Law Policy Research Articles

Criminal Law Policy Related to Corporate Criminal Liability in Facing the Challenges of Globalization

The acceptance of corporations as the target of crime, thus raising the issue of criminal policy in the prosecution of corporate crime. There are two main topics in this research, namely (1) how is the current criminal law policy towards criminal liability? (2) How is the criminal policy of criminal liability in the problem of globalization era in review of ius constituendum? The research method uses normative jurisprudence research method with law making, comparison and analysis of legal concepts. The results of the research are: (1) Criminal law does not regulate society as an object of criminal offense has regulated society as an object of crime. (2) economic life between countries is increasingly dependent on each other, therefore international trade regulations are increasingly needed. There used to be a saying that the poorer a country is, the higher the crime is, now the saying only applies to ordinary crimes such as theft, robbery, fraud and embezzlement.

The Possibility and Improvement Directions of Achieving the Paris Agreement Goals from the Perspective of Climate Policy

Currently, climate change and global warming have significantly impacted human life. In the context of sustainable development, achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement is both urgent and complex. This paper presents a comprehensive review of climate policies worldwide. Based on the global comprehensive climate policy database that we constructed and using global panel data from 1990 to 2019, we predicted the emission reduction due to climate policies using trend and fixed-effects models to identify areas for improvement. The research findings indicate that there is a considerable gap between current climate policies and the targets set by the Paris Agreement, both in terms of quantity and effectiveness. Economic growth and primary energy consumption contribute to increased greenhouse gas emissions, while increasing the proportion of renewable energy in electricity generation and implementing climate policies have the effect of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Relying solely on increasing the quantity or effectiveness of policies would require an increase of 15–30 times the levels seen before 2019 to achieve the 2 °C warming target of the Paris Agreement. However, simultaneously increasing the number of policy implementations and enhancing their effectiveness would only require about a fourfold increase from the levels seen before 2019. Additionally, the results of the study on national heterogeneity demonstrate significant differences in policy effectiveness among countries, indicating substantial potential for emission reduction. Furthermore, the analysis of policy legal enforceability shows that hard law policies outperform soft law policies, suggesting that increasing the implementation of hard law policies can more effectively reduce emissions.

Reformulasi Kebijakan Terhadap Pidana Pemenuhan Kewajiban Adat Bagi Korporasi Dalam KUHP

Crime by corporations is increasingly diverse along with the Times. Corporate crime has a more massiveimpact than conventional crime. New provisions in the Criminal Code related to corporations, namelycorporations, have been made the subject of criminal law. It also regulates the main crime for corporations,namely fines, various types of additional crimes, one of which is the fulfillment of customary obligations.The problems in this study are related to the additional criminal formulation policy in the form of fulfillmentof local customs obligations for corporations in the Criminal Code and the ideal formulation policy relatedto the additional criminal form of fulfillment of local customs obligations for corporations in the CriminalCode. This study uses the method of normative analysis of research results to explain the policy formulationgiven in the draft law is part of the criminal law policy or criminal law politics. The additional criminalformulation policy in the form of fulfilling local customary obligations for corporations in the criminal codeis to realize legislation that can be used by law enforcement in handling cases involving corporations inaccordance with the provisions of Article 45 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code and in imposing additionalcrimes judges can see the provisions of Article 120 of the Criminal Code. The ideal formulation policyrelating to additional crimes in the form of fulfilling customary obligations for corporations must formulatethe criminal fulfillment of customary obligations that apply to subjects of corporate law as well as theprovisions of Article 120 Paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code. In-depth research on Indigenous peoplesmust be carried out and must respect the decisions of the indigenous judiciary.

The Synergy of Indonesian National Police and Army in the Effort to Treat Criminal Terrorism

The implementation of synergy between the Indonesian Police, Indonesian National Armed Forces, and the community in the context of overcoming the crime of terrorism, where the problem becomes a legal problem when proposed by the Draft Terrorism Law. The problem in this research is how the legal problems in the implementation of the synergy of the Indonesian Police, the Indonesian National Armed Forces and the Community in the effort to tackle terrorism crime, how the current criminal law policy is applied in overcoming terrorism crime and how is the formulation of criminal law applied in tackling acts criminal terrorism in the future. This research method is empirical juridical, and data is collected from library studies, interviews, and observations. The conceptual framework in the study includes the concept of criminal law policies and the concept of criminal acts of terrorism. The results of this study indicate the efforts to tackle terrorism in Indonesia stem from differences in vision and mission between the Indonesian Police and the Indonesian National Army in the aim of synergizing to eradicate criminal acts of terrorism. The emergence of a narrow mindset of some people who think that the issuance of Police Chief Regulation No. 7 of 2008 concerning Basic Guidelines for Strategy and Implementation of Community Policing in Handling Indonesian Police Tasks is seen as an effort to counteract the activities carried out by Babinsa formed by the Indonesian National Army.

Preservation Solutions for Cuc Phuong National Park From a Tourism Perspective

Purpose: the purpose of this paper is to present solutions to preserve cuc phuong national park from tourism view Methods: The study employs qualitative methods including synthesis, inductive and explanatory methods. The overall purpose of this study is to obtain the understanding of Cuc Phuong National Park residents’ perceptions and satisfaction toward tourism impacts as well as their attitudes for tourism development. Besides that, this study also points out the main issues of current ecotourism strategies in Cuc Phuong National Park. Based on the results, ecotourism strategies were proposed to response to ecotourism criteria. The interview questions and questionnaire were developed in English To gain an in-depth understanding of local householders’ perceptions on ecotourism and the current ecotourism strategies in Cuc Phuong National Park. Results and Discussion: to improve the efficiency of conservation activity, Cuc Phuong National Park should give more power for local people in implementing and managing activities. Besides that, the law enforcement about illegal activities must to enhance in order to catch of the current context. Based on the practical observation of researcher, the current law is too weak to prevent the illegal activities. Therefore, stronger law policies are very necessary to promulgate soon and implement in strict and opened ways. Originality/Value: the results of study and the author’s proposed strategies will help Cuc Phuong National Park improve tourism activities in a sustainable way, harmony among benefits, especially focus on community and conservation. Besides that, it also helps the local government, tour-operators and tourism promoters be aware of real concerns, issues of current tourism activities in Cuc Phuong National Park and then have appropriate program designs and actions to be effective, satisfying community benefits and minimizing the problems for the natural environment.

Policy impact analysis of law No. 11 of 2020 on job creation on palm oil export growth in North Sumatra Province, Indonesia

This study seeks to determine the impact of the Job Creation Law policy on palm oil export growth in North Sumatra Province. Palm oil itself is the largest export commodity in North Sumatra Province. The research method used is a qualitative method with a literature study method. Data collection techniques through primary and secondary data. Data analysis techniques with data reduction, data display and drawing conclusions. The results showed that deregulation of barriers regulated by the Job Creation Law can have a positive impact on the growth of Indonesian palm oil exports. The reduction of non-tariff barriers regulated by the Job Creation Law provides an opportunity for North Sumatra Province to increase its palm oil exports. The Indonesian government through the Job Creation Law prioritizes investments that affect the economy rather than justice and the environment. This condition has the potential to increase deforestation and threaten the survival of communities in North Sumatra Province. It is important to reorganize better policies to maintain a balance between the economy and the environment.

Warning: Increasing Child Marriage in Palu, Sigi, Donggala!

The increase in the number of marriage dispensation cases in the Religious Courts after the amendment of the Marriage Law requires the government to be vigilant. The large number of divorces from young marriages filed with the court is an impact of the increase in the number of marriage dispensation applications. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that influence the prevalence of child marriage in Palu, Sigi and Donggala. The method used is socio-legal research method with primary data sources obtained from Penghulu in Palu, Sigi, and Donggala. The results of the study found a strong influence of religious factors, customs, economics, education, pregnancy outside marriage, and narcotics which caused the prevalence of child marriage in Palu, Sigi, and Donggala. All of these influencing factors all lead to the solution of marriage dispensation. A better strategy is needed that is tailored to current conditions. It is also suggested that Penghulu conduct seminars so that they can have the same perception of the Marriage Registration Policy and knowledge of the latest Marriage Law. Cooperation with the courts is needed to facilitate community affairs related to marriage. The police need to increase the eradication of narcotics in areas that are indicated to be places of circulation and abuse. ___ References Books with an author: Kadir, A. (2020). Perspektif Baru Hukum Perkawinan Islam Nikah, Talak, Rujuk. Semarang: Fatawa. Journal articles: Bastomi, H. (2016). Pernikahan Dini dan Dampaknya (Tinjauan Batas Umur Perkawinan menurut Hukum Islam dan Hukum Perkawinan Indonesia). YUDISIA: Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum dan Hukum Islam, 7(2), 354-384. Miqat, N., Patila, M., Kunu, B. D., Mardin, N., & Purwanda, S. (2023). Perkawinan di Desa Kabalutan Kabupaten Tojo Una-Una Perspektif Hukum Perkawinan Indonesia. Media Iuris, 6(2),193-204. Putri, J. E., & Taufik, T. (2017). Kematangan Emosi Pasangan yang Menikah di Usia Muda. JRTI (Jurnal Riset Tindakan Indonesia), 2(2), 1-10. Susilawati, S. (2019, November). Dampak Bencana terhadap Tingkat Perkawinan Anak di Sigi Biromaru. In Unpublished Paper, Delivered at National Symposium (Vol. 30). Susilawati, S., Maddusila, S. F., & Ayyub, M. R. Bersama APRI Memberantas Perkawinan Dini. Jurnal Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat, 9(2), 87-94. Susilawati, S., Ridwan, A., & Madusila, S. F. (2021). Criminal Liability against Perpetrators of Fraudulent Criminal Act by Hynosis. Tadulako Law Review 6(1), 40-49. Purwanda, S., Bakhtiar, H. S., Miqat, N., Nur, R., & Patila, M. (2022). Formal Procedure Versus Victim's Interest: Antinomy of Handling Sexual Violence Cases In East Luwu. Jurnal Hukum Volkgeist, 6(2), 116-122. Purwanda, S., & Wulandari, A. S. R. (2023). Socio-Legal Studies: Methodical Implications of Legal Development in Indonesia. Al-'Adl, 16(2), 152-163.

Criminal Law Policy (Penal Policy) in the Formulation of Criminal Sanctions Against Narcotics Crimes in Indonesia

To overcome the problem of drug crimes, it is necessary to have a criminal law policy (penal policy). This policy must be concentrated on two things, the first is aimed at applicable policies, namely policies on how to apply the criminal law laws and regulations currently in force in order to deal with drug problems and the second is formulative policies or policies that lead to reform of criminal law (penal law reform) namely policies on how to formulate criminal law legislation which is also related to the concept of the new Criminal Code (KUHP), especially in the context of tackling drug crimes in the future. This research uses a descriptive analysis methodology with a normative juridical approach with secondary data sources. It is hoped that the results of this research will be able to provide answers regarding the most appropriate form of sanctions to be applied to perpetrators of drug crimes. The policy of formulating criminal sanctions according to the drug law in the future for perpetrators of drug crimes in Indonesia is in line with the general provisions contained in the National Criminal Code (KUHP) Concept and in accordance with the decision of the Constitutional Court regarding the death penalty provisions, taking into account: The death penalty is no longer a crime. principal, but as a special and alternative punishment, the death penalty can be imposed with a probationary period of ten years which, if the convict behaves commendably, can be changed to life imprisonment or 20 years g. The death penalty cannot be imposed on children who are not yet adults. The execution of the death penalty against pregnant women and someone who is mentally ill is postponed until the pregnant woman gives birth and the mentally ill convict recovers.

Criminal Law Policy as An Attempt to Overcome Cyberstalking Crimes in Indonesia

Cybercrime is defined as a crime committed using information and communication technology, such as computers or the internet. Cyberstalking is one type of cybercrime, and there is no legislation in place to protect people from stalking in Indonesia. The existing regulations are ineffective in addressing this issue since they continue to employ inadequate articles. As a result, it is proposed that legislation be created immediately that particularly controls protection against stalker actions in cyberspace, to provide security and a sense of security to the community.

Criminal Sanction Reduction Policy: Mental and Intellectual Disabilities Review from the Purpose of Punishment

In the realm of criminal law, it is acknowledged that criminal offenses may be perpetrated by a broad spectrum of individuals, including those with disabilities, spanning both mental and intellectual realms. The term “disability” includes individuals with physical or intellectual impairments who could not previously be sanctioned. However, Law No. 1 of 2023 has provided for the imposition of sanctions for people with mental or intellectual impairments. This study employs a normative research methodology, utilizing a statutory approach through the examination of various literature and journals focused on criminal law policy. Specifically, it addresses the implementation of incarceration for individuals with mental and intellectual disabilities. Through descriptive-analytical methods, this research highlights that Article 38 of the New Criminal Code expands the scope of criminal sanctions applicable to individuals with mental and intellectual disabilities. This provision appears to be at odds with Article 44 of the Criminal Code, which exempts persons with such disabilities from criminal liability, suggesting a contradiction where Article 38 permits the application of reduced penalties. The conclusion posits that while individuals with disabilities might be seen as not fully accountable under certain circumstances, leading to exemption from criminal penalties, a human rights perspective advocates for prioritizing social rehabilitation.

Questioning the Criminal Threat Formulation Policy on Electoral Crime

Law Number 10 of 2016 should be formulated differently from other laws, as it pertains to the second amendment to Undan-Law Number 1 of 2015, which stipulates government regulations instead of Law Number 1 of 2014, which deals with the election of governors, regents, and mayors into Law. The enactment of the Law coincides with the conduct of elections, which is not less significant, and the Law's unique nature makes it so that regional head election activities are essentially administrative. The Law is enacted every five (five) years. It is essential to take these specifics into account when forming. Both at the time of application and execution, poorly formulated policies will have consequences. Furthermore, the issue that this tulip will highlight is how the Law's policy was formulated, particularly regarding the inclusion of criminal threats for those who commit electoral offenses. This study uses a normative methodology. It is a qualitative kind of study. Secondary data is what is utilized. Researching the literature is how data is gathered. Presenting the facts in a descriptive format, the analysis is prescriptive. As per the study's findings, electoral crimes are defined as administrative infractions or crimes against election provisions. The legal penalties for electoral crimes consist of imprisonment and fines, with no enforcement measures. Election crime resolution is comparatively quick and applies across Indonesia without considering the specific circumstances in each area.

Criminal Law Policy Regarding Insults of the President and Vice President in Law No. 1 Year 2023

This research aims to analyze the constitutional court's considerations in decriminalizing the formulation of the article on insulting the president and vice president in the Criminal Code and to analyze criminal law policy regarding the urgency of the article on insulting the president and vice president in Law No. 1 of 2023. Using normative legal research methods. The results of this research are that criminal policy, like public policy in general, must basically be a rational policy, one measure of the rationality of criminal law policy, among others, can be linked to the usefulness and effectiveness in making a rule so that it becomes a measure of rationality placed on the problem of the success or effectiveness of the criminal in achieving his goals. The regulation of the substance of the formulation of articles on insulting the president and vice president in Law No. 1 of 2023 is not in accordance with the spirit of the Constitutional Court decision Number 013-022/PUU-IV/2006 which states that Article 134, Article 136 bis, and Article 137 of the Criminal Code do not have binding legal force. Apart from that, the Constitutional Court has ordered not to re-regulate the offense of insulting the president and vice president in any law, because it is considered to hamper or reduce the freedom of freedom to express opinions both orally and in writing as regulated in the constitution (1945 Constitution) which is stat fundamental norm.

МАРГІНАЛІЗМ ЧИ ГУМАНІЗМ – СУЧАСНІ ПІДХОДИ ЩОДО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ПРАВ ЗАСУДЖЕНИХ ДО ДОВІЧНОГО ПОЗБАВЛЕННЯ ВОЛІ ТА НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ В УКРАЇНІ: ТЕОРЕТИКО-ПРАВОВИЙ АСПЕКТ ПРОБЛЕМАТИКИ

This scientific article clarifies the socio-normative nature of the legal status of those sentenced to life imprisonment, and also determines the influence of existing marginal groups (politicians, subjects of legislative initiative, scientists, practitioners, etc.) on the process of execution – serving this type of criminal punishment. In particular, it was established that life imprisonment is applied by the court only in exceptional cases, when the purpose of punishment established in the Criminal Code of Ukraine cannot be achieved by other means of criminal law influence defined in the law. Based on this, a special status of those sentenced to life imprisonment has been established at the legislative level, which provides for such legal restrictions that are not characteristic of other types of punishments associated with the isolation of persons guilty of crimes. On the basis of the study of the content of national legal acts, the corresponding norms of international law, practice and theoretical studies, it was established that today the legal status of persons sentenced to life imprisonment, as well as the process of execution – serving this criminal punishment in full meets the requirements of civilization, the best foreign approaches and in general the socio-legal nature of the specified subjects of criminal-executive legal relations. It has also been proven that any attempts by politicians and other subjects of the formation and implementation of the criminal law policy of Ukraine, including people’s deputies and scientists, should be regarded as the marginalization of the execution process – the serving of a sentence in the form of life imprisonment and the creation of another source that encroach on the national security of Ukraine. Key words: marginalization; humanism; execution process – serving sentences; Legal Status; sentenced to life imprisonment; purpose of punishment; legal restrictions.

An Exploration of Changes in British Welfare Social Policy in the First Half of the Twentieth Century through Bourdieu's Theory of Field and Habitus

The question of how to transcend the dichotomy between subjectivity and objectivity is a central one in contemporary sociological theory. Bourdieu advocates habitus as a cognitive framework that embodies an individual's practical understanding of society. Such practices consist of structures and habits, and social behaviour is not directly determined by structures, but is indirectly influenced by habitus as an 'embodied mode'. Habits, as 'opportunities for the subject', act as constraints on the formation of structures and contribute to their reproduction. The welfare policy of Britain has experienced the transformation from solving the problem of the poor with a single welfare policy of relief law to the establishment of national economic law, which is continuously amended according to the native welfare policy habitus, thus affecting the welfare policy field and realising the two-way constraints of the field and habitus.

Optional features of the objective side in crimes against life and health under the legislation of some countries of the Romano-Germanic legal family (using the example of Germany and France)

The need for an integrated approach to the study of optional by nature signs of the objective side and their role in crimes against life and health requires turning to the experience of foreign countries. In this connection, the work examines some features of the construction of optional signs of the objective side in the above-mentioned criminal offenses in the criminal legislation of Germany and France. The conducted comparative research made it possible to see ways of improvement and vectors of development of criminal law policy, the implementation of which is carried out precisely by the correction of the criminal law. Based on the results of the work, the author indicates that legislators in Germany and France, unlike in Russia, do not attach serious importance to optional signs of the objective side when constructing crimes against life and health. At the same time, certain features in the regulation of optional signs of the objective side in crimes against life and health, which are not characteristic of domestic law, are still refined. For example, in Germany, in relation to murder in a state of passion, not only the determinants of the occurrence of a state of strong emotional excitement, but also the pre-criminal behavior of the subject of the crime are taken into account. It is also noted that the German Criminal Code regulates liability for participation in a fight; it regulates liability for abortion that occurs outside the established period of pregnancy at which it is possible. In addition, it was revealed that the French Criminal Code criminalizes hiring to commit murder if the mercenary did not plan to commit a criminal act. In conclusion, the author of the work suggests ways to improve domestic legislation taking into account the studied foreign experience.

Criminal Policy on Forfeiture of Assets Resulting from Gratification in Cases Stopped by Law

The Indonesian government has made various efforts to suppress the massive corruptive behavior in Indonesia, both through means of law enforcement and prevention, but this has not had a significant impact in reducing the crime rate of corruption and providing a deterrent effect to the corruptors, because every year data on handling cases of corruption crimes in Indonesia tends to increase. The pattern of combating corruption has changed, law enforcement officials no longer only pursue criminal offenders and imprison them (follow the suspect), but also carry out efforts to trace, confiscate and for feit all assets that are the proceeds and instruments of criminal acts (follow the money). Various obstacles arise in efforts to seize assets that are the proceeds or instruments of criminal acts, one of which is the absence of legal rules governing the mechanism for the seizure of assets resulting from gratification crimes in cases that are stopped by law. The method used in this research is normative legal research, using a statutory approach (statue approach) and Court Decisions. This reserach aims to examine and formulate an ideal criminal law policy in the seizure of confiscated objects in the form of assets of gratification suspects whose cases are stopped for the sake of law in the future. The results in this research show that asset seizure in the eradication of corruption currently still places asset seizure as an additional crime so that asset seizure is still based on the defendant's guilt (conviction based asset forfeiture), in addition to through the criminal mechanism of asset forfeiture can also be done through civil mechanisms with the concept of non-conviction based asset forfeiture, but there is no rule governing the asset forfeiture mechanism proceeds of gratification in cases that are stopped by law. The criminal policy of asset seizure in the future based on the Asset Forfeiture Bill related to Criminal Acts with the concept (non-conviction-based asset forfeiture) has clearly regulated the mechanism for the seizure of assets belonging to Suspects or Defendants who died, escaped, became permanently ill, or whose whereabouts are unknown, so as to overcome the legal vacuum in terms of seizure of assets resulting from gratification crimes in cases that are stopped by law.

Legal Studies on Child Adoption in the Indonesian Family Context: A Juridical Review

Child adoption is a crucial process in family law, involving the legal acceptance of a non-biologically related child into another family. In Indonesia, adoption safeguards children's rights to a stable family environment, making family law's role pivotal. However, adoption in Indonesia faces challenges like complex procedures, limited information, and bureaucratic delays. This study aims to explore adoption's facets in Indonesia: its legal process, common obstacles, family law's role in safeguarding children's and adoptive parents' rights, and Law Number 23 of 2002's effectiveness in handling adoption cases. Using normative juridical research, this study analyzes secondary data from regulations and literature. Findings reveal the adoption process's intricacies, highlighting issues with legal compliance, children's rights protection, and adoptive parents' responsibilities. Courts play a vital role in ensuring legal certainty for adopted children. Adoption not only involves legal aspects but also emotional challenges for the adopted child. This research enhances understanding of Indonesian adoption and informs better family law policies and practices, aiming to improve adopted children's and adopting families' welfare and protection

A Legal Protection Model For Handling Human Trafficking in West Kalimantan Border

<em>Although it is a highly serious human crime, people trafficking still occurs, particularly in West Kalimantan's border region. West Kalimantan's border region has seen a variety of attempts to reduce human trafficking, yet the practice persists still. There is a need for a solution or model that can lessen instances of human trafficking in the West Kalimantan border region, carried out so that the parties involved are unaware of it.This study aims to develop an appropriate model for legal protection to deal with human trafficking at the border West Kalimantan. Methods of the Research<strong>, </strong>The research will be conducted at the Polres in the Sajingan and Biawak border regions, as stated in the research title. The Sajingan Besar sector's Resort Police and Border Communities are two sources of crime prevention strategies based on legal requirements, The study's findings serve as a model for public protection from human trafficking activities from the perspective of the role of law enforcement officials, the police in the border regions of Sajingan and Biawak, in particular, to combat the crime of trafficking in persons, conduct investigations, and look into cases of human trafficking that happened in the border regions of Sambas Regency, particularly Sajin. The criminal law (penal) is used by the authorities as a model of legal protection to stop human trafficking. However, there is still human trafficking that takes place. Because there are still several barriers to sentencing that do not take into account the elements of a crime. The unlawful behavior in place does not yet constitute the TIP factor. Using criminal law policies and cultural norms to carry out criminal crimes like human trafficking, protecting the public, and implementing coordination with illegal law enforcement policies all help to enhance efforts to combat corruption</em>

Examining Muslims’ Aspirations in Drafting the New Criminal Code: Analyzing Criminal Law Policy in Indonesia from a Maslaha Perspective

Indonesia is a Muslim-majority country that has enacted Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code as a common ideal between the state and its citizens in creating harmony in life. In a democratic country, the law-making process must open to public participation as a form of manifestation of the determination of the society’s living values, and as providing legitimacy for the formation of a law. This study focuses on discussing how much the aspirations of Muslims are adopted by the state in drafting the new Criminal Code, especially on issues related to Islamic morality, such as pornography, displaying contraceptives, adultery, cohabitation, abortion, and blasphemy. This study uses qualitative research methods with maslaha theory approach. The data sources are in the form of laws and regulations, minutes of DPR sessions, and the aspirations of the Islamic community. This study concludes that the new Criminal Code shows an increase in meaningful participation, which includes three prerequisites: the public has the right to be heard, the right to have their opinions considered, and the right to receive an explanation. The drafting of the new Criminal Code is at the “partnership” level and is in the “degrees of citizen power” category in the ladder of citizen participation scheme. At this level, the public has direct access to interact with policy makers regarding the new Criminal Code.

Comparison and Implementation of Environmental Law Policies in Handling Climate Change in ASEAN Countries: A Comparative Study of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand

Addressing climate change is a global issue that requires collaborative efforts and effective policies. In the ASEAN region, countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand have similar challenges in dealing with the impacts of climate change and promoting environmental sustainability. In this context, this study aims to compare the environmental law policies implemented by the three countries. This study uses a comparative method to analyze the differences and similarities of environmental law policies in addressing climate change in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. First, the national legal framework governing environmental protection and climate change will be analyzed. Next, specific policies that have been implemented to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, encourage renewable energy, and promote adaptation to climate change will be explored. Through this approach, this study is expected to provide a better understanding of the effectiveness of environmental law policies in addressing climate change in ASEAN countries. The results of this comparative analysis will provide insights into the successes and challenges faced by each country, as well as recommendations for future policy improvements. The findings of this research are expected to provide valuable inputs for policy makers, legal practitioners, and other relevant stakeholders in developing more effective strategies in addressing climate change at the national and regional levels. With a better understanding of comparative environmental law policies, ASEAN countries can learn from each other and work together to achieve common goals in facing the challenges of climate change.