Policy Practice Research Articles

Education Policy as Public Policy

This article examines the education policy currently implemented in Poland through the lens of understanding, characteristics, and functions of public policy. The analysis is framed within a metatheoretical perspective, referencing the concept of long duration. To illustrate the practice of education policy as a form of public policy, determinations have been made regarding the nature of public policy, its theoretical foundations, aims, and practical priorities. The conclusion highlights selected examples of actions and phenomena that illustrate how education policy deviates from public policy principles, along with research examples that provide theoretical foundations for the desired changes.

Unveiling the Value of Meta-Analysis in Disease Prevention and Control: A Comprehensive Review.

Given the plethora of studies today that focus on the same topic, clinicians and other healthcare professionals increasingly rely on meta-analysis to aid in their evidence-based decision-making. This research method, which combines data from multiple studies to produce a single, more precise estimate of effect size, is invaluable for synthesizing evidence, resolving inconsistencies and guiding clinical practice and public health policies. Especially in disease prevention and control, meta-analysis has emerged as a critical tool. Meta-analysis is particularly valuable in assessing the effectiveness of preventive interventions such as vaccines, lifestyle modifications and screening programs. It provides robust evidence that supports the implementation of effective preventive measures and the discontinuation of ineffective or harmful ones. Furthermore, meta-analysis provides evidence to develop clinical practice guidelines, ensuring patients receive evidence-based treatments. In addition, public health policies aimed at disease prevention and control often rely on evidence from meta-analyses, which provide the data needed to justify and design large-scale public health initiatives. This comprehensive review delves into the role of meta-analysis in disease prevention and control, exploring its advantages, applications, challenges and overall impact on guiding clinical practice and public health policies. Through case studies and an examination of future directions, this paper underscores the pivotal role of meta-analysis in disease prevention and control.

Overview of Governance and Rampant Corruption in Land Administration in Bangladesh

This study focuses on the governance and corruption in the land management system of Bangladesh and the effect of these factors on the tenure security of land and the country’s economic growth. This study used a quantitative research design. The research outcomes show that corruption is systematic in all levels of land management, thus eroding the security of tenure, and worsening social inequalities. The new governance reforms have also been implemented to curb corruption; however, these changes’ impact has been rather poor. In light of the findings of the study, there is a well-established need for systematic reform to improve the situation in Bangladesh through digitization of land records, better transparency, and higher accountability in the land administration sector. The investigation presented in this research adds to the discussion of governance and development and offers practical policy suggestions that relate to fighting corruption and enhancing the efficient utilization of Bangladeshi land.

Spontaneous Formation of Evolutionary Game Strategies for Long-Term Carbon Emission Reduction Based on Low-Carbon Trading Mechanism

In the context of increasing global efforts to mitigate climate change, effective carbon emission reduction is a pressing issue. Governments and power companies are key stakeholders in implementing low-carbon strategies, but their interactions require careful management to ensure optimal outcomes for both economic development and environmental protection. This paper addresses this real-world challenge by utilizing evolutionary game theory (EGT) to model the strategic interactions between these stakeholders under a low-carbon trading mechanism. Unlike classical game theory, which assumes complete rationality and perfect information, EGT allows for bounded rationality and learning over time, making it particularly suitable for modeling long-term interactions in complex systems like carbon markets. This study builds an evolutionary game model between the government and power companies to explore how different strategies in carbon emission reduction evolve over time. Using payoff matrices and replicator dynamics equations, we determine the evolutionarily stable equilibrium (ESE) points and analyze their stability through dynamic simulations. The findings show that in the absence of a third-party regulator, neither party achieves an ideal ESE. To address this, a third-party regulatory body is introduced into the model, leading to the formulation of a tripartite evolutionary game. The results highlight the importance of regulatory oversight in achieving stable and optimal low-carbon strategies. This paper offers practical policy recommendations based on the simulation outcomes, providing a robust theoretical framework for government intervention in carbon markets and guiding enterprises towards sustainable practices.

The itinerary of children in search of healthcare: A scoping review and proposal of an explanatory model.

This scoping review mapped the academic literature focused on the therapeutic itinerary of children who seek care in health services and proposed an explanatory model to expand the concept and classification of these health itineraries. A total of 789 articles were reviewed, of which 28 were eligible for inclusion. In these 28 it was possible to observe that the child's therapeutic itinerary is more than a physical path, but also encompasses all choices within a specific social and cultural environment in which the child is inserted. Our proposal is to expand the concept beyond the therapeutic, classifying the itinerary also according to the objective, the decision-making agent, respect for the presence of company, the health subsystem used, according to the physical continuity of the itinerary, the perception of efficacy of the patient, the nature of the illness, the administration of healthcare, the means of transport used, the person providing information about the itinerary, the planning of the itinerary and its completeness. Knowing the child's itineraries toward healthcare allows the development of innovative discourses and practices for future public policies, through which the principles of comprehensiveness and resoluteness in children's health would be strengthened. There is still a need to deepen knowledge about the meanings and feelings regarding their interpretations of the events suffered in childhood.

Carbon emission characteristics and carbon reduction analysis of employee travel-taking a research institute as an example

This paper adopts the “baseline scenario method” to construct a comprehensive model for calculating and reducing carbon emissions generated by employee travel, including the accounting of carbon emissions from commuting and business travel, as well as the assessment of green travel for carbon reduction. The study employs methods such as questionnaires and on-site interviews to collect travel data from employees of a research institute in Beijing as a case study. The results show that employees’ commuting methods are diverse, with the subway being the primary mode of travel; however, business travel generates higher carbon emissions, particularly among employees with higher education levels. The research concludes that the model proposed in this paper provides a framework for preliminary carbon emission estimation, but to improve the accuracy of the estimates, more variables and factors need to be considered, and the limitations of the model are pointed out. The research findings have significant implications for policy and institutional practices, suggesting the adoption of more targeted measures to reduce the use of high-carbon-emission travel methods and to encourage the use of green travel options. With the continuous advancement of data collection technologies in the future, it will be possible to further establish a more refined carbon emission accounting model and obtain more accurate and comprehensive travel data, thereby providing solid data support for the development of more effective carbon reduction strategies and policies.

LGGL-01 “INTERVENTION OUTCOMES OF ENHANCED RECOVERY AFTER SURGERY PROTOCOL VERSUS STANDARD CARE FOR GLIOMA PATIENTS IN SELECTED HOSPITALS IN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: RANDOMIZATION AND STRATIFICATION OF PROVIDERS AND HOSPITALS”

Abstract Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) protocols aim to improve perioperative care and patient outcomes. A pragmatic, multicenter, randomized controlled trial will be conducted in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) to assess ERAS’ efficacy compared to the current standard of care (SOC) for glioma patients. Eligible providers will be randomized at the surgical team level to ERAS or SOC, ensuring consistent practices within teams. Hospitals representing diverse healthcare settings will be included, and randomization will be stratified by hospital to ensure balance. 100 glioma patients (50 in each group) will be included, and primary analysis expects fewer post-operative complications and shorter hospital stays in the ERAS group, with higher patient satisfaction. Subgroup analyses will be conducted by hospital center. Randomization and stratification aim to mitigate provider and hospital-specific influences, enhancing the study’s validity and equitable representation. This unique trial design seeks to provide insights into ERAS benefits for glioma patients in resource-constrained settings, guiding clinical practice and healthcare policy to improve care and outcomes.

Evolutionary game analysis of multi-agent cooperation strategy analysis in agricultural water conservancy PPP project under digitization background

This study constructed a system dynamics (SD) evolutionary game model, from which we analyzed the conditions that need to be met by multi-agents to achieve cooperation in agricultural water conservancy (AWC) Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects. Simultaneously, this study used numerical simulation to depict the impact of initial participation willingness, reward, punishment, income, and other parameters of local governments, project enterprises, and farmers on the evolution strategy. The results firstly showed that the basic conditions for tripartite cooperation are to strengthen the rewards and punishments for project enterprises and improve the participation benefits of farmers. Secondly, it showed that increasing the rewards for farmers and improving the project dividend benefits can effectively motivate farmers to participate. Thirdly, it showed that enhancing the incentive subsidies and reputation benefits for project enterprise’s participation, as well as strengthening the supervision of local government, boosts the motivation of project enterprises significantly. However, it is vital to ensure that the reward amounts are not too high to allow local government to play its guiding role efficiently. Lastly, the results indicated that digital technology can help reduce the participation cost of local government, project enterprises and farmers, and improve the external reputation benefits of each participant, thus forming a win-win situation for all three participants. Analyzing the cooperation strategies of the three parties in AWC PPP projects provides theoretical support and a decision-making basis for the efficient operation of AWC PPP projects under the digital background, and also provides practical policy recommendations for the high-quality development of AWC.

Wood-based policies as a driver for the climate transition

Abstract In the context of global accelerating urbanization, the total floor area of buildings is expected to double by 2060, with a significant impact on the environment. While cities made consistent progress towards increasing energy efficiency, accounting for, and reducing embodied emissions for new and renovated constructions represents one critical priority for mitigating this impact and reaching genuine carbon neutrality. Wood is a renewable and carbon-positive material, which can have a meaningful contribution to changing paradigms on net-zero carbon ambitions of cities, but still faces the challenge of an immature integration into urban development policy framework. Through the Horizon 2020 “Build-in-Wood” project we addressed the challenge of translating novel wood building systems, pilots, wood value chains for the construction of multi-storey wood buildings, and promising practices into policy. As a result, we formulate transferable lessons learned, recommendations, and criteria that can serve as guidance for municipalities and policymakers who aim to channel their efforts toward creating a more sustainable built environment by prioritizing wood, either implicitly or explicitly. We achieved this by working on understanding the real needs of cities and territories, the drivers, and the key entry points and preconditions for new policies supporting multi-storey wood buildings and genuine carbon neutrality. Specifically, the findings are based on the close collaboration with seven affiliated cities (Early Adopter Cities in Europe), outlining and integrating the results of (i)Multi-criterial urban planning, strategic and regulatory context analysis, (ii)Participatory and co-design approaches implemented with their local stakeholder ecosystem from the wood construction value chains and (iii)Research of different best practice policies at national, regional and local level from different parts of the globe, that incentives through informative, financial, research or regulatory instruments building with wood. The entire process is presented in the form of a Build-in-Wood Policy Catalogue [1], offering insights on working with Early Adopter Cities and guidance for improving policy, governance, and the decision-making process for subnational governments. The research was not intended to be exhaustive in documenting all existing policies because of the field’s dynamics, but rather to provide an overview and understanding of different policy instruments’ applicability and potential impact.

Collaboration for Lead Poisoning Prevention in Puerto Rico.

In 2010, Puerto Rico experienced a cluster of childhood lead poisoning cases stemming from parental occupational exposure to lead. Following the immediate response to this crisis, a dedicated coalition of pediatricians and public health practitioners sustained a collaborative effort to advance pediatric environmental health initiatives across Puerto Rico. Their commitment laid the groundwork for the establishment and evolution of Puerto Rico's comprehensive Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention and Blood Lead Level Surveillance Program. This compelling case study showcases the potential for concerted, multidisciplinary action to leverage an acute event to influence public policy and clinical practice to promote children's health. By drawing on the lessons learned and strategies used in Puerto Rico, other jurisdictions can overcome challenges in pursuit of enhanced secondary lead poisoning prevention measures, with the goal of achieving primary prevention in the near future.

RETRACTION: Oncologic, Fertility, and Obstetric Outcomes With MPA Therapy in Women with Endometrial Cancer and Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia.

A. Takeda , Y. Yamamoto , K. Tamura , H. Aoki , H. Noguchi , S. Minato , S. Kamada , R. Arakaki , T. Kaji , and T. Iwasa , "Oncologic, Fertility, and Obstetric Outcomes With MPA Therapy in Women with Endometrial Cancer and Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia," The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 50, no. 4 (2024): 633-638, https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.15872. The above article, published online on 28 December 2023 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors; the journal Editor-in-Chief, Hiroaki Kajiyama; and John Wiley & Sons, Australia, Ltd. The retraction has been agreed upon following an investigation into concerns raised by a third party, which revealed major conceptual overlap and significant primary data redundancy with a previously published article by an overlapping group of authors. Such publishing practice is against the journal's policy and Wiley's Best Practice Guidelines on Research Integrity and Publishing Ethics.

Policy and Practice of Listening in Secondary English Education: A Critical Reflection from Bangladesh

The current National Curriculum 2012 of English (VI- X) in Bangladesh incorporates both listening and speaking skills for its English education. Textbooks have also been designed in accordance with the policy which is set by the National Curriculum and Textbook Broad (NCTB). The English textbook, titled English for Today (EfT), was designed in alignment with the current National Curriculum for English (VI-X) for students in grades 6 through 10. The target of the EfT is to achieve students’ competency in integrated four skills of English language: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. However, although the listening module is now in policy and classroom practice, it is neither assessed in school or in public exams at the secondary level (Kabir, 2020). This study explores the perceptions of policy and practice of listening in secondary English education in Bangladesh. This study may be significant as little research has been done in Bangladesh on listening skill and its significance for language competence, let alone on the teaching of listening in connection to language learning. This qualitative study is based on in-depth interview data collected in 2019. The interviews included pertinent participants of policymakers and secondary English teachers. The findings indicated that there was a disconnect in curriculum, classroom practice and assessment in secondary English education.

Clinical Profiles and Risk Factors of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study in Myanmar.

Introduction Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, with an increasing prevalence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) among younger populations. Despite this rising trend, there are limited data from Myanmar on the clinical profile and associated risk factors for premature CAD in young adults. This study aims to investigate the clinical characteristics and predisposing risk factors for AMI in individuals aged 40 years and below, contributing to a better understanding of disease patterns in this population. Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at the coronary care unit of Yangon General Hospital over a 12-month period from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2019. A total of 59 young adults, diagnosed with AMI based on the Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction, were included. Clinical data, laboratory investigations, and demographic characteristics were collected and analyzed. Results Among the 59 participants, 46 (78%) were male, and smoking was prevalent in 45 (76.3%) cases. Dyslipidemia was common, with 46 (77.9%) exhibiting low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and 27 (45.8%) having elevated total cholesterol. Hypertension was observed in 31 (52.5%) patients, and 32 (54.2%) reported a family history of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, 28 (47.5%) of the cohort were classified as overweight, and 26 (44.1%) demonstrated low levels of physical activity. Chest pain was universally reported by all 59 (100%) patients as the presenting symptom. ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) was the predominant type, affecting 47 (79.6%) patients, with anterior wall involvement in 36 (61%) cases. Conclusion The findings of this study reveal that AMI in young adults is more prevalent among males, with smoking and dyslipidemia being the most significant risk factors. The high prevalence of low physical activity, hypertension, and overweight status further underscores the need for early lifestyle interventions. These results can be directly applied to clinical practice and public health policy in Myanmar by prioritizing smoking cessation programs, improving dyslipidemia management, and promoting physical activity in young populations. Additionally, this study provides a foundation for further research to explore more specific risk factors and paves the way for broader studies focusing on young AMI cases in Myanmar.

Analysis Best Practice Policy Road Pricing to Overcome Negative Externalities of Motorized Vehicles in West Java

This research analyzes best practice policy road pricing in overcoming the negative externalities caused by motorized vehicles in West Java. Negative externalities, such as traffic congestion and air pollution, are major challenges for urban areas in West Java. Through implementation policy studies on road pricing in Singapore and London, this research analyzes the effectiveness of these policies in reducing congestion and improving air quality. The research methods used include literature reviews, policy analysis, and in-depth interviews. The research results show that road pricing can be an effective tool in reducing congestion and air pollution, if there is collaboration with the transportation department, police, and raharja services, adequate technology, effective outreach, and integration with improved public transportation. This policy must be designed holistically by taking into account related opportunities and issues. The role of communication, transparency and an inclusive approach is very important in increasing public acceptance of this policy.

Peran Administrasi Sekolah dalam Meningkatkan Efektivitas Operasional dan Kualitas Pendidikan Islam

School administration plays a very important role in carrying out the basic functions of Islamic educational institutions. . The purpose of this study is to identify the role of school administration in improving the operational effectiveness and quality of Islamic education. This study uses a library research method, which aims to collect, analyze, and compile information from various literature sources in order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the topic being studied. The data analysis technique used is descriptive-qualitative. The results of the study show that the role of school administration is very important in improving the operational effectiveness and quality of Islamic education. Good administration is not only about technical management, but also about creating an environment that supports the development of students' morals and spirituality. With effective administration, schools are expected to be able to provide Islamic education that is not only academically qualified, but can also shape students' characters in accordance with Islamic values. It is hoped that this study can be a reference for policy makers and practitioners of Islamic education in formulating better management strategies, so that they can improve the quality of Islamic education as a whole.

Evaluating the impact of digital and financial literacy on MSME performance

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the critical success factors that contribute to the performance of micro-, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in the context of digital and financial literacy. This study employed the total interpretive structural modeling approach to construct a hierarchical model of important success elements and analyze their direct and indirect interconnections. This article specifies six success factors that impact the performance of MSMEs, with the consideration of their effects and value generation leading to enhanced performance. The results indicate that entrepreneurial orientation and digital literacy are the primary components of the developed model, with all factors collectively contributing to overall performance. By identifying and categorizing key components within the strategic model, the study provides MSME founders with a systematic way to enhance business competency, which has significant consequences for business growth and success. The hierarchical model developed in this research assists policy makers and practitioners in improving the performance of MSMEs.

Education Policy Implementation at School Level: A Study of School Strategies for Facing Social Change at Klaten Senior High School, Indonesia

Social changes in the digital era have had various impacts on education policy. It is important to investigate how educational institutions implement these policy practices to find out how they can realize the vision, mission and goals of education and overcome various problems of social change. This research investigated the implementation of educational policies in the face of social change in the current era of digitalization. A case study research design using a descriptive qualitative approach guided this researcher. The first findings revealed that social changes that influence educational policies in schools include changes to learning models, use of technological tools, information accessibility, interaction, and collaboration in the teaching and learning process. The second finding discussed the existence of positive impacts and potential negative risks on the implementation of school policies due to social changes that occur. The third finding explained four school policy strategies in facing social change, including curriculum adjustments, guidance counseling, collaboration, and digital literacy. The conclusion was that the education policy at Klaten Senior High School (SMA) is generally effective in dealing with the worst impacts that may occur due to social changes in the digital era. It was hoped that these findings would become concrete steps for developing education policies at the upper secondary level. The aim was to improve the ability of teachers and students to face social changes in the digital era and for a better future. The government, through educational institutions, should provide maximum support for the implementation of educational policies.

Revisiting the effects of state anesthesia policy interventions: A comprehensive look at certified registered nurse anesthetist service provision in U.S. hospitals from 2010 to 2021.

Rural hospitals in the United States often rely on nonphysician providers such as advanced practice nurses to care for their patients. One important role that is served by advanced practice nurses is that of anesthesia provider (certified registered nurse anesthetist or CRNA). In 2001, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) passed an opt-out law affording state governors the right to loosen physician supervision requirements on CRNAs in their respective states, thus potentially improving access in targeted areas. Since then, 24 states have adopted these opt-out provisions. We aim to understand the extent to which the CMS opt-out law has resulted in increased CRNA service provision in hospitals, especially in rural areas. The study used a longitudinal design. We compiled 2010-2021 American Hospital Association data, which includes 4,464 unique U.S. hospitals observed an average of 8 times annually (35,863 total hospital-year observations). We model CRNA services provision at the hospital level using longitudinal mixed effects generalized linear models that incorporate state, county, and hospital control variables. Using descriptive statistics and mixed effects generalized linear models, we discovered that adopting opt-out provisions does not universally result in increased CRNA service provision in U.S. hospitals. Notably, opt-out provisions do not improve access in rural counties. However, in supplemental analysis, we discover some of the conditions under which the likelihood of CRNA service provision is influenced. Hospitals often utilize CRNAs to staff their hospitals. However, many hospitals use both CRNAs and physician anesthesiologists; this can be a potential source of contention and confusion, given the lack of uniformity in thescope of practice policies. We offer some suggestions with regard to the effects of state interventions into the field, and how they might impact this dispute. Lastly, policymakers should consider additional measures to address rural access limitations, as the opt-out policy does not seem to be working as intended.

ANALYZING THE DETERMINANTS OF BOND MARKET DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

<span>This study examines the key factors influencing the development of Nigeria’s bond market using time series data from 1981 to 2022. While employing quantitative methods, the study identifies a strong long-term relationship between key economic variables and bond market development. Major findings highlight the critical roles of inflation, fiscal deficit, foreign direct investment, and per capita income in shaping market growth. The study provides practical policy recommendations, including measures to boost market liquidity, improve transparency, and promote public-private partnerships for sustainable bond market development. These findings contribute significantly to understanding the dynamics of emerging bond markets and their potential for economic development in Nigeria.</span>

Person Centred Dementia Care Made Simple

Abstract Background This poster will outline the development and rollout of our person-centred dementia care microlearning course for all patient-facing staff based in St. James's Hospital, Dublin. Person centred care (PCC) appears to make a difference to how well people with dementia manage on hospital wards (Scerri et al., 2020). The term PCC is used widely in healthcare services and the approach is embedded in St James's nursing professional practice model, standards and policies. Yet there are health professionals who find PCC difficult to define and demonstrate in their practice (Byrne et al., 2020). Through our interactions with staff on wards and in nursing homes, Dementia Services Information Development Centre (DSiDC) are aware that healthcare staff can face difficulties in establishing a rapport with a patient with dementia. Therefore, we identified the need to design a course to facilitate the continued development of meaningful interactions between hospital staff and people with dementia. The course was divided into four stand-alone modules using clear, uncomplicated language and demonstrates how staff can use key elements of Kitwood’s PCC approach in their daily practice. Methods It is becoming harder for hospital staff to be released for onsite training courses due to increasing demands on their time. With this in mind, the DSiDC team sought innovative time-efficient ways to provide dementia education to hospital staff and so a microlearning educational tool was adopted. Microlearning delivers short pieces of content in easily understandable ways utilising a variety of methods such as: video, short written text and quizzes. Accessed by a QR code, staff can complete the course on their mobile phone at a time and place that suits the individual. A pilot study of the course was conducted among staff in a nursing home and on a key ward in St. James’s Hospital. Results 73% of participants found the content ‘extremely helpful’. At start of course, 21% of participants rated their knowledge about person centred dementia care as ‘excellent’. On completion of course, this increased to 50%. One outcome of the pilot study identified an improvement of course design to three modules as opposed to four. Conclusion As a result of the positive outcomes from pilot study, it was decided as part of the wider dissemination of the course across St. James’s Hospital, to conduct a focus group to further measure the impact of the training.