Tolerance Policies Research Articles

The educational policy of the Russian Empire in the Turkestan region in the mirror of Russian journalism of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

The object of the study is the process of formation of the educational system in the Central Asian territories of the Russian Empire in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The subject of the study is a reflection of the process of formation of the educational system of Central Asia in Russian journalism of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This article highlights the attitude of Russian publications of the post-reform modernization era to the educational policy pursued by the imperial administration in the territories of Central Asia. The differences between conservative, liberal and democratic views on the goals and methods of the education system being created in the Muslim environment are noted. The article highlights the attitude of publicists to the ambiguous perception of the traditional local school by the Russian administration. Particular attention is paid to the criticism of inconsistency and fluctuations in government policy in the field of education. The constructive proposals of publicists aimed at ensuring the synthesis of some aspects of traditional and Russian educational institutions, contributing to the acculturation of the local population and the gradual integration of the region into the Empire, are revealed. The work used the historical and genetic method, which make possible to trace the development of the educational policy of Russia in the Central Asia on the pages of domestic publications; comparative, which allows to establish the general and special in its perception by publicists; the principle of historicism, revealing their attitude to the educational policy of the authorities in the historical context of the epoch of the early twentieth century. The problem of reflecting the educational policy of Russia in Central Asia in periodicals of that time has not been the subject of special analysis. Conservative authors advocated a policy of religious tolerance, the spread of the Russian school and the inclusion of the younger generation of the local population in its educational process. The main task of educational policy in the region for liberals for a long time has been to reduce the level of Muslim fanaticism, to introduce civilization through the development of education, to reform Russian-native schools, madrassas and mektebe, to provide cultural autonomy to the population of the region, the need for a synthesis of secular and national schools. Populist publications suggested using a public resource in the creation and development of a local school. Representatives of all directions agreed that only with the help of education and the dissemination of European values is it possible to overcome the cultural isolation of the region, national and religious extremism, undermining the foundations of its integration with Russia.

Hubert Goltzius’s Lebendige Bilder Gar Nach Aller Keysern, Emperor Maximilian II, and Renaissance Cycles of Fresco Portraits of Emperors in Palaces in Silesia

At the beginning of the 21st century, there were sensational discoveries in two palaces located in Ciechanowice and Struga in Silesia (Poland). During their renovations, Renaissance fresco cycles of portraits of emperors from the Roman, medieval, and early modern times appeared under the layer of plaster in the representative dining rooms (27 in the palace in Struga and about 50 in the palace in Ciechanowice). They were painted in the 1580s (in Ciechanowice, the date is 1588) by the same unknown artist. This article is the first to attempt to establish the most important facts related to the creation of both fresco cycles. The frescoes were founded by representatives of influential Silesian Protestant nobility: Heinrich von Reichenbach (Ciechanowice) and Abraham von Czettritz und Neuhaus (Struga). Both nobles attended the funeral of Emperor Maximilian II, which took place in Prague in 1577. This is where they purchased a work by the Dutch printmaker, painter, and numismatist, Hubert Goltzius, Lebendige Bilder Gar Nach Aller Keysern […] (published in Antwerp in 1557), whose specially prepared copy had been solemnly presented to Emperor Maximilian II in 1562. The book contains 133 monochrome woodcut illustrations with portraits of emperors in circular frames by the Dutch artist Joss van Gietleughen, which—together with accompanying inscriptions—were used as models for fresco paintings in both Silesian palaces. The foundation of the cycles of portraits of the emperors of the Roman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation in the representative halls of the palaces in Ciechanowice and Struda, which ended with a joint representation of Emperor Maximilian II and the King of Spain, Philip II Habsburg, was a way to show the gratitude of both prominent and wealthy Protestant nobles towards Emperor Maximilian II. During his reign, imperial power was the source and guarantee of religious freedoms for Protestants in Silesia. It is significant that both cycles left out the person of emperor regnant, Rudolf II, who soon after assuming the imperial throne abandoned his father’s tolerant policy towards Protestants. Although the author of both series of frescoes was probably a local painter, they are a unique artistic realization not only in Silesia but also in the whole of Central Europe, and they can only be compared to the popular Renaissance portrait galleries of “famous men” (uomini famosi).

The impact of cyberbullying on mental health outcomes amongst university students: A systematic review

Cyberbullying is increasingly prevalent globally, particularly among young individuals. Cybervictims may be at an increased risk of adverse psychological outcomes. This systematic review aims to summarize the mental health effects of cyberbullying among college and university students. A systematic search of PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases was performed to identify studies reporting mental health effects of cybervictimization among college/university students until April 15, 2023. Risk of bias assessment was conducted using the National Institute of Health (NIH) tool. The review is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023429187). Thirty-two studies involving 29,593 students were included. Depression showed a significant association with cyber-victimization in 16/20 studies (prevalence: 15–73%). Anxiety was significant in 12/15 studies (27–84.1%), stress in 3/3 studies (32–75.2%), and suicidal behavior in 4/9 studies (2–29.9%). Cybervictimization weakly but significantly correlated with lower self-esteem in 4 out of 6 studies (r = -0.152 to -0.399). Fear of perpetrators was reported in 2 out of 2 studies (12.8–16%), while decreased academic concentration/productivity was found in two studies (9–18%). Cybervictims were more likely to engage in substance abuse (adjusted odds ratio: 2.37 [95% confidence interval: 1.02–5.49]; p = 0.044). The majority of articles were of good quality (22/32). This review demonstrates a high prevalence of adverse mental health outcomes among cybervictims, including depression, anxiety, stress, and suicidal behavior. Based on these findings, we recommend that institutions of higher education worldwide introduce zero tolerance policies against cyberbullying, implement screening processes to identify affected students, and provide psychological therapy within their institutions.

Edward Herbert’s A Dialogue between a Tutor and his Pupil, and Karl Ludwig, Elector of the Palatinate

ABSTRACT A hitherto unnoted manuscript of A Dialogue between a Tutor and his Pupil (Kassel 2° Ms. philos. 12) puts beyond doubt that it is a canonical work of Edward, Lord Herbert of Cherbury. The Dialogue offers the most radical presentation of Herbert’s thoughts on religious pluralism, and the emendations in the Kassel manuscript show the original composition was even bolder than that found in other manuscripts and finally published in 1768. The provenance of the manuscript is also significant: it survived in the collection of Karl Ludwig I, Elector Palatine (1617–80), grandson of King James I. He nearly certainly obtained the manuscript during his extended stay in England in the 1640s, and it reflects his relationship with Herbert and a wide range of major (and often radical) English thinkers of the 1640s. Finally, his policy of religious toleration during his direct rule of the Palatinate is consistent with Herbert’s ideas.

Transfusion sample mislabelling and wrong blood in tube in the UK: Insights from the national comparative audits of blood transfusion in 2012 and 2022.

Samples for transfusion rejected due to mislabelling can lead to harm when a patient has to be re-bled or has a transfusion or procedure delayed. Electronic labelling systems which scan the patient's identification band and generate a label at their side aim to reduce mislabelling and misidentification leading to wrong blood in tube (WBIT) errors. The 2022 National Comparative audit of sample collection aimed to compare national rates of sample mislabelling and WBIT to the 2012 audit and to examine the impact of electronic systems. All UK hospitals were invited to provide data on rejected transfusion samples and WBIT incidents in 1 month (October 2022) and were asked if they had electronic labelling. Twenty-three thousand five hundred and eighty-four rejected samples were reported by 179 sites in 1 month. The rejection rate of 4.4% represents a 47% increase compared to 2012 (2.99%). There were 92 WBIT incidents, an incidence of 1 in 5882 samples-a 45% increase compared to 1 in 8547 in 2012. Twenty-three percent of sites can print a sample label at the patient's side, up by 224%. The six sites using only electronic sample labelling had a 46.9% lower rejection rate than sites using only hand-labelling but still reported WBIT. The increase in sample rejection and WBIT may reflect pressures facing clinical staff, zero tolerance policies and the two-sample rule. A human factors approach to understanding and tackling underlying reasons locally is recommended. Electronic systems are associated with fewer labelling errors, but careful implementation and training is needed to maximise their safety benefits.

Interaction and Confrontation of Islamic Civilization with Christian Civilization Post Eastern Roman Conquest in Europe

<em>For Christian nations, the fall of Constantinople symbolized the collapse of their defensive stronghold and highlighted the threat posed by the Islamic Ottoman Empire. This event marked the transition from the center of Christian civilization to Islamic civilization, sparking a process of adaptation and interaction between the two civilizations. This paper examines how this interaction took place, including the integration and conflicts recorded in history and their impacts up to the present day. The research method used is a literature study, where the author traces relevant documents with a focus on the study. After finding the relevant sources, the researcher reads and critically analyzes them to understand their content, evaluate their validity, and reliability. The research results show that the relationship between Islam and Christianity during the Ottoman Empire demonstrated complex dynamics, with a mixture of tolerance, cooperation, and conflict. Policies of tolerance and cultural exchange had a positive impact on the development of civilization in the region. However, confrontations between the two religions arose from various factors, such as: Differences in beliefs and traditions became sources of tension, especially in the Balkan region. Political rivalry between the Ottomans and European Christian powers impacted inter-religious relations. Both Christian and Islamic parties discriminated against minority religions. The conflicts and tensions that emerged are also part of history that needs to be studied to understand the complexity of inter-religious relations in the past.</em>

Emperor Menelik’s Attempts of Decentralized Governance

Abstract Emperor Menelik’s expansion was by and large a reunification process. After the first expansion, Ethiopia was parcelized due to internal and external factors, which resulted Menelik’s reunification process. After the reunification process, Menelik’s governance structure followed a decentralized system. This article looks into the evidences whereby the policies and actions of the emperor attest this. In this regard, the imperial authority was exercised through the annual collection of tribute rather than by means of direct intervention in local administration. Emperor Menelik pursued a policy of peacemaking even with the objectors against him and letting them remain on power. Menelik’s policy of tolerance and reconciliation was also demonstrated in the North-east Shoa area. The Emperor also allowed provincial governors to form their own local authorities. As a result, the article concludes that the policies and actions of the emperor was tantamount to the devolution dimension of decentralization and therefore analogous to a federal system.

A Survey and Content Analysis of the Quality of Behavior Guidance Policies in Tennessee Early Childhood Programs

Developmentally and culturally appropriate program behavior policies that are clearly communicated and implemented successfully can prevent exclusion and positively impact teachers, children, and families. However, it is unclear if policies are high quality or designed to equitably support positive behavior. We examined behavior policies from 41 child care programs in Tennessee. Using a rating tool, we found that policies were very low quality and lacked information on family engagement, staff training, and the use of data. Policies also exhibited several red flags, including using euphemisms for exclusion, using soft exclusion, and articulating three strikes or zero tolerance policies for certain child behaviors. Finally, leaders reported no formal staff training on the policy, though staff were expected to discuss policies with families. From these findings, it is clear that we need to provide more support and guidance to program leaders and other staff related to creating and implementing behavior policies.

POLICY AND REALITY: A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF TOLERANCE IN MEDAN

Setara Institute studied the application of tolerance values in urban Indonesia. This study places Medan in the 10 cities with the lowest tolerance index. One of the indicators is government policy. Therefore, this research aimed to describe: 1) the tolerance policy in Medan City, 2) the realization of the tolerance policy in Medan City, and 3) intolerant events or disturbance of religious/belief harmony in Medan City. The research was conducted with a qualitative-descriptive approach. Interview, observation, and documentation are the data collection techniques used. The informants were selected purposively consisting of the government, FKUB, and PAMK of Medan city. Data analysis was conducted in stages: data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. To ensure data validity, FGDs, triangulation of sources, techniques, and time were conducted. The results showed that: 1) The Medan City Government's policies in the 2021-2024 period have sufficiently contained aspects of religious tolerance and moderation. 2) Policy realization is carried out regularly and incidentally by the Government and FKUB of Medan city, and 3) There is a decrease in intolerant events or disturbance of KBB in 2021-2022.

Advocating for Disciplinary Reform Through a Systematic Review of School Discipline Laws and State Guidance Across the United States

We conducted a systematic documentary content analysis of state laws and state education agency (SEA) disciplinary guidance from all 50 states in the United States. We focused on zero tolerance policies, mandates for review of disproportionality in discipline data, the utilization of school resource officers in discipline, corporal punishment, and prevention. Knowledge of practices throughout the United States is critical for school psychologists to advocate for socially just disciplinary practices and reform. Most state laws require zero tolerance practices for weapons and drug related offenses, yet very few mandate zero tolerance for minor offenses such as insubordination or disrespect. Only nine states require SEAs to review data for disproportionality or require school districts to remedy disproportionality when it is present. Eleven states allow for school resource officers to be involved in discipline outside of high-level safety concerns. Additionally, 23 states still allow corporal punishment in schools. Many states offer guidance to districts on the implementation of multitiered systems of support (MTSS), positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS), restorative practices, progressive discipline, and classroom-based interventions. Implications for school psychologists advocating for disciplinary reform at the local, state, and national level will be discussed. Impact Statement The researchers conducted a systematic national content analysis of school discipline laws and SEA guidance documents. We hope that the findings about school disciplinary laws and SEA guidance in each state will assist school psychologists in targeting their advocacy and reform efforts for more equitable and proactive disciplinary practices at the local, state, and national level.

Modern Enlightenment in China from the Chinese-Western Rites Controversy

The Sino-Western Rites Controversy was a controversy sparked by the missionaries during their missionary work in China. The focus of the controversy is whether Chinese customs such as ancestor worship, Confucius worship and heavenly worship are contrary to the principles of the Catholic belief, and whether a policy of tolerance should be adopted in view of the special circumstances of Chinese customs. They argued fiercely and defended for their own positions, but in the end they failed to find a way to reconcile, as a result, both sides refused to compromise. The rite controversy between China and western countries was a prelude to the fusion of Chinese and western culture. At that time, China was still able to debate with them as an equal party and made corresponding moves to prohibit missionary work. After the Opium War, China lost the conditions for exercising its free will, and was simply carried along by the world trends. On the surface, the ritual controversy was a clash of religions and customs between two different civilizations, and impacts was limited to missionaries and Chinese believers, but it actually reflected deeper cultural issues. Chinese culture is a complete system independent of other cultures, with its own logic of operation, and when it meets with western culture, Chinese culture still maintains its traditional patterns, with a very distinctive cultural characteristic. Hidden behind the rites controversy is a broader conflict of cultural modes of thinking, and it is these irreconcilable factors that led to the obstruction of Chinese enlightenment. Therefore, this article will study the deeper structure of Chinese and Western way of thinking from the face of this rites controversy, and the inspiration brought by the collision of the two cultures, by which China's future path of enlightenment may be get inspired.

EVOLUTION OF CHINA’S ANTI-CORRUPTION POLICY: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

Combating corruption in rapidly developing countries is one of the key directions of state policy. Despite decades of research, no universal approach has been proposed that can guarantee a minimum level of abuse of power for personal gain. Governments of countries, considering successful experiences, have to develop unique management approaches to address this issue, taking into account the specific political system, sociocultural characteristics, and dynamics of economic development. The goal of this article is to trace the evolution of anti-corruption policies in China. The study has demonstrated that the party leadership promptly changed approaches to combating corruption, in line with the changing forms and scales of corruption, understanding its origins and causes at different stages of the country’s development. China has a zero tolerance policy towards any manifestations of corruption and is actively combating abuses in government agencies. China’s current anti-corruption policy in the territory uses coercive instruments.

Accra Airport City I: A Global Space and An Exclusionary Enclave

Airport cities are global spaces used by countries to improve non-aeronautical revenue and to attract foreign direct investment. The planning of such spaces is underpinned by neoliberal ideology and market-dominated policy which often do not make them inclusive. Yet the United Nations SDG 11 and New Urban Agenda calls for inclusive communities in planning urban spaces. Meanwhile GACL maintains a commoditised enclave with zero tolerance policy towards unwarranted use of the open spaces for informal food vending. The results show that the lower class are finding alternatives to address their basic need and their actions are blurring the hegemonic planning.

Restoring Equity for Black Youth in Urban Schools: A Scoping Review

Zero tolerance policies in urban schools increased the disparities in urban school discipline for Black youth in comparison to white youth. Restorative interventions continue to be a popular response to deviant student behaviors; however, exploring the impact of restorative interventions in reducing harsh discipline on Black youth should be a continued focal point for scholars. This study used a scoping review to explore the breadth of knowledge available regarding using restorative interventions in urban schools. Five databases were used to identify relevant literature. Seven pieces of literature met the criteria for inclusion in this review. Findings revealed that restorative interventions do not have substantially positive impact on Black youth’s suspension rates; yet racial inequities in school and perceived negative thoughts about Black youth are among chief reasons Black youth are more likely suspended. Implications for future research and interventions are discussed.

MUHAMMAD SHAIBANI KHAN: THE LEGACY OF A RENAISSANCE RULER

Muhammad Shaibani Khan, a prominent Central Asian ruler of the 15th and 16th centuries, left an indelible mark on the region's history through his strategic conquests, administrative acumen, and diplomatic engagements. Rising from humble beginnings, Shaibani Khan established the Shaibanid dynasty and consolidated his authority over vast territories in Transoxiana. His reign was characterized by military campaigns against rivals such as the Safavids and the Shaybanids, as well as by policies of religious tolerance and cultural flourishing. This article explores the life, achievements, and lasting legacy of Muhammad Shaibani Khan, shedding light on his pivotal role in shaping the political and cultural landscape of Central Asia.

Mexico: Territory of confinement during the pandemic

Since the 1990s, Mexico has been a transit country par excellence in the Americas. However, since the beginning of the 2010s, Mexican territory has been configured as an extended and violent space of migratory containment. In the regional context of Mexico and the United States, the COVID-19 pandemic accentuated state processes of migratory control and criminalization that had been in place for years (such as zero tolerance policies and migrant protection protocols during the Trump administration). Unlike other countries on the American continent, this health emergency in Mexico did not imply the adoption of strict internal measures to limit mobility. Consequently, although the influx of global migrants in transit, mostly Northern Central Americans, slowed during the first months of the pandemic, it did not cease. In fact, since mid-2020, these transitions have multiplied. However, due to the health emergency, asylum seekers and other migrants could not cross the northern border of Mexico as a direct effect of the increase in controls and strict anti-immigrant policies implemented by the United States. The blockade of the northern border, together with the continued influx of even more global migrants (many from northern Central America), meant that Mexico, in a trend that had been going on for years, consolidated itself as a regional and global territory of spatial and temporal confinement (long waiting). Therefore, this article analyzes the geopolitical implications of these processes for Mexico in the midst of a triple health, political and social security crisis.

Luchando Junt@s Por Una Familia Unida (Fighting Together for a United Family): Rebuilding the Cohesive Self of Immigrant Parents and Community Healing after a Family Separation in the United States – A Self Psychology Perspective

AbstractThe Zero Tolerance policy implemented by the Trump administration resulted in the separation of thousands of Central American families seeking asylum at the U.S. Southern border. This policy has had a devastating impact on the mental health of parents and their children. While most of the literature on forced immigration family separation, and reunification focuses on children’s traumatic responses, it is essential to expand the literature to include the impact on parents, who can help mitigate the negative consequences of adverse events and traumatic stress on their children. When parents are not provided with adequate culturally sensitive healing interventions, their distress, and emotional needs may affect their ability to effectively support their children. Using a self psychology lens, this theoretical article sheds light on the psychological experiences of Central American parents who endured forced family separation. It also contributes knowledge to self psychology theory and its integration into group work with Central Americans. This article draws from the literature, my clinical experience with immigrants and refugees, and my work with Central American asylum-seeking families impacted by the “zero tolerance” immigration policy to argue that self psychology provides a lens for understanding the impact of the government’s empathic failure on parents upon entering the United States that led to a blow to parents’ cohesive self. Parents’ cohesive self can be restored with sufficient collective twinship, mirroring, and idealizing experiences, which in self-psychology are paramount psychological needs to be met for building and maintaining a strong self.

Detention “Keeps the Families Together”: US Zero Tolerance Separations and the Slow Violence of Litigating Family Detention

ABSTRACT In 2018, the US “zero tolerance” family separation policy drew international attention. This article builds on the scholarship of family separation and family detention to connect the dots between this high-profile state violence and the long, slow violence of litigation over detaining children. I make three interconnected arguments: One, we must understand the zero tolerance policy in relation to the ongoing legal struggle over family detention, specifically through the long line of litigation over the Flores settlement, which requires immigration agencies detaining children to meet specific standards of care. I focus on litigation of Flores between 2015 and 2018 in which both the Obama and Trump administrations defended their family detention practices by threatening separation if the courts limited their ability for prolonged detention of children and parents. Second, I argue that the development of legal discourses by the DHS, through this litigation, is a form of slow violence and that this slow violence constructs the physical violence of the zero tolerance separations. I rely on two concepts for this analysis: an expansive definition of state violence and the slow violence of legal discourse. Third, I demonstrate the utility of including legal discourse from lawsuits and policy documents in the scholarly theorization of slow violence. Taken together, the arguments I make in this article offer a nuanced argument to help us understand a cruel policy, and demonstrate how policy for separation developed in context of a broader struggle over the state power to control migrant families.

Does top-down accountability promote responsiveness? Evidence from a survey experiment in China

Does top-down accountability spur bureaucrats to improve service provision? This paper highlights the potential drawbacks of top-down accountability for building a responsive bureaucracy. Based on an online survey experiment involving 923 bureaucrats in China, we find that bureaucrats are less responsive to citizens’ needs when they are exposed to the risk of being sanctioned and the recent remedial policy of principled tolerance cannot offset such effects. In contrast to scholars arguing that increased top-down accountability pressure improves government responsiveness, these findings imply that insulating bureaucracy allows them to do their jobs more responsively. The findings enhance our understanding of accountability and responsiveness in China and beyond.

Discussing the Legalisation of Recreational Cannabis Supply Chain: Will It Weaken Drug Trafficking Organisations?

Since the Netherlands’ tolerance policy, which allows the purchase of cannabis at ‘coffeeshops’, has been linked to issues of public order and safety, as well as dangers made by drug trafficking organisations, there has been a long debate regarding legalising cannabis production and supply. It was so decided to launch an experiment with a restricted legal (‘closed’) cannabis supply chain for recreational use. This has international implications due to the ongoing illegal cannabis exports from the Netherlands, the importance of sharing knowledge about the effectiveness of cannabis policy, and the accumulation of evidence required to review and revise international treaties. We will detail and discuss the experiment’s background, general approach, and design. In this experiment, ten trusted cannabis growers are contracted to manufacture and supply cannabis to coffeeshops in intervention municipalities, with product quality control, legal enforcement against criminal interference, and preventive measures to decrease health hazards in place. The cannabis supply to coffee cafes in participating control municipalities will remain unchanged. A process study will determine if the chain of production to sale in the intervention towns is indeed closed. In a quasi-experimental study comparing intervention and control communities, the chain’s effects on public health, cannabis-related crime, safety, and public annoyance will be assessed. Earlier experiences with medical cannabis in the United States, as well as limited access and production models in Europe, have provided valuable insights. However, these amendments go far further, introducing a new area of cannabis policy. The absence of empirical knowledge on the effects of such measures presents a problem for policymakers. As a result, establishing future legal changes will require a thorough grasp of the specifics of each country. The literature comparing Colorado’s and the Netherlands’ models is limited. This study is based on a thorough analysis of the policies, regulations, and discussions related to criminal activities common to drug trafficking organizations. The research and analysis presented herein will provide policymakers with a better understanding of the laws and regulations governing legal cannabis in these jurisdictions, as well as highlight some potential impacts and challenges of cannabis reform that require further consideration to ensure public safety and health.