Policy Model Research Articles

Quantitative Evaluation of China’s Biogenetic Resources Conservation Policies Based on the Policy Modeling Consistency Index Model

Biogenetic resources are the foundation of biodiversity and are of great significance to the sustainability of human society. The effective promotion of biogenetic resource conservation depends on the scientific formulation and implementation of relevant policies, so the quantitative evaluation of biogenetic resource conservation policies can provide decision support for the next step of policy formulation. Based on text analysis, social network analysis, and the construction of the PMC index model, this study selected 132 policy samples issued by the Chinese government in the field of biogenetic resources, established an evaluation system for China’s biogenetic resources policies, which contains 10 first-level indicators and 55 s-level indicators, and drew the PMC curve diagram accordingly to quantitatively evaluate China’s biogenetic resources policies. The results show that China’s biogenetic resources policies are generally at a good level, which can meet the current practical needs of biogenetic resources conservation, but there are problems such as the lack of policy forecasts in the relevant policy texts, the lack of flexible planning in the short and medium term, the lack of co-operation among the policy issuers, and the insufficient guidance of innovation. Based on the results, this article puts forward suggestions for improving China’s biogenetic resource conservation policies.

Ideal Model of Policy Providing Remissions to Corruption Prisoners in Indonesia: Comparative Study between Indonesia and the Netherlands

The main objective of this research is to examine the ideal model of remission policy for corruption convicts in correctional institutions in terms of fulfilling the rights of inmates, in order to analyze the policy revision arrangements for reducing the sentences of corruption convicts in the statutory regulations and look for an ideal model that can be applied to optimize the implementation of granting remissions to prisoners involved in corruption cases in correctional institutions. This thesis research uses a juridical-normative method. The data collection process was carried out using observation techniques, in-depth interviews and documentation studies. In analyzing the data, researchers used qualitative analysis techniques with steps for data exposure and data reduction. This research's conclusions were drawn using varied extrapolation based on the reliability of the research findings. Meanwhile, data validity guarantee techniques are carried out using credibility, transferability and confirmability. The results of this research illustrate that the birth of Law Number 22 of 2022 concerning Corrections is a series of criminal law enforcement units, therefore its implementation cannot be separated from the development of general conceptions regarding punishment. Prisoners are not only objects, but also legal subjects who are no different from other humans, who at any time can make mistakes or mistakes that can be punished. Punishment is an effort to make prisoners aware of regretting their actions, and returning them to be good citizens, obeying the law, upholding moral, social and religious values, so as to achieve a safe, orderly and peaceful society.

Mitigating disaster risks caused by carbon emissions

This paper presents a dynamic mitigation policy model incorporating the carbon cycle. As carbon stocks increase, mitigation spending increases. However, frequent disasters erode agents’ mitigation confidence, reducing mitigation spending and increasing consumption. The social costs of carbon and risk premiums follow a similar trend, changing with carbon stocks.

Modeling of agricultural water policies to guarantee water supply under climate change

The efficient and sustainable use of water has become a necessity in regions prone to drought and water scarcity. One such region is the Fars province of Iran, where farmers often face uncertainties in irrigation water supply due to frequent droughts and declining groundwater levels. This study employed a quantitative research methodology, utilizing surveys and questionnaires to collect data. Specifically, the study used the choice experiment (CE) methodology to evaluate policy attributes aimed at guaranteeing agricultural water supply. The research was conducted in Marvdasht County within the Fars province, with a sample size of 170 farmers and 4080 observations collected in 2015. The collected data were analyzed using the conditional logit (CL) model. The sample size was determined using the stratified random sampling method. The results of the study indicate that age has a negative effect on farmers' willingness to pay (WTP) for guaranteed water supply, while education has a positive effect. Additionally, the study found that farmers' WTP for different policies varied, with the highest WTP observed for the use of water-saving technologies (estimated at 254.89 IRR per m3) across all areas. Consequently, the study recommends that policies promoting the adoption of water-saving technologies should be prioritized globally. It is worth noting that water policies can significantly differ between countries and regions due to various factors, including local water challenges, legal frameworks, cultural norms, and socio-economic conditions. Therefore, when formulating water policies, it is crucial to consider the specific context and tailor them to the unique circumstances of each region or country.

Конституционализация уголовной политики защиты традиционных ценностей: к постановке проблемы

The author justifies the opinion that a criminal policy based on traditional values can be viewed as a new model of the criminal policy of the country. It implies not only adjustment of adopted criminal and political decisions but also the establishment of independent criminal law protection of traditional values. Taking into account that values are to a great extent a moral and ethical category, the legal content of traditional values and their development on the basis of and in relation to the constitutional text become important for the legitimation of a new criminal policy model. Thus, the problem of constitutionalization of the criminal policy acquires an additional study impulse.

Cournot Policy Model: Rethinking centralized training in multi-agent reinforcement learning

This work studies Centralized Training and Decentralized Execution (CTDE), which is a powerful mechanism to ease multi-agent reinforcement learning. Although the centralized evaluation ensures unbiased estimates of Q-value, peers with unknown policies make the decentralized policy far from the expectation. To make progress in more stabilized and effective joint policy, we develop a novel game framework, termed Cournot Policy Model, to enhance the CTDE-based multi-agent learning. Combining the game theory and reinforcement learning, we regard the joint decision-making in a single time step as a Cournot duopoly model, and then design a Hetero Variational Auto-Encoder to model the policies of peers in the decentralized execution. With a conditional policy, each agent is guided to a stable mixed-strategy equilibrium even though the joint policy evolves over time. We further demonstrate that such an equilibrium must exist in the case of centralized evaluation. We investigate the improvement of our method on existing centralized learning methods. The experimental results on a comprehensive collection of benchmarks indicate our approach consistently outperforms baseline methods.

Analysis of CCER Policy Application in the New Energy Vehicle Industry

As China's economy is booming, the issue of carbon emissions is becoming increasingly prominent. In terms of policy, China has established a domestic CCER mechanism to improve the carbon trading market, and the future development of CCER policy has received much attention, but there are still deficiencies in synergistic development with specific industrial sectors. This paper explains the CCER restart process based on the progressive policy model, through the analysis of energy type suitability, the future development path of new energy vehicles, and the existing CCER methodology, combined with the example of the development of new energy vehicle industry in Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, effectively demonstrates the suitability of new energy automobile industry and renewable energy CCER projects, and explores the combination of the two. It also explores the path of "light storage, charging and discharging", and then puts forward the following suggestions for CCER policy development: improve the policy content and strengthen the policy synergy.

Tourism Communication Policy in Sustainable Tourism and Climate Change in Garut Regency

The tourism sector as one of the drivers of the Indonesian economy is also affected by natural and non-natural disasters. Climate change and disasters encourage the government of Garut Regency in West Java, Indonesia, to carry out various tourism communication policies as part of the effort to increase sustainable tourism activities in the face of climate change and disasters. This research aims to find a model of sustainable tourism communication policy in the face of climate change in Garut Regency. This research uses symbolic interactionism theory, growth pole theory and Community Based Tourism (CBT). The exchange of symbols between tourism actors will build a common meaning in making sustainable tourism communication policies. The type of research used a case study with a research location in Garut Regency, a tourist site as well as a disaster-prone area. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation, interviews and documentation. Data validity used data triangulation, investigator triangulation, and theory triangulation. The results showed that the policy used in the development of sustainable tourism in Garut Regency emphasizes collaboration and communication of all stakeholders. The involvement of all stakeholders will encourage the realization of community welfare. The focus of sustainable tourism development is the community. Community welfare will be achieved if the community is fully involved in all tourism activities.

Career Development of Civil Servants with the Implementation of the Merit System at the Secretariat General of the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia

The merit system implementation in the environment of the General Secretariat of the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia has reached a “Good” category. However, it has not achieved an ideal or maximum value as career development (54%) and information systems (54%) could be better. This research is a qualitative study with data obtained through observations and interviews of the parties involved in the career development policy of civil servants there. The analysis showed that civil servants' career development policy has gone well and is in line with the rules. However, one factor should be corrected or noted by the leadership, which is related to the fairness factor. This study proposes a policy model for the career development of civil servants called the SIMANTAP TIMBO Model. It is a simple system that includes evaluating civil officials' profiles or mechanisms for forming a talent pool and determining candidates who will occupy a position (successor office).

UK net-zero policy design – from optimisation to robustness

The need to deal with the deep uncertainty and system complexity associated to Net-Zero pathways, especially those relying on emergent greenhouse gas removal (GGR) technologies, has resulted in a growing body of literature on alternative decision-support approaches. Exploratory modelling, and specifically Robust Decision Making (RDM), are potential approaches capable of addressing these challenges: by exploring a wide range of conceivable futures, they explicitly embrace deep uncertainties while seeking to reduce system vulnerabilities. However, though RDM methods have been well documented, there is little insight as to how such approach might be integrated into Net-Zero policy design processes. By means of a workshop (n=17) and interviews (n=13) with the UK climate policy and energy modelling communities, this contribution provides insights into the role and potential of RDM in explicitly dealing with the deep uncertainties that pervade in the establishment of a 60–100 MtCO2 UK GGR sector within three decades. The consultation process revealed that there is an appetite from the decision-making and analytical communities in integrating exploratory modelling concepts into UK policy design processes. It is recommended that to bridge the gap between theoretical RDM constructs and their broader adoption, the analytical process should include a broader set of disciplines and expertise. Specifically for the modelling community, this work suggests that in-use computational models should be adapted, rather than new tools developed. Key challenges also arise from the time and resources required, suggesting small scale place-based pilots could promote the acceptability and foster the adoption of the RDM methodology.

Evaluation of China's double-carbon energy policy based on the policy modeling consistency index

The clean energy transition is crucial for achieving China's double-carbon goal. With the promulgation of a series of policies, analyzing the energy policies in this policy framework is essential. This paper identifies 32 current effective and representative energy policies through collection and screening. After establishing a Policy Modeling Consistency (PMC) index, this paper designs the corresponding text-mining dictionary through the TF-IDF algorithm and uses regular expressions to retrieve, filter, and match policy texts. The results show that the average PMC score of all policies selected in this paper is 5.23, and the overall PMC surface is relatively smooth. The scores of primary variables are relatively balanced. For the future, it is essential to focus on optimizing utility level (P3), policy type (P5), policy receptors (P8), and policy areas (P9) in energy policy formulation. Most importantly, the social network density of energy policy issuers is low now; thus, diversity and close cooperation need to be strengthened.

Quantitative Evaluation and Evolution Characteristics of Consistency Level of Black Soil Conservation Policy, Taking China’s Black Soil Protection Policy as an Example

Scientifically evaluating China’s black soil protection policy and exploring its evolution characteristics are crucial for promoting high-quality and efficient black soil protection projects worldwide. Utilizing the Policy Modeling Consistency (PMC) index model, the effectiveness of China’s black soil protection policy system is assessed. Building upon this evaluation, the research delves into the evolution process of the black soil protection policy system, examining its dynamic characteristics across different government levels. Through the application of text mining technology and visual analysis techniques, the study explores four dimensions: keyword co-occurrence, vertical synergy calculation, policy theme identification, and policy tool analysis. The results show the following: (1) The PMC index showed a phased growth trend, and various indicators gradually improved and tended to be stable. (2) Government policies at the same level exhibit progressive evolution patterns in terms of policy keywords and themes. (3) Across different levels of government, there are hierarchical lag evolution rules observed in policy keywords and provincial policy tools. Additionally, policy keywords display vertical synergy evolution patterns. In conclusion, future black soil conservation policies need to reduce hierarchical delays, enhance the coverage and comprehensiveness of policy content, and establish a sound policy feedback mechanism. The conclusions of the study are significant for improving management approaches throughout the black soil zones of the world.

Coordinative Europeanization as a response to crisis: what lessons from the RRF for future EU cohesion policy?

AbstractA considerable amount of literature has been devoted to analysing the genesis, rationale and modus operandi of the NGEU and RRF. However, not much attention has been paid to the practical implications of the RRF, and potential lesson-drawing, for established EU policies. EU cohesion policy is particularly salient in this respect, given the RRF’s general objective of contributing to economic, social and territorial cohesion and the current discussions about the RRF serving as a model for future cohesion policy, to improve the policy’s effectiveness, rationalise spending in view of future enlargements and better tie EU funding with reforms. Starting with a comparison between the delivery arrangements of EU cohesion policy and of the RRF, the study identifies and tests four expectations about their timing and absorption, possible displacement effects, administrative burden, and the impacts to be achieved, and tackles the following research questions: is it realistic to expect the RRF and cohesion policy to work synergistically, given the diversity in their delivery arrangements? Is the RRF proving sufficiently effective and simple, to represent a good model for future EU cohesion policy? Could the coordinative Europeanization that is typical of the RRF be a viable decision-making and implementation mode beyond emergency?

Modern Information Policy: The US Experience for Ukraine

The article argues for the need to enhance Ukraine's state modern information policy, identifying potential avenues for improvement of its effectiveness by drawing upon the experience of the United States. It is important to understand that the information policy of the state should be aimed at the formation of the state information space, at expanding and refining the legal framework for regulating social relations based on specific circumstances, dissemination and utilization of information, deepening of the political stability, and ensuring societal information security. Information policy ensures that information resources receive coordinated technological support, offers unrestricted access to them, and provides users with tools for effective information search, use, and transfer. It is essential that the effectiveness of information policy can only be achieved through consensus, involving all interested parties. It is crucial to understand that information policy in times of war entails a set of measures implemented by the state in collaboration with civil society institutions, aimed at regulating information processes and fostering the development of an information society where defense goals take priority. Consequently, a significant challenge arises from the absence of a legislative framework regulating information protection and counteracting new threats in the information sphere, and implements measures regarding responsibility for actions or organized activities that harm the information security of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The state and civil society are provided with practical recommendations for creating conditions conducive to the development of an optimal model of state information policy, adaptable to various situations, including those under martial law.

Formation of a model of Azerbaijani memory policy

The author present the phenomenon of memory politics, which is a key aspect of forming and maintaining national identity, as well as determining the foreign policy priorities of the Republic of Azerbaijan. In the context of Azerbaijan, a country with a rich history and cultural heritage, the translation of memory policy plays a significant role in shaping the image of the state in the international arena. Consideration of the peculiarities of this process allows for a deeper understanding of Azerbaijan's foreign policy strategy, its interaction with other countries and international organizations, as well as the influence of historical heritage on contemporary political decisions. The export of national culture, its promotion abroad and the formation of a positive image of the country contribute to the creation of a favorable foreign policy environment. This allows the country not only to preserve its identity, but also to interact with other cultures within the global cultural space. The author presents the strategy of constructing a model of Azerbaijani cultural memory policy in foreign policy and the ways of its realization, which also serves to consolidate society and build a new model of national identity formed after the collapse of the Soviet Union. This model includes both a number of features characteristic of the former Soviet republics and specific provisions distinguishing the Republic of Azerbaijan. In this sense, the political and cultural processes taking place in Russia's neighboring states are of particular interest to researchers, allowing them to build a competent attitude to the current processes affecting society both in Azerbaijan and in Russia, which is home to a large Turkic-speaking population, including ethnic Azerbaijanis.

Informal caregiving time and its monetary value in the context of older adults in Singapore

BackgroundLittle is known about the caregiving time of different types of caregivers in Singapore or its monetary value. We quantified the caregiving time of primary informal, secondary informal, and migrant domestic worker (MDW) caregivers of older adults and estimated the monetary value of caregiving time of primary and secondary informal caregivers. Methods278 primary informal caregivers reported the time provided by themselves, secondary informal caregivers and MDW caregivers in a typical week helping their care-recipients, aged ≥75 years, with activities of daily living (ADLs), instrumental ADLs, healthcare and social care use, other needs, and supervision of MDW caregivers. We estimated monetary value using the proxy good method. ResultsOn average, primary and secondary informal caregivers provided 33.0 (annual monetary value: S$15,959) and 8.4 (annual monetary value: S$4,062) caregiving hours/week. MDW caregivers provided even more – 42.0 h/week. Care-recipients received 60.5 h of care/week on average. Nationally, the monetary value of informal caregiving time for Singaporeans aged ≥75 years requiring human assistance was about S$1.28 billion. ConclusionThis study highlights the substantial time commitment of informal and MDW caregivers. Our estimates of the monetary value of informal caregiving time can inform economic evaluations of care models for older adults and policies for supporting informal caregivers, particularly in societies that rely heavily on informal care.

The role of state policy in the safeguarding and reproduction of the intangible cultural heritage of Russia

The subject of the study is the value-semantic roles and instrumental functions that were assigned to the intangible cultural heritage in Russia's conceptual and strategic documents affecting its preservation and use. The purpose of the work is to determine the current value-semantic and functional position of the intangible heritage in the structure of public administration in Russia, as well as to assess possible prospects for further development of this institution. The implementation of the Russian state approach to the preservation, actualization, popularization and use of intangible cultural heritage is interdisciplinary and interdepartmental. Therefore, in order to assess it more systematically and identify promising areas of development, it is necessary to expand the range of practical research to analyze the entire range of provisions of Russian state policy affecting these issues. The cultural approach seems to be the most heuristic way to achieve this goal. The research uses the method of content analysis, comparative and cultural-historical methods. The author identifies the importance and scope of the intangible cultural heritage at each stage of its institutionalization in Russia, proposes a periodization of the historical dynamics of this process, and substantiates the need to form a Russian national approach to the preservation and use of intangible heritage in comparison with the UNESCO discourse. The author concludes that the progressive institutionalization of the intangible heritage of Russian culture in domestic state policy has allowed us to take into account the creative aspects of scientific, professional and socio-political discourse, as well as harmoniously integrate this institution into a multi-level model of socio-cultural policy. Special attention is paid to the promising tasks of the Russian state policy in the field of intangible heritage in the context of the development of the existing system of its protection.

Research approaches and paradigms in the study of the cultural environment of the city

The subject of the study is a set of approaches and paradigms chosen by the authors to study the cultural environment of the city. The purpose of the work: a theoretical analysis of the variety of approaches to the definition of "cultural environment" in relation to the original category "culture." The object of the study is the definition of "culture" and "cultural environment" as part of the methodology for researching the cultural environment. The author considers in detail such aspects of the topic as general ideas about the cultural space, association with the category "culture" and features of the new, and integrative approach, according to which the cultural environment appears as a really perceived physical space, the area of implementation of cultural activities within the framework of socio-cultural communities, individual persons, axiological component of the cultural environment in the system of value coordinates, motivations and meanings, combination of axiological, information-semiotic and perceptual-aesthetic approaches to the study of the cultural environment. The relevance of the study consists in the need to understand the variety of research approaches to the study of the cultural environment, aimed at developing models of cultural policy at the regional and municipal levels. The scientific novelty of the study lies in understanding the essence of methodological paradigms emanating from the integrative definition of the cultural environment of the city. Another conclusion is related to the fact that culture in general, and the cultural environment in particular, determines axiological parameters, sets a system of value coordinates, motivations and meanings for man and humanity. The results of the work consist in understanding the existing methodological approaches to the study of the cultural environment of the city, determined by its integrative definition. The scope of the results: the scope of regional and municipal cultural policy.

How Does Organizational Leadership Promote Pro-Environmental Behavior? A Moderated Mediation Model of Environmental Corporate Social Responsibility Policies

Pro-environmental behaviors have been confirmed as an essential source of sustainable development. However, there is limited research exploring its antecedents from the perspective of organizational management mechanisms (e.g., environmental leadership). This article draws on upper-echelon and self-consistency theories to explain why environmental leadership induces environmental corporate social responsibility policy adoption, which causes employees’ environmental behavior. In addition, the relationship is mediated by environmental identity. This article collected empirical data from 101 technology firm employees, and the results support all hypotheses. Finally, this article addresses a new research stream of leadership concerning pro-environmental behaviors. It demonstrates a novel pathway to promote pro-environmental behaviors through adopting environmental corporate social responsibility policies, which guides a new research direction in terms of environmental organization behaviors.

An evaluation of digital inclusion response policies for elderly in China

AbstractDigital inclusion is related to the physical and mental health of the elderly, and the relevant policies formulated by the government have an important impact on it. This article analyzes 69 policies related to digital inclusion of the elderly released by the central government of China. The results of the content analysis show that the current policies generally attach importance to the service and building of digital inclusion for the elderly, and gradually shift the policy focus to aging adaptation, smart device use, and learning guidance. The evaluation results using a policy modeling consistency index (PMC‐Index) indicate that the quality of the current Chinese government's policies to help the digital inclusion of the elderly is generally high. However, PMC‐Surface shows that there is still considerable variability in the scores of the main‐indicators for each policy. The evaluation results suggest that we can still improve the effectiveness of policies by expanding the scope of policy audiences, establishing good policy timeliness planning, and enriching policy contents, so as to effectively help the elderly integrate into the current rapidly developing digital society.