heterogeneous environmental regulation tools.Results: The results show that the development of green finance has a significant inhibitory effect on carbon emissions during the investigation period, and there is a time lag effect. After a series of robustness tests and considering endogenous problems, this conclusion still holds. From the results of heterogeneity analysis, the carbon emission reduction effect of green credit is the most obvious, and the impact of green finance on carbon emission is slightly different in different regions. Besides, Command-controlled environmental regulation tools and public participation environmental regulation tools play a positive regulatory role in the transmission path of green finance’s impact on carbon emissions, but market-driven environmental regulation tools cannot effectively enhance the carbon emission reduction effect of green finance development.Discussion: The research results of this paper provide a basis for the government to formulate flexible, accurate, reasonable and appropriate green financial policies, help to strengthen the exchange and cooperation between regions in reducing carbon and fixing carbon, and actively and steadily promote China’s goal of “peak carbon dioxide emissions, carbon neutrality”.

‘Credulous or the naïve?’ The Irish Department of Health’s response to commercial surrogacy

Abstract This article explores the prohibition of commercial surrogacy as currently contained within the Health (Assisted Human Reproduction) Act 2024. The 2024 Act regulates surrogacy for the first time in Irish law and creates a framework for the recognition of intending parentage arising from surrogacy agreements. This article explores the safeguards for surrogates contained within the 2024 Act against the arguments generally cited by the Department of Health against commercial surrogacy—that of commodifying children and exploitation of women. It considers Irish case law on commercial surrogacy and that of the European Court of Human Rights. It also includes passages from the O’Connell Study which was conducted within the author’s PhD thesis. The article concludes that the refusal to recognize the legal parent–child relationship based on the commercial nature of the surrogacy agreement is a violation of the child’s right to respect for private life under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the ECHR). It also finds that the Irish Courts have found no public policy reason strong enough to justify the refusal to recognize a foreign adoption order which followed a commercial surrogacy agreement. Primarily it argues that a commercial surrogacy agreement can be ethical; but requires sufficient safeguards for those parties involved.

Research on Rural Revitalization Strategy Driven by Digital Economy

This study deeply discusses the important role and role of the digital economy in the rural revitalization strategy. With its unique advantages, the digital economy provides a strong impetus for rural revitalization. The internal mechanism of the digital economy and how it integrates and promotes each other with the rural revitalization strategy are all important contents of this study. Studying the relationship between digital economy and rural revitalization not only helps us understand the internal mechanism and development trend of digital economy, but also helps us to formulate more scientific and reasonable rural development policies.

Decline in Planting Areas of Double-Season Rice by Half in Southern China over the Last Two Decades

Accurately tracking the changes in rice cropping intensity is a critical requirement for policymakers to formulate reasonable land-use policies. Southern China is a traditional region for rice multi-cropping, yet less is known about its spatial–temporal changes under the background of rapid urbanization in recent decades. Based on images from Landsat and MODIS and multiple land cover products, the gap-filling and Savitzky–Golay filter method (GF-SG), the enhanced pixel-based phenological features composite approach (Eppf-CM), random forest (RF), and the difference in NDVI approach (DNDVI) were combined to map the rice cropping pattern with a spatial resolution of 30 × 30 m over Southern China in 2000 and 2020 through Google Earth Engine (GEE). Subsequently, the spatial–temporal changes in rice cropping intensity and their driving factors were examined by Getis-Ord Gi* and geographical detector. The results showed that the produced rice cropping pattern maps exhibited high accuracy, with kappa coefficients and overall accuracies exceeding 0.81 and 90%, respectively. Over the past two decades, the planting areas of double-season rice in Southern China decreased by 54.49%, and a reduction was observed across eight provinces, while only half of the provinces exhibited an increase in the planting areas of single-season rice. Compared to the year 2000, the planting area of the conversion from double- to single-season rice cropping systems in 2020 was 2.71 times larger than that of the conversion from single- to double-season rice cropping systems. The hotspots of the change in rice cropping intensity were mainly located in the central part of Southern China (excluding the Poyang Lake Plain). The decline in the rural labor force, coupled with ≥10 °C accumulated temperature and topographical factors, plays a crucial role in the decreased intensity of rice cropping. Our findings can be beneficial for realizing regional agricultural sustainability and food security.

Foreign Direct Investment on China's Balance of Payments

With the acceleration of China's reform and opening-up process, the macro-economy is also developing rapidly, but in recent years, changes in the internal and external situation have all been seen as factors affecting the macro-economy, how to see the situation, how to formulate a reasonable policy to cope with the problem, has become the main task of the macro-economy. The balance of payments is an essential link in determining macroeconomic development. It is related to the balance and stability of domestic and foreign wealth, of which foreign investment is an essential part of China's opening up to the outside world, and most foreign investment is direct investment. The study of the impact of foreign direct investment on the balance of payments is of practical significance. Its main strategies of a trade conflict between China and the United States and the expansion of domestic demand in recent years can put forward valuable opinions, as well as guiding significance for stabilizing the exchange rate and guaranteeing the healthy development of the macroeconomy. This paper firstly summarizes and combs the research and theories on the impact of foreign direct investment on the balance of payments; secondly, it analyzes and summarizes the data on the status of FDI in China and China's balance of payments; then it conducts the theoretical, empirical analysis based on the theory; and finally, it draws the conclusions and realistic recommendations based on the above contents.

Research on Dividend Distribution Policies of Listed Companies in China's E-commerce Industry-Taking Focus Technology as an Example

Scientific and reasonable dividend distribution policy is of great significance for the future development of the company. By analyzing the dividend distribution of Focus Technology Co., Ltd, this paper evaluates the dividend distribution policy of Focus Technology from the influencing factors of the two major dividend distribution policies, namely, profitability and development stage. In the process of research, it is found that the dividend distribution of listed companies in China has the problems of a single form of dividend distribution and poor stability of payment. In view of these problems, the author puts forward countermeasures such as enriching the dividend payment methods and improving the corporate governance structure. This paper hopes this paper can play a certain role in promoting the research of dividend distribution policies of related companies.

The role of on‐demand delivery platform in competition between manufacturer and retailer

AbstractTraditional retailers can now partner with on‐demand delivery platforms to fulfill consumers' online orders to fight against manufacturers' direct channels. However, it is hard to say whether traditional retailers benefit from cooperating with such platforms due to market encroachment and high commission fees. We build a game‐theoretic model where the manufacturer could decide whether to introduce its direct channel, and the retailer could decide whether to cooperate with the on‐demand delivery platform. We show that when the platform adopts a reasonable pricing and service policy, the retailer can earn more profit when cooperating with the platform. When consumer acceptance of the manufacturer's direct channel is high, the manufacturer should strategically introduce its direct channel even when there are no sales. We also find that the introduction of the platform lowers the retail price at the offline channel, increasing the market's total demand, consumer surplus, and social welfare. The reason lies in the effect of intensifying downstream competition and satisfying the consumer's demand in more market segments.

A Systematic Review of the Coopetition Relationship between Bike-Sharing and Public Transit

The sharing economy, mobile Internet, and smartphones have been widely utilized in recent years to promote the development of bike-sharing services. Bike-sharing serves as a first/last mile travel mode to connect to public transit, which improves trip efficiency, alleviates traffic problems, improves environmental quality, and promotes public health. However, the substitution of public transit by bike-sharing and the decline in public transit ridership have raised concerns among city managers regarding the coopetition between shared mobility services and public transit. To understand the impact of bike-sharing on the decline in public transit and to formulate reasonable synergistic development policies, it is crucial to identify the coopetition relationships between the two. This paper uses a combination of database search and backward snowballing to review existing research. Three research themes were identified: macrolevel studies on bike-sharing and public transit interaction, studies on actual coopetition behaviors based on bike-sharing user surveys, and studies on potential coopetition relationships based on bike-sharing transaction data. The three categories of studies reveal the effect of bike-sharing usage on public transit ridership, the emergency function of bike-sharing in the event of unexpected transit shutdowns, and the substitution and connection relationships between bike-sharing and public transit and the factors influencing them. Finally, this study suggests many directions for future research. This review helps clarify the understanding of the coopetition relationships between bike-sharing and public transit, provides theoretical support to promote the synergistic development of both, and points out ways to deepen the research on the coopetition relationship between the two.

Prediction of Future Tourism Number in Hainan Region Based on Least Square Fitting

Tourism is an important part of the city's income and its importance to the country is beyond doubt, not only contributing to the national economy and employment opportunities, but also promoting cultural exchanges and mutual understanding between people, and promoting social development and progress. Therefore, we should attach importance to the development of tourism, formulate reasonable policies and measures, and create a good tourism environment. Among them, predicting the total number of visitors in the short term in the next five years, so as to formulate more appropriate tourism-related policies and guidelines can not only better improve the overall income of the city, but also an effective way to improve people's living standards. In this paper, we calculate the correlation coefficient to predict the tourism flow of Hainan in the next five years, and apply the least square method to further improve the functional prediction image for this problem.

Social welfare and equality equilibrium based carbon tax subsidy incentive approach for biomass-coal co-firing towards carbon emissions

The lack of effective and scientifically supported policy measures has led to poor application of biomass-coal co-firing. A bi-level multi-objective model is developed to formulate a reasonable carbon tax subsidy policy and optimal biomass-coal co-firing plan, which considers the interactive relationship between authority and coal-fired power plants, and achieves a trade-off between social benefits, subsidy fairness, and environmental protection. A case study and scenarios demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed model. The ϵ-constraint method and Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions are employed to optimize the global equilibrium. The results indicate that model can achieve Stackelberg equilibrium between the hierarchical decision-makers with conflicting objectives, and the subsidy allocation is highly equitable. Sensitivity analyses show that the carbon tax subsidy policy can enhance biomass fuels utilization and encourage active participation of coal-fired power plants in achieving cleaner production. These findings provide a reference role for the authority to develop scientific subsidy mechanisms and coal-fired power plants to rationalize the planning of biomass-coal co-firing for power generation.

Vertical distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon and vegetation types under different elevation gradients in Cangshan, Dali.

The Cangshan National Nature Reserve of Dali City was adopted as the research object to clarify the vertical distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon (SOC) and vegetation types at different elevations in western Yunnan. The contents of SOC, light fraction organic carbon (LFOC), heavy fraction organic carbon (HFOC), and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in the 0-30 cm soil layer at different elevations (2,400, 2,600, 2,800, 3,000, 3,200, 3,400, and 3,600 m) were determined, and the above-ground vegetation types at different elevations were investigated. Results showed that the SOC content was the highest in 0-20 cm surface soil and gradually decreased with the deepening of the soil layer. It increased then decreased with the increase in elevation, and it peaked at 3,000 m. The LFOC content was between 1.28 and 7.3515 gkg-1. It exhibited a decreasing trend and little change in profile distribution. The HFOC content ranged between 12.9727 and 23.3708gkg-1; it increased then decreased with the increase in profile depth. The WSOC content was between 235.5783 and 392.3925 mgkg-1, and the response sensitivity to elevation change was weak. With the increase in elevation, WSOC/SOC and LFOC/SOC showed a similar trend, whereas HFOC presented an opposite trend. This observation indicates that the active organic carbon content at 3,600 m was lower than that at 2,400 m, and the middle elevation was conducive to the storage of active organic carbon. Meanwhile, the physical and chemical properties of soil affected the distribution of organic carbon to a certain extent. The vegetation type survey showed that the above-ground dominant species within 2,400-2,800 m were Pinus yunnanensis and Pinus armandii. Many evergreen and mixed coniferous broadleaf forests were distributed from 3,000 m to 3,200 m. Species of Abies delavayi were mainly distributed from 3,400m to 3,600m. This research serves as a reference for the study of forest soil carbon stability in high-elevation areas and plays an important role in formulating reasonable land use management policies, protecting forest soil, reducing organic carbon loss, and investigating the carbon sequestration stability of forest ecosystems.

УПРАВЛІННЯ ФІНАНСОВИМИ РЕЗУЛЬТАТАМИ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

The article discusses the topical issue of managing financial results in the conditions of a market economy. The article analyzes the scientific works of Ukrainian and foreign researchers and specialists on the study of methods and techniques for analyzing financial results; the main complex measures for ensuring and forming the financial results of organizations in Ukraine are defined; a study of the main methods of planning financial results was carried out. The article states that the study of the dynamics of financial results according to the components of accounting will solve a number of problems: evaluate the competitive position of the organization: the growth of profit from sales, which indicates an increase in the competitiveness of the organization and its products; evaluate the organization's asset management strategy: a decrease in profit from sales while increasing operating income may mean a reduction in the main type of activity along with an increase in operations related to the transfer of property for lease or asset sales; give an assessment of the “quality” of economic and legal work in the organization: for example, an increase in unrealized income signals the high quality of claims work or the collection of receivables previously recognized as hopeless. It was determined that a general assessment of the organization's activity is given on the basis of such financial indicators as profit – an absolute indicator and profitability – a relative indicator. It was determined that the concept of “financial leverage effect” is used to assess the effectiveness of the organization's use of loan funds. When borrowing funds, profit before taxation is reduced due to the inclusion of interest for their use in the composition of expenses. The main component dependencies are analyzed, which reflect the increase in the return on equity due to the tax corrector, the differentiation of financial leverage and financial leverage. Approaches to the formation, distribution and analysis of such indicators as profit and profitability have been considered, allowing to manage the activities of the organization in order to maximize financial results. The concept of profit, which needs three goals, has been studied: 1) tax calculation; 2) creditor protection; 3) choosing a reasonable investment policy. It is determined that the return on equity can be increased by using borrowed funds and the factors that affect the return on equity are determined.

Remanufacturing closed-loop supply chain decision comparison under multiple carbon policies

Abstract This article constructs a closed-loop supply chain system including a single manufacturer and a single retailer and studies the optimal decision problem of enterprises under three different carbon reduction policies. Three supply chain game models were constructed to research the impact of different carbon reduction policies on the decisions of supply chain members. The results revealed that:(1) The carbon emission reduction level of the manufacturer is negatively correlated with the recycling price of used products and the abatement cost factor;(2) When the carbon trading price is equal to the tax rate, the carbon cap and trade policy is more conducive to promoting the manufacturer to improve the level of carbon emission reduction;(3) When the carbon trading price is low, mixed carbon policy is more favorable for the manufacturer to increase its carbon emission reduction. The research results of this study can provide certain suggestions for the government to implement a reasonable carbon reduction policy.

Аналіз викликів та загроз на ринку нафтопродуктів у контексті національної безпеки

In this work, based on the analysis of sources of information that are in the public domain, the major threats and challenges to the petroleum products market in the context of national security are identified. The concept of national security, its connection with other types of security and the place of the market of petroleum products in these relations are considered. A model of relations between the petroleum products market in the circle of national security has been built. For the petroleum products market of Ukraine, an analysis of factors that are threats and challenges both common to all countries and specific to Ukraine is carried out. The study identifies the main threats to the petroleum products market in Ukraine, including: the possibility of losing supplies due to the lack of medium-term and long-term contracts; intersection of interests of exporting and importing countries, which is reflected in their use of specific means of solving problems; blockade of ports, destruction of existing petroleum depots; the difficulty of creating a stock of petroleum products due to the vulnerability of warehouses or petroleum depots; problems with own production of petroleum products due to the destruction or damage of existing facilities for production of petroleum products and the vulnerability of places of extraction of raw materials for petroleum products; almost complete dependence on imports; political pressure on the petroleum products market both from exporting countries and domestic political pressure. The challenges to the market include the growth of the logistics leverage, the change in the preferences of buyers from gasoline in favor of diesel fuel and the rupture of previous logistic chains with the need to create new, as well as unplanned changes in transportation due to changes in the situation at the State borders. There is also a growing demand for the use of rail and sea transport for the supply of petroleum products to the markets of Ukraine. In this regard, an additional challenge is to pursue a reasonable pricing policy in these conditions in order to prevent a sharp increase in prices in the petroleum products market.