Analysis Of Policy Process Research Articles

Are random price generators useful for health policy processes and analysis? effectiveness of random price generators in health policy processes and analysis

This paper discusses why using random price generators in an economic model for medical markets may be useful. It summarizes the different steps for the development of the model and describes an original contribution of the physicians’ choice model with random drug prices applied to Type 2 diabetes in the US. Pharmaceutical markets have been supply-driven to boost life science and medical technologies; however, with the widening inequalities inside national health systems and the global agenda for universal health coverage, more economic research is being done to strengthen the analysis of demand for healthcare services. Research, especially, examines more disaggregated levels of demand systems to understand the heterogeneity of physicians’ choices and better capture patient needs. It can also be an approach to calibrate supply and demand adjustments in medical markets. This paper argues that choice modeling is particularly relevant, using random price generators in a structural model where a demand approach is useful. If validated by additional experimental studies, this first study by Professors Huttin & Hausman (2021) could be used in advanced value assessment frameworks. Random price generators on medical markets could also be tested with additional models that fit oligopolistic market structures (e.g., models for differentiated product markets such as the Berry–Levinsohn–Pakes model). It may also help with a policy analysis process that addresses major disruptive transformations of market dynamics, evolving boundaries in science, fast digitalization, and artificial intelligence-based information systems.

Operational Technology resilience in the 2023 draft delegated act on cybersecurity for the power sector—An EU policy process analysis

The EU’s 2020 Cybersecurity Strategy promotes cybersecurity as essential for building a resilient, green, and digital Europe. Cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar are more volatile and thus need digital integration with Industrial Control Systems (ICS) for grid balancing. However, the digitization and the properties of cyberspace provide the ability to coordinate disruptive cyberattacks against power grid infrastructures. Digital weapons may be launched against ICS to start multiple cascading outages with a keystroke, causing large-scale blackouts we have never seen before. To reduce risk, the EU’s Strategy describes three objectives for ICS: Secure-by-design, resilient, and timely patched. In the strategy, the European Commission suggests a ”network code,” i.e. a delegated act for the electric power sector, setting rules for cybersecurity in cross-border electricity flows. The draft delegated act of November 2023 presents security requirements for Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Network and Information Systems (NIS). Although ICS systems are used directly to manage electricity flows, ICS is only mentioned in one of the delegated act’s recitals as a subcategory of ICT products. Suppose Information Technology (IT) rather than Operational Technology (OT) is the focus of the delegated act. In that case, policymakers may not fulfill the EU cybersecurity strategy’s ICS objectives, thus failing to improve the resilience of power grid infrastructures and cross-border electricity flows. This study is a policy process analysis, and its contribution is threefold. First, a literature review is conducted to understand the extent to which the delegated act covers OT. Second, a framework condition analysis is applied to understand why the delegated act lacks OT-specific security requirements. Third, the analysis is extended to understand whether OT is sufficiently covered to achieve the EU strategy’s ICS objectives. In conclusion, our analysis shows a strong intention to include OT-specific security in the preparatory work of the delegated act, but that a stronger position of the IT communities forced OT onto the sideline. Further, the study shows weak fulfillment of general secure-by-design principles and security patch management. These results indicate that OT coverage in the delegated act is not in line with the expectations of the EU’s cybersecurity strategy and the delegated act’s early preparatory work. Therefore, we have suggested three measures to increase OT resilience focus in the act: (a) Define the expressions NIS, ICT services, ICT processes, and ICT in general as umbrella terms that include OT, (b) The foreseen minimum and advanced cybersecurity controls should require OT-specific measures, including holistic secure-by-design principles and patch management covering all patching phases, (c) Develop an OT implementation guide for the delegated act. Our work can be used by policymakers to optimize cybersecurity policy processes and by researchers studying socio-technical gaps in the cybersecurity domain.

Linking implementation science and policy: Process and tools for congressionally mandated implementation, evaluation, and reporting.

To describe a process model for assisting partners in addressing requirements of legislation and review policy analysis, planning, and evaluation design processes and tools. Throughout its 25-year history, the United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Quality Enhancement Research Initiative (QUERI) program has been a forerunner in partnering with organizational leaders to improve health care. The Foundations of Evidence-based Policymaking Act of 2018 provided new opportunities for QUERI and other implementation scientists to support federal agency leaders in implementing, evaluating, and reporting on congressionally mandated programs. Although implementation scientists have the skills to support partnered implementation and evaluation, these skills must be adapted for congressionally mandated projects as many scientists have limited experience in policy analysis and the intersection of data informing organizational policy, programs, and practices (i.e., evidence-based policy). During the conduct of four congressionally mandated projects, our national VA QUERI team developed processes and tools to achieve the goals and aims of our VHA partners and to ensure our collective work and reporting met legislative requirements. Our process model, program planning, and analysis tools were informed by an iterative process of refining and adapting the tools over a period of six years, spanning the years 2017 to 2023. Work to support our partners was conducted across three phases: preparation and planning, conducting implementation and evaluation, and developing the congressionally mandated report. The processes and tools we developed within the context of mutually respectful and honest partnerships have been critical to our QUERI center's success in this area. Lessons we learned may help other scientists partnering in VA or other federal agencies to plan, conduct, and report on congressionally mandated projects.

Crisis situation and crisis policymaking: a comparison of Germany and Hungary in two refugee crises

ABSTRACT Why was policymaking in the 2015–16 refugee crisis so conflictual, while policymaking in the Ukrainian refugee crisis of 2022 proved consensual? We argue that the crisis situation – the problem pressure, policy-specific institutional context of crisis policymaking at the EU level, and the resulting political pressure – made a crucial difference. Based on a Policy Process Analysis (PPA) dataset that systematically tracks the policy debate, we test and corroborate our argument by comparing the policymaking in two countries that differ sharply in their domestic asylum policies and their attitudes toward the EU: Hungary and Germany. However, the country-specific contexts still make a difference: in spite of the similarity regarding crisis-specific policymaking in the two countries, the policy outcome varies between them, independently of the crisis, as a result of the differences in domestic asylum policies and EU attitudes.

Political Polarization and Legislative Politics: Empirical Analysis of Policy Process on Contentious Issues

Political Polarization and Legislative Politics: Empirical Analysis of Policy Process on Contentious Issues

Balancing Community and Individual Health Efforts by Utilizing Sub-Primary Health Care at Regions: Analysis for Policy

Public Health Centers (PHCs) are responsible for organizing public health efforts and individual health efforts. PHCs also serve as FKTP, UPTD, sub-district supervisors, and implementers of policies and programs from the Ministry of Health. The workload of PHCs is increasing because people visit PHCs primarily for treatment, rather than seeking preventive measures to stay healthy. The PHCs have Sub-PHCs to lighten the workload of the PHCs, but there is no policy regulating Sub-PHCs to be used as FKTP. This research aims to analyze the policy of Balancing Community and Individual Health Efforts by utilizing Sub-PHCs such as FKTP. The research uses qualitative methods with a policy analysis process design, using primary data from in-depth interviews and FGDs with 14 informants and secondary data by reviewing documents. The research results indicate that PHCs have a heavy workload, and are more focused on medical services, and access to FKTP for communities in remote areas remains challenging. Sub-PHCs deserve to be used as FKTP on par with Pratama Clinics to increase community access to FKTP, particularly in areas with difficult geographical access, and to help lighten the workload of PHCs. It is recommended that the Ministry of Health conduct a policy analysis to support PHCs becoming FKTP, in line with the Minister of Health Regulation Number 43 of 2019, to change the role of the auxiliary health centers (Sub-PHCs) into FKTP.

ChatGPT in public policy teaching and assessment: An examination of opportunities and challenges

AbstractThis paper presents the findings of an innovative assessment task that required students to use ChatGPT for drafting a policy brief to an Australian Government minister. The study explores how future public policy students perceive ChatGPT's role in both public policy and teaching and assessment. Through self‐reflective essays and focus group discussions, the research looks at the limitations of ChatGPT that the students identified, demonstrating it struggles to produce analytically sound, politically responsive, and nuanced policy recommendations. The findings align with the “technoscepticism” theoretical frame, indicating concerns that artificial intelligence (AI) tools could undermine good policy analysis processes. The students supported greater use of ChatGPT in the classroom, to increase ChatGPT‐literacy, help students learn to engage ethically and appropriately with AI tools, and better develop evaluative judgement skills.The paper contributes insights into the intersection of ChatGPT, teaching and assessment, and public policy and seeks to prompt further exploration and discussion on the implications of integrating ChatGPT into both public policy and its education and assessment.Points for practitioners Future public service graduates are highly sceptical about the value of ChatGPT for developing policy. They are concerned about the ethical implications, the lack of transparency, and the impact it may have on marginalised communities.

Forecasts of China Mainland New Energy Index Prices through Gaussian Process Regressions

Energy index price forecasting has long been a crucial undertaking for investors and regulators. This study examines the daily price predicting problem for the new energy index on the Chinese mainland market from January 4, 2016 to December 31, 2020 as insufficient attention has been paid to price forecasting in the literature for this crucial financial metric. Gaussian process regressions facilitate our analysis, and training procedures of the models make use of cross-validation and Bayesian optimizations. From January 2, 2020 to December 31, 2020, the price was properly projected by the created models, with an out-of-sample relative root mean square error of 1.8837%. The developed models may be utilized in investors’ and policymakers’ policy analysis and decision-making processes. Because the forecasting results provide reference information about price patterns indicated by the models, they may also be useful in building of similar energy indices.

Reducing Unmet Need for Family Planning in Indonesia: A Policy Analysis Report

The Indonesian government has already initiated many policies to reduce unmet need for Family Planning (FP), which is one of the three zeros commitment. It is crucial to understand whether a regulatory perspective is sufficient to solve the unmet need for family planning in Indonesia. This report explores the policy response to the unmet need of FP in Indonesia. This report draws from two sets of data. First, a document review contained 45 policies. The second set of data was qualitative interviews with the key informants collected as part of the policy analysis process of unmet need of FP. Forty five policies identified in the form of decrees, government regulations, and presidential regulations related to the unmet need for FP. Three themes emerged from the analysis: demand creation, supply side, and socio-demographic factors related to women. In the demand creation, we found varying commitments of the Provincial and District Governments in manage the FP programs. On the supply side, the government guaranteed the availability of contraceptives for all public and private health facilities, as long as they are registered in the BKKBN reporting system. However, there are still problems in distributing contraceptives, especially at the district level to the facilities. The last factors related to the unmet need for FP are the socio-demographic factors, such as fertility and socio-economic factors. In conclusion, at the national level, the policy covered has been adequate to address the demand creation and supply side, but not many about couple factors. The success of FP programs depends on the local government's strong commitment to including the unmet need of FP as their strategic plans

POST-WAR RECOVERY OF UKRAINE: REFORMS AND PUBLIC POLICY INITIATIVES

The article analyses the main directions of formation of the State policy on post-war re­construction of Ukraine, which consists in timely implementation of reforms and creation of conditions for their effective implementation. The author analyses the proposals for priority reforms and strategic initiatives reflected in the action plan for post-war recovery and develop­ment of Ukraine. It is established that the Recovery Plan in the field of European integration and public administration reform are cross-cutting, as they serve as the foundation and contrib­ute to the further promotion and implementation of all reforms in the country. It is established that among the problems that arise today within the framework of the European integration process are the following: policy development system - the lack of a legal framework that would regulate the entire process of policy analysis and development, and a prescribed strategy for its development. It is determined that the main aspects of public admin­istration reform should be the creation of a modern model of public authority to help ensure state security and law and order, territorial development in accordance with the principles of EU regional policy and the development of sectoral management mechanisms in accordance with the European principle of freedom, management of public affairs and provision of pub­lic services. It is noted that in order to implement the anti-corruption policy, it is appropriate not only to strengthen the regulatory and legal component, but also to involve civil society institutions in combating corruption, since they are mediated by the purpose of mediation be­tween the population and the State. Among the functions that civil society should perform in anti-corruption activities are: control of access to information, its truthfulness and openness, protection of the rights of certain social groups, and active interference in the activities of state bodies to stop corruption.

Toward an Integrated Model for Public Technology Policy Analysis - a Taxonomy Useful for Determining Scope and Type of Analysis

How might the analysis of public technology policy be further systematised and made more objective so that important factors such as conscious subjects, interests, infl and prioritisation could better be taken into account by policy analysts and decision-makers? An integrated model designed to guide and structure the analysis process might comprise a solution to this problem. An adequately sophisticated yet concise and systematic framework of this sort would necessarily take into account the referential point of departure and alternative types of policy analysis as well as the nature, interests and priorities of those entities actually shaping public technology policy. The segment of the proposed integrated model and which is concerned with built-in assumptions about the nature of technological development has been covered in a previous article [1]. The purpose of the current article is to develop and present one further part or segment of an integrated model for public technology policy analysis (IMTPA) and to demonstrate its methodological and analytical utility with central policy analysis documents from Canada during the period 1990-2005. This article shall limit itself to a part of the IMTPA concerned with the type and scope of public technology policy analysis to be undertaken - a methodology which might better guide and make more transparent both the policies being examined as well as the policy analysis process itself.

Developing carbon dioxide removal policy and anticipatory perspectives in the United Kingdom and United States

The deployment of Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) to GtCO2 scale by the mid-century is integral to realising net zero. Some CDR methods are technically maturing whilst some are in the early stages of innovation. At the same time, first mover nations are implementing policy and regulatory frameworks to establish this sector. Policy analysis around CDR has therefore become an area of focus as a function of its importance in establishing, developing and scaling a just, equitable and sustainable net zero transition. Policy development for sustainable transitions tends to use consolidative modelling approaches. These, often protracted, analyses can become quickly outdated in dynamic fast-moving sectors, and be unable to manage the multiple objectives that actors seek when innovating. The innovation rate required to scale the CDR sector and the extent of uncertainty to realise net zero, questions the applicability of these approaches.This research proposes a novel rapid policy analysis process, based on the decision theatre format, that uses strategic foresight to develop anticipatory, values-based CDR policy insights. This contribution prototypes this rapid approach on two pioneer national CDR developers - the United Kingdom and United States. Through its application, the method identifies opportunities for globally collaborative CDR policy intervention - a roadmap, a coordination hub, and agile policy processes - supported by regional policy specialisations - coordinating offices, measurement standards, and public capacity building - to achieve GtCO2 scale CDR deployment. Most importantly, the proposed approach provides a rapid method for sustainable transitions policy analysis in contexts of deep uncertainty.

Decentralization in Public Policy and Governance of Public Services in Alaska, USA

Public policy is developed through a process of policy analysis, debate, and decision-making, involving various stakeholders such as government officials, civil society organizations, and citizens. . Effective decentralization requires careful planning, institutional design, and monitoring and evaluation to ensure that it promotes good governance and produces positive outcomes for citizens. Effective governance structures and processes are necessary to develop and implement effective public policies, while well-designed public policies can help to promote good governance by fostering transparency, accountability, and participation. The research used the descriptive research design. The target population was 40 public officers in Alaska, USA. Questionnaires were utilized to gather the data. The study found that decentralization in the public policy and governance of public services in Alaska, USA have significant effects on the efficiency, effectiveness, and responsiveness of the system. By transferring decision-making authority and responsibilities from central government entities to local or regional authorities, decentralization allows for increased local autonomy and tailored decision-making. Local authorities, such as municipalities or regional governments, have a better understanding of the specific needs and priorities of their communities. The study concluded that decentralization in public policy and governance of public services in Alaska has the potential to enhance local responsiveness, citizen engagement, and overall effectiveness of public service delivery, while also necessitating careful attention to address potential challenges and ensure equitable outcomes.  The study recommended that effective implementation of decentralization in the public policy and governance of public services requires strengthening governance structures, capacity building, fostering citizen participation, ensuring equitable resource allocation, and continuous monitoring and evaluation. Decentralization requires solid institutional capacity at all levels of government to ensure that policies are effectively implemented and resources are efficiently utilized. Monitoring and evaluation are critical to assessing the effectiveness of decentralization efforts and identifying areas for improvement Keywords: Decentralization, public policy, governance, public services, USA

The World Bank and Health Systems: A Policy Process Analysis

The World Bank and Health Systems: A Policy Process Analysis

Systemism and International Relations: How a Graphic Method Can Enhance Communication

Abstract This article brings a broad array of works, which pertain to different research areas of international relations (IR), into contact with each other via a graphic method, systemism, to obtain insights that otherwise might prove elusive. Completion of these tasks is anticipated to exemplify how the systemist approach can enhance communication throughout IR. Systemism is introduced as a graphic technique for communicating arguments. Systemist graphics are used to convey the contents of (a) two studies that focus on theory per se and (b) a range of topics—foreign policy analysis, forecasting, and conflict processes. Systematic synthesis focusing on the two works about theory and bricolagic bridging that is based on all five studies reveal the contributions of a systemist approach, respectively, to the logics of confirmation and discovery. Value added from the systemist approach is confirmed for both IR research and pedagogy.

Effect of Residential Parking Policy Derogations on Sustainability of Streets: The Case of Gaziantep, Türkiye

Rapid urbanization causes severe parking problems in developing cities. Parking policies cannot be strictly applied in some cases because of varying claims by developers. The variables such as household density, car ownership, and availability of public transport, and the new challenges such as sustainability, climate change, and sustainable mobility still remain insignificant in parking policies. The appropriate parking policies are immediately needed; however, the question is “which policy is appropriate for which city?” In this study, the evolution of residential parking policies is analyzed through the policy analysis process and parking survey methods. In conclusion, maintaining the status quo and not monitoring the applied policy results during the peak period of urbanization caused an irreversible spillover problem. In particular, some exemptions, such as the derogation payment and lack of public district parking lots, increased the pressure on the on-street parking capacity and sustainability of streets. A case study parking survey in a large-city center shows that parking demand is exceeding the capacity by 166% for average daily occupancy on weekdays and 111% on weekends in 2022, compared to 61% in 2015. Five policy alternatives are developed and the “zone parking policy” is concluded to be the most appropriate one for districts while the “mobility level of zones” needs more action at the city level.

Emergency politics, mass sentiment and the EU during Covid

During crises, do emergency politics impair the EU polity by alienating Europeans? Recent literature suggests that executive decisions in hard times can spur negative European sentiment, increase polarisation in the public and thus create more problems than solutions. The Covid-19 pandemic offers an ideal opportunity to study this important issue. However, studying mass sentiment towards the EU is mostly constrained by imperfect survey data. We tackle this challenge with an empirical strategy that combines two original data sources: first, we use policy process analysis to identify key EU decisions; second, we leverage Twitter data to measure sentiment. As a result, we can study whether key EU decisions impacted EU sentiment and whether this impact is conditional on the level of EU competence, prior politicisation and problem pressure. We find that EU decisions impact EU sentiment positively and do not polarise it (even among highly politicised decisions). Low prior politicisation and healthcare-related decisions increase the positive impact of EU actions. There is thus no punishment of the EU for acting outside its remit. Our findings have important implications for the politics of polity maintenance in the EU.

A novel method for studying policymaking: Policy Process Analysis (PPA) applied to the refugee crisis

A novel method for studying policymaking: Policy Process Analysis (PPA) applied to the refugee crisis

Policy Change in the Context of Multiple–Streams Theory–Take China’s Centralized Drug Procurement Policy as an Example

As an important theory of policy process analysis, multiple–streams theory provides a highly explanatory analytical framework and perspective for exploring the dynamics of policy change. This paper uses multiple–streams theory to analyze the history of china’s drug procurement policy changes, found that the china’s drug procurement policy has gone through four development stages. Each change in drug procurement policy is due to a particular problem that is highlighted, focal issues enter the policy agenda when problem streams, policy streams and politics streams are highly coupled and the issue window opens, then the policy changes. This paper provides an outlook on the key directions of china’s drug procurement policy, in order to provide useful reference for the study of multiple–streams theory and the study of china’s drug procurement system.

Policy Analysis Of Competence Development Of Civil Servants Through Education

The development of the competence of civil servants (PNS) is guaranteed in Law Number 5 of 2014. Technically this policy is regulated in the Circular Letter of the Minister of Administrative Reform and Bureaucratic Reform (MENPAN RB) Number 28 of 2021. This policy is a general policy, giving rise to challenges in its implementation for Ministries, Institutions, Local Governments (K/L/D), civil servants, and the State Civil Service Agency (BKN) or Menpan RB as regulators and implementers of education policies for civil servants. This research is a public policy analysis process, the analysis is carried out qualitatively with a scenario writing approach. The author is of the opinion that the existing policies still have aspects that need to be clarified by regulators, both Menpan RB and BKN and at the same time translated by K/L/D in their operational policies. Policy formulation offered: Strict acknowledgment of education for civil servants who completed their education before 1 year to become civil servants because they studied before being civil servants. The assignment of study assignments must be in line with the Human Resource Development Program and be carefully formulated, trimming the bureaucratic path for determining study assignments by integrating the release of temporary positions, and determining study assignment allowances for state lecturers. available data on legality and accreditation of study programs that can be chosen by civil servants. the accessibility of accredited study programs can be expanded by the availability of valid distance classes or weekend classes and temporary transfer of civil servants to other work units close to the study location. A measured period of study is required followed by a tightening of obligations. a policy from BKN or Menpan RB is needed regarding the model, time frame, and implementation of the re-entry program. The opportunity for recognition of PNS Degrees/Education Improvement is formulated by BKN to ensure legal certainty for the recognition of PNS titles. Expected implications Competence increases and legal certainty is met.