Policy Today Research Articles

Criminal Policy Crisis

Russia’s criminal policy today does not correspond to modern ideas as to its role and place in ensuring law and order and the safety of the population. Modern criminal legislation is characterized by lack of consistency, imbalance and, as a result, low preventive effectiveness. This state of the criminal law branch has long been obvious to the academia who have rightly criticized this. The paper examines the key defects of criminal legislation and proposes principles for its improvement related to the rationalization and optimization of criminal law in accordance with modern ideas about crime and the fight against it. The punitive policy of the state, which does not achieve the goal of crime prevention, but only provokes its growth, must be replaced by another, more fruitful, rational approach, based on modern ideas about law and the values protected by it, taking into account scientifically substantiated arguments of criminologists and not subject to political, ideological and any other situation.

Building Flexible, Low-Cost Wireless Access Networks with Magma

Good Internet connectivity has become a basic necessity all over the world. Although more than one-third of the global population does not have access to the Internet [46], commercial network operators claim that today's Internet has reached the user footprint that seems commercially viable to serve [22]. Reaching these users requires reducing the cost of providing Internet access to enable actors beyond traditional, large-scale commercial operators to build sustainable, scalable network infrastructure. Operators need effective ways to reduce costs through less expensive equipment and software and less reliance on highly skilled network administrators. At the same time, providers need ways to manage their limited network resources effectively to enable sustainable network operation - typical network policies in today's commercial networks would be "rate limit customer C to X Mbps until they have sent Y GB in interval t1, then limit to Z Mbps for interval t2."

Immunitas and (un)desirable teacher knowledge in teacher education

AbstractSince the latter half of the 20th century many political efforts and initiatives have been launched to ensure that teacher education provides teachers with a positive (orderly) knowledge base. This includes things like professional teacher standards and notions like ‘best practices’ and ‘evidence‐based practice’. Building on the work of Esposito and with inspiration from psychoanalytic theory, we argue that today's educational policy can be seen as an attempt to immunise (teacher) education from risks associated with negativity ‐ disorderly, disruptive and ‘destructive’ matters that can problematise and question the normal order of things within political debates and policy‐based reforms. Drawing on examples from England and Denmark – contexts in which the authors work – we demonstrate how a dichotomy between desirable sound/healthy knowledge and undesirable unsound/unhealthy knowledge exist within teacher education. We examine how this produces epistemic injustice in that negative modes of thought and practice are rendered invisible, unthinkable and illegitimate. Being able to traverse such injustice, teachers must be encouraged to approach any and all sources of influence on their professional knowledge base with a sort of agonistic pragmatism, which may allow them to be faithful to the ethico‐political situation they are engaged in. What we suggest in this regard is that teacher education must provide time and space for (student) teachers to engage with plurality, contingency and absence because such negative ‘stumbling blocks’ (always) play a vital part in education, preventing control, stability and harmony.

CHINA'S POLICY TOWARDS ETHNIC MINORITIES IN XINJIANG: HISTORICAL TRADITIONS AND PECULIARITIES OF TODAY

This article examines the historical and traditional knowledge of China's policy towards ethnic minorities, the main features and main aspects of the CCP's policy today, as well as the Xinjiang issue. The strategic status of Xinjiang and the potential for ethnic unrest lead to a higher level of concern for the Chinese authorities than other provincial regions. Today, official Beijing is faced with the question of whether it protects the rights of minorities from the world community and how it should honor its commitment to minority rights. According to the Chinese historical-traditional understanding, the conflict between ethnic minorities and the Han creates a contrast between civilization and degradation. According to the historical-traditional understanding, this difference concerns obvious «differences» in physical characteristics or language. This is mainly manifested in «cultural differences» with behavioral values and norms. What are the features of the «historical-traditional» approach to minority issues? What are the main factors influencing the ethnic policy of China, forcing the transition from cultural assimilation to the politicization of the ethnic problem? According to the concept and position of the Chinese authorities, the historical-traditional approach considers the unification of political unity, ethnic equality and cultural diversity in order to effectively solve the problem of minorities.

Euro area economic growth between 2010 and 2019 in the light of secular stagnation theory

Achieving economic growth remains an important issue for economic policy today. Growth in developed economies has slowed considerably in recent decades. In our study, we examine economic growth in the euro area between 2010 and 2019 in the light of secular stagnation theory. The concept of secular stagnation was developed by Hansen after the Great Depression of 1929-33. According to this theory, the cauSes of secular stagnation are low population growth and weak technological development. The concept was brought back into the economic discourse after 2010 by Summers.

Políticas deportivas en el mundo actual

The purpose of this article was to describe sports policies in today›s world in order to review the role that the State plays in the promotion of sports at the international level, in order to establish the best mechanisms for the promotion of sports. This study was based on a methodology of hermeneutic analysis of texts, reports and specialized research on the subject in order to comply with the set objective. After the bibliographic review, we proceeded to contrast the various sources consulted to make an integral exposition of the current state of sports policies from a global approach, to then explain the roles and functions exercised by the State with respect to the planning and design of its sports policy. Everything allows us to conclude that such policies vary in aspects such as the conception that the directive apparatus has of sports activities as a collective activity that involves the interests of the country or, from an individualistic approach, where sponsorship and private investment are stimulated to promote sports talent in general.

Systematization of industrial innovation management based on the project approach

Innovative development of the economy in general, and industry in particular, is one of the key priorities of state policy today. It is also aimed at stimulating and encouraging strategic project initiatives and increasing the innovative activity of enterprises. The solution of topical issues related to innovative developments and project activities in modern conditions is assigned mainly to large industrial enterprises, state corporations, research organizations, as well as young initiatives in the form of startups and other project forms. It is manufacturing innovations that are becoming most important now, as they are a fundamental factor of competitiveness and may be of strategic importance for industrial production. Purposeful search for ideas, conducting scientific research, active development, timely technical and informational support and updating, orientation and readiness for structural changes and the influence of the external environment, allow an industrial enterprise to successfully develop in the field of innovation. It is important to ensure and organize the internal organizational environment. Thus, the implementation of an enterprise's innovation policy should be based on competent system management, in a certain way, delimiting and designating the areas of responsibility of departments and specialists. The technical department, in this case, solves the tasks of activating innovation activity based on selected key strategically important decisions, purposefully established in the innovation policy of the enterprise. Managers should be responsible for using up-to-date regulated approaches to activating the system management of this activity. Technological solutions obtained in the process of RD must be effectively introduced into production or commercialized, but, of course, not every idea is justified and finds application on the planned scale. Many innovations do not reach the implementation stage and are rejected at the first stages of design work, and some are implemented, but are ineffective, which is associated with a poorly developed or unproductive management system, and this, in turn, leads to suboptimal expenditure of funds, time and other production resources. This implies the need to systematize the management of production innovations.

Incraesing the competitiveness of domestic products

In a market economy, one of the key categories is competitiveness. The efficiency of the functioning of the enterprise characterized by the level of competitiveness of the manufactured product. The opening of the Kazakh market to foreign companies has led to a revival of competition. At the same time, a significant part of the products of Kazakh enterprises turned out to be uncompetitive not only in the world, but also in the domestic market. Kazakhstan’s industrial policy today adheres to a non–alternative course towards the development of non–primary sectors of the economy that do not depend on the conditions of world markets [1]. In this regard, there is a need to develop conceptual frameworks for increasing the competitiveness of products of enterprises in the extractive industries. On the example of the light carpet industry the authors of this article studied the global trends in the production of carpets and determined the place of domestic carpet products in the world market. An analysis of the current state of the carpet sub–sector in the domestic market of the Republic of Kazakhstan was carried out. The purpose of the article is to improve the assessing methods for the carpet products competitiveness by using economic and mathematical modeling. The proposed model provides an integrated approach and helps to reduce the cost of carpet products and accordingly, to increase its competitiveness by reducing the costs of its production and marketing. In the research the methods of economic and mathematical modeling, statistical analysis, economic analysis and synthesis, etc. were used. The relevance of the topic of the research is determined by the fact that the development of recommendations to improve the competitiveness of carpet products in the domestic market will contribute to the economic growth of the industry, meeting the requirements of socio-economic development of the country.

Does Ideology Explain Chinese Policy Today?

Does Ideology Explain Chinese Policy Today?

Eroding resilience of deforestation interventions—evidence from Brazil’s lost decade

Brazil once set the example for curtailing deforestation with command and control policies, but, in the last decade, these interventions have gone astray. Environmental research and policy today are largely informed by the earlier successes of deforestation interventions, but not their recent failures. Here, we investigate the resilience of deforestation interventions. We discuss how the recent trend reversal in Brazil came to be, and what its implications for the design of future policies are. We use newly compiled information on environmental fines in an econometric model to show that the enforcement of environmental policy has become ineffective in recent years. Our results add empirical evidence to earlier studies documenting the erosion of the institutions responsible for forest protection, and highlight the considerable deforestation impacts of this erosion. Future efforts for sustainable forest protection should be aimed at strengthening institutions, spreading responsibilities, and redistributing the common value of forests via incentive-based systems.

Wpływ stosowania form demokracji bezpośredniej oraz zasady federalizmu na kształt polityki imigracyjnej i integracyjnej Szwajcarii

THE INFLUENCE OF USING FORMS OF DIRECT DEMOCRACY AND THE PRINCIPLE OF FEDERALISM ON THE SHAPE OF SWISS IMMIGRATION AND INTEGRATION POLICY Switzerland’s migration policy today is the result of international commitments, the needs of the labor market and an aging society, as well as the fears of some Swiss people about the influx of foreigners. Despite the restrictive immigration policy, 39.5% of permanent residents of Switzerland are immigrants or descendants of immigrants in the first generation. Such a state requires measures to integrate newcomers with the host society. The aim of the article is to show to what extent Switzerland’s immigration and integration policy is dependent on the political solutions characteristic of this country – often used forms of direct democracy, such as referendum or popular legislative initiative, and the strong position of the cantons.

Constitutional and legal guarantees of the state sovereignty of Ukraine

The article analyzes the constitutional and legal guarantees of state power in Ukraine. It was established that all branches of state power are directly involved in the protection of the state sovereignty of Ukraine, which should include a whole complex of political, economic, social, military, scientific, scientific-technical, informational, legal, organizational and other measures. The author elaborated a considerable amount of material, based on such an analysis, the definition of guarantees of state power was proposed.
 It is noted that an important constitutional guarantee is that state authorities and local self-government bodies, their officials are obliged to act only on the basis, within the limits of authority and in the manner provided by the Constitution and laws of Ukraine. It is emphasized that the strategic task of the national security and defense policy today is to protect the state sovereignty of Ukraine, its territorial integrity and the inviolability of the state border. The review of guarantees of state sovereignty of Ukraine was carried out. It is suggested that the Armed Forces of Ukraine, which are called to protect the power of the people, be classified as military guarantees of ensuring the state sovereignty of Ukraine. International legal guarantees of state sovereignty are analyzed. It was found out that it is not advisable to divide and argue about certain features of general and special guarantees of state power, since all guarantees are fixed in legal norms. It is noted that all guarantees are interdependent, complement each other and act as a single mechanism that ensures the stability and democracy of state power in Ukraine. It has been proven that it is not enough to guarantee the exercise of state power in Ukraine at the constitutional and legal level. It is also necessary to create conditions for the implementation of the principle and regime of guaranteeing the organization of state authorities through the legitimate activity of the legislative, executive and judicial authorities. It was concluded that the effectiveness of state power, and hence the sovereignty of the state, is ensured by a number of political, economic, international and legal guarantees, including political, military, international and diplomatic protection, the activities of law enforcement and other state bodies aimed at establishing the state authorities and ensuring national security.

Inclusion discourses in contemporary Slovak education policy – From the individual to the community and from right to performance

AbstractThe study on which this article reports sought to explain the complexity of the relationship between inclusion policies and practices in education in Slovakia. Education policy in Slovakia is characterised by an enduring resistance to inclusion practices, despite the presence of humanist inclusion discourses. Accordingly, education policy and practices in Slovakia manifest a conflicting or parallel application of humanist and neoliberal discourses on inclusion. The analysis presented identifies three types of inclusion discourses in Slovak education policy today: (1) general individualised, (2) specified individualised, and (3) neoliberal discourses. Concrete examples are provided of each of the three types of discourses in Slovak education policy, to illustrate specific educational policies in different education sectors. Specific national challenges related to notions of inclusion and the associated paradoxes and differing perceptions of inclusion are discussed. The conclusion highlights the question of whether a truly democratic society can exist without humanistic and inclusive ideals.

One Hundred Years Ago. Keynes’s A Tract on Monetary Reform

Keynes’s General Theory is the basis of how we think about fiscal policy today, having displaced the Gladstonian view of what constituted sound finance. His earlier Tract on Monetary Reform, written a century ago, advocated what is now the standard form of monetary policy, varying interest rates to target domestic prices rather than a fixed exchange rate. But it was less influential at the time than was the General Theory. The Tract was also less theoretically innovative, being based on the Cambridge tradition of the quantity theory of money.

Digitalization: The Economic and Policy Potential of the Crucial Labor Market

The purpose of this study is to determine the analysis of the technological adaptability of countries in the world and its comparison to readiness in Indonesia. This is because the ability to adapt technology has a close relationship to the economy in a country, both in terms of economic contribution and the labor market sector. This study hypothesizes that Indonesia's level of technological adaptation in particular has increased with the rate of large labor market changes. The parameter data used are Gross Market Value (GMV), Global Connectivity Index (GCI), and GDP. As well as data on industry development in Indonesia. This research was conducted with a descriptive analysis method that uses content analysis steps to interpret the results of existing statistical exposure. The results of the research analysis show that a very significant government policy today is an investment in technology and communication infrastructure. Then to boost the economy, financing is the most needed factor today. Readiness to meet the demographic bonus can be done by developing the digital skills of the workforce in all sectors. Therefore, infrastructure, financing, and scientific integration of technology are the most crucial policies today. Keywords: GMV, GCI, GDP, MSME, Digital Talent

Triggering economic growth to ensure financial stability: case study of Northern Cyprus

This study questions the importance of public debt in stable growth between 1980 and 2018, specifically, the Ricardian equivalence hypothesis and Keynesian view are questioned. This study used data obtained from the Northern Cyprus State Planning Office. A restricted vector autoregressive model is used to test the causal relationships between this model and public debt, government expenditure, total capital, consumption, investment, employment, net exports, exchange rate, and gross domestic product growth rate. To ensure financial stability, the variables that trigger economic growth through increased interactions were evaluated. Accordingly, unlike other studies, the Wald test results reveal that public debt does not have a direct effect on the gross national product but indirectly affects total capital, consumption, investment, and public expenditure, all of which influence real gross domestic product (RGDP). It has been observed that employment affects RGDP, consumption, government spending, and investment. There is also bidirectional causality between consumption, government spending, and RGDP. The estimates of the Ricardian equivalent hypothesis are important. However, today's changing economic policies, declining real incomes, and consumer behavior in the face of ever-increasing inflation require that the theory be redesigned. Therefore, contrary to theoretical predictions, consumers are concerned about maintaining their standard of living rather than directing tax deductions to savings. Contrary to the claims of Keynesian researchers, no causal relationship is observed between public debt and growth in this study. However, public debt directly affects total capital, consumption, government spending, and investment, which are important for sustainable economic policy.

Cosmopolitan nationalism as an analytical lens: Four articulations in education policy

Cosmopolitanism and nationalism are often presented in binary terms, as standing in opposition to each other, especially with regards to education. In this paper, we establish a framework for studying education policy today through the lens of a concept we have developed: ‘cosmopolitan nationalism’. Many education systems around the world are grappling with and simultaneously integrating both cosmopolitan and nationalist elements in policy objectives, curricular content and pedagogic approaches. Through an in-depth analysis of three country examples – China, the US and Israel – we outline four different manifestations of education policy that can be explained by employing the analytical lens of cosmopolitan nationalism: (i) the increasing prominence and visibility of the International Baccalaureate within these three public education systems; (ii) reforms of specific curricula elements and pedagogies legitimised with reference to approaches assessed as globally leading through international assessments; (iii) efforts to promote national education systems as international beacons of best practice; (iv) creation of alternative education provisions that are promoted globally for very specific purposes and populations. We argue that, given our heterogeneous sample of case study countries, and careful analysis of these, a cosmopolitan nationalism lens offers important insights into education policy-making today which has the potential to be applied in other contexts.

Ancestral Kinship and the Origins of Ideology

AbstractFamilies are not only the first institution ever created, they are also, for most people, the first institution ever encountered. The preindustrial family structure, which was a function of local ecology and cooperation needs, instilled family members with different values, such as trust in strangers and respect for elders. These values passed through generations and, as we show in three studies, impact today's political attitudes and policies. First, using surveys of second-generation immigrants representing roughly 180 ethnicities living in 32 European countries, we show that the tighter kinship structure of a person's ancestors predicts right-wing cultural attitudes. Among those who are less engaged in politics, tighter ancestral kinship structure also predicts left-wing economic attitudes. In a second study, we control for country-level differences by comparing ethnic groups within countries and find that ancestral kinship strength predicts right-wing cultural attitudes but not left-wing economic attitudes. Finally, in a third study, we examine the policy implications of ancestral kinship. We show that stronger country-level ancestral kinship strength also increases anti-LGBT policies and welfare spending. Finally, we examine whether value systems link preindustrial kinship with modern political attitudes. In total, this work indicates that our political beliefs are rooted in the value systems and familial institutions created by our forebears.

РЕЦЕНЗИЯ НА КНИГУ: СЕРКОВ П. П. ПРАВООТНОШЕНИЕ (ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ПРАВОВОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ): МОНОГРАФИЯ: В ДВУХ ЧАСТЯХ. М.: НОРМА, 2023. Ч. I – 872 С., Ч. II – 672 C.

The ideas of Professor P. P. Serkov on the problem of legal relations are considered through the prism of the theory and practice of today's legal policy. This issue was analyzed by him comprehensively, taking into account the information accumulated by representatives of various sciences. The book under review includes an interweaving of historical, psychological, sociological, anthropological, legal ideas, statistical data and attitudes to legal relations in the scientific literature, as well as an analysis of legislation. The author's approach to the study to the study of the mechanism of legal relations and political and legal processes in a broad context using the achievements of social and natural sciences is evaluated. Fundamental research can be the beginning of a new stage of reflection on legal policy, it can become an incentive for further research in the field of legal relations theory.

Unearthing research trends in emissions and sustainable development: Potential implications for future directions

Emissions play a crucial role in sustainable development since they are the primary cause of climate change, which has a significant impact on the environment. Emissions are connected with many sustainable development goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations. Reducing emissions may contribute to climate change mitigation, clean energy delivery, and the socio-economic development of countries. Hence, a deep and thorough understanding of the research trends in emissions vis-à-vis sustainable development can provide the basis for mitigating their negative impacts on society. However, there have been no systematic analyses on emissions and sustainable development perspectives to the best of our knowledge, making it challenging to achieve deeper insight. Thus, we conducted a comprehensive bibliometric, visual, social network, and statistical analysis of 2,392 documents appearing in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) to understand hot topics, how knowledge is structured, and trends that are emerging in this field. This analysis reveals that there has been a significant and continuous increase in concerns about emissions and sustainable development in the past few years. China was the most prolific contributor since it produced the highest number of publications and maintained active research institutions. The co-occurrence and trend topics analysis indicated that “sustainable development,” “greenhouse gas emission,” “climate change,” and “circular economy” were recognized as emerging research fields. Furthermore, the keyword burst citation analysis indicated that sustainable development and clean development were the most commonly found terms in the list of emerging trends. The present study is first of its type to depict the specific research field related to emission trends from a sustainable development perspective. The study reveals that there is a dire need to develop cost-effective technologies to reduce emissions and more accurate methods for measuring and predicting emissions and climate change. This article calls on policymakers and research scholars to engage more explicitly in developing and practicing emissions technologies within the sustainable framework to resolve today's policy challenges.