Policy In Korea Research Articles

우리나라 인구정책에 대한 비판적 논의

Purpose: Korea’s total fertility rate is facing a situation where it is less than 1, and the country's population is declining. In addition, as the baby boom generation retires, the problem of aging is emerging. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the current status of population policy in Korea and to find a direction for improvement through critical discussion.
 Methods: This study first examined the population policy announced by the government through the ｢4th Basic Plan for Low Fertility and Aging Society｣. From this, the population policies of the central government and local governments were analyzed by dividing them into economic, legal and institutional, and educational and cultural perspectives, and it was pointed out that the educational and cultural perspectives were somewhat lacking or ambiguous. Therefore, based on previous studies that affect trust in government and policies and cases of studies on population policies, critical discussions were conducted on the lack of empathy for Korean policies.
 Results: In order to successfully implement Korea’s population policy, it can be said that empathy for the policy is essential. Accordingly, it was suggested that empathy for population policy can be complemented through population education. However, continuous interaction is necessary between population policy and population education as a process of long-term efforts, and population education must also be able to find its own direction and tasks.
 Conclusion: For the success of population policy, a continuous process of discussion in various fields is necessary. Accordingly, this study developed a critical discussion on Korea's population policy based on the ｢4th Basic Plan for Low Fertility and Aging Society｣, focusing on empathy and education. In order to empathize with the policy, it emphasized the need to provide opportunities to face the population problems faced on a regular basis through population education.

Analysis of Social Enterprise Policies in China and South Korea from a Comparative Research Perspective

There is a noticeable discrepancy in the advancement of social enterprises in China and South Korea. Compared to South Korea, social enterprise development in China is lagging behind. Most of the current research starts from the dual perspectives of the two countries, but there are a few studies that focus on the growth of social enterprises in South Korea and use this to reflect on Chinese social enterprises. In order to fill this gap, this study concentrates on the advantages of social enterprise development in South Korea, while looking at the development trend and prospects of social enterprises in China. This paper adopts the simple comparative analysis method and the four-dimensional progressive analysis method, and evaluates the progress of social enterprises in China and South Korea from the four dimensions of history, goal, structure, and performance by collecting relevant data in recent years. The research results show that South Korea has a long history of social enterprise policies. Innovation, market failure, and the maturity of the social environment are of great importance to the government, which also encourages the progress of social enterprises. In contrast, Chinas failure to formulate national policy actions has been attributed to a conservative government approach to innovation and weak market forces. Therefore, this paper draws on the experience of Korean social enterprises, provides suggestions for the improvement of Chinese social enterprises in terms of government policies and markets, opens up ideas for follow-up research, and provides a new research perspective.

The Study of Multicultural Education and Teachers’ Multicultural Teaching Competency in Singapore and South Korea

This study examines multicultural education policies in Singapore and South Korea, analyzing their approaches within their unique sociopolitical and sociocultural contexts. This study also discusses the implications of the approaches used in both nations’ policies on multicultural teaching competence. Using government policy documents related to multicultural education in Singapore and South Korea, the collected data was analyzed using critical discourse analysis (CDA) and interpreted with the theory of five approaches to multicultural education by Sleeter and Grant (1999). The five approaches include 1) Teaching the Exceptional and Culturally Different, 2) Human Relations, 3) Single-Group Studies, 4) Multicultural Education, and 5) Education that is Multicultural and Social Reconstructionist. The findings illuminate the two nations’ distinct national stances and trajectories in the realm of multicultural education while concurrently identifying a shared commitment to the Multicultural Education approach within the policy documents of both. In Singapore, a combination of Human Relations, Single-Group Studies, and Multicultural Education is deeply embedded throughout the nation’s policy discourses. Conversely, South Korea’s attempts at multicultural education present an evolving narrative, shifting from a conservative perspective rooted in Teaching the Exceptional and Culturally Different to a more liberal stance deeply grounded in the tenets of the Multicultural Education approach. This study emphasizes the importance of sociocultural and sociopolitical context in shaping a government’s approach to multicultural education.

Evaluation of COVID-19 intervention policies in South Korea using the stochastic individual-based model

The COVID-19 pandemic has swept the globe, and countries have responded with various intervention policies to prevent its spread. In this study, we aim to analyze the effectiveness of intervention policies implemented in South Korea. We use a stochastic individual-based model (IBM) with a synthetic population to simulate the spread of COVID-19. Using statistical data, we make the synthetic population and assign sociodemographic attributes to each individual. Individuals go about their daily lives based on their assigned characteristics, and encountering infectors in their daily lives stochastically determines whether they are infected. We reproduce the transmission of COVID-19 using the IBM simulation from November 2020 to February 2021 when three phases of increasingly stringent intervention policies were implemented, and then assess their effectiveness. Additionally, we predict how the spread of infection would have been different if these policies had been implemented in January 2022. This study offers valuable insights into the effectiveness of intervention policies in South Korea, which can assist policymakers and public health officials in their decision-making process.

Personal Financial Burdens of Multiple Myeloma: A Deep Dive into the Patient's Journey Using Qualitative Interview

Background: As multiple myeloma (MM) treatments continue to advance rapidly potentially enabling patients to coexist with MM as a chronic disease, understanding the personal financial burden these patients and their family caregivers bear is critical. Most previous studies have analyzed direct medical costs mainly focusing on medication and hospital visits, but a broader analysis covering the overall financial burden on the disease journey has not been extensively explored. Our study aims to explore and understand the diverse types of financial burdens experienced by MM patients who are newly diagnosed or relapsed and their family caregivers personally aside from medical expenditures along their disease and treatment journey. Methods: We used cross-sectional study using mixed methods by integrating quantitative and qualitative data. The study was conducted at Samsung Medical Centre in Seoul, Korea from October 2021 to December 2022. Patients and their caregivers were recruited at out-patient clinics, and 60-90 minutes semi-structured interviews were conducted via face-to-face or telephone. We used thematic analysis to identify and organize qualitative data into the patterns of theme. Quantitative data including clinical and socio-demographic information of the study participants were obtained from survey and/or patients' Electronic Medical Records. Results: Overall, 80 participants were enrolled: 41 patients and 39 family caregivers. Clinical/socio-demographic information and the distribution of study participants are on the Table 1. In our study direct medical costs (e.g., treatment and medication fee) itself demonstrated minimal impact on personal financial burdens since cancer patients cover only about 5% of the total medical expense upon public healthcare insurance policy in Korea. Surprisingly, more than half of patients were reported to have experienced greater financial burdens in indirect or non-medical expenses. Five main types of personal financial burdens incurred by MM and its treatment were categorized through thematic analysis with quotes from qualitative interview in Figure 2. Within the realm of medical costs, some patients experienced financial burden with the inadequate support before their diagnosis is determined or with non-reimbursed medication on active treatment. Moreover, the additional financial burden from non-medical costs manifested conspicuously both directly and indirectly. Such as time and money for the transportation for outpatient treatment, unpaid leave for hospital visits or hospitalization and productivity loss significantly impacted both patients and caregivers. Interestingly, symptoms from disease or adverse events led to considerable unexpected personal spending in some cases. For instance, neuropathy, a common side effect of MM treatment, compelled some patients to purchase a vehicle with autonomous cruise or resort to increased taxi use due to fears related to driving. Other costs included services or aids (massage, bath or thermo-therapy) for neuropathy home remedies, increased grocery expenses due to appetite loss, and housekeeping expenses arising from fatigue and insomnia. Similarly, ‘health-conscious consumption’ was also observed to increase in some case, such as dietary supplements or organic foods. A cost that is difficult to generalize but shouldn't be overlooked in a long-term, macro perspective is the loss of opportunity costs due to disease or treatment (e.g. decrease in long-term investments, giving up job-seeking activities). This was particularly noticeable in those who were younger or self-employed. Discussion: Everyone has their own individual circumstances, and the financial impact of these circumstances varies considerably, making quantification challenging. Moreover, the significance of a given sum of money can vary individually. Thus, we sought to examine the economic impacts and financial burden on the disease journey within the diverse lives of individuals through a qualitative lens. Our qualitative approach revealed that the financial burden of disease/treatment in each individual's life can be felt incomparably greater than what previous quantitative research had estimated only for direct medical expenditures. Our findings should also underscore the need for comprehensive strategies to alleviate the personal financial burdens borne by MM patients and their caregivers.

한국 여성 직업훈련정책의 변천과정 연구

Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the process of change in women's vocational training policies in South Korea from the liberation to the present, and analyze the characteristics of women's vocational training policy.
 Methods To this end, comprehensive policy documents regarding women’s vocational training policies, such as the 6th - 7th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development, the 1st-4th Basic Plan for Women's Policy, the 1st-3rd Basic Plan for Gender Equality Policy, the 1st-3rd Basic Plan for vocational Competency Development, are analyzed.
 Results South Korea's women's vocational training policy progress can be divided into five stages: preparatory stage, nascent stage, settlement stage, development stage, and transition stage. During the preparatory period, from the liberation to the early 1980s, no women's vocational training policy was established, and the focus of women's vocational training was on liberal arts education for vulnerable women. Since the mid-1980s, laws and policies on women's vocational training have been introduced in the nascent stage. From the 1990s, during the settlement period, women’s vocational training policies were actively pursued to expand vocational training opportunities for women. Since the enactment of the Framework Act on Women's Development (1995), a systematic policy for women’s vocational training has been established, leading to the development stage. Lastly, since 2015, during the transition period, policies such as gender mainstreaming of vocational training and expansion of women's vocational training opportunities for high-skilled occupations are promoted.
 Conclusions Women's vocational training policies in South Korea have progressed along with the development of women's policy. Its policy direction has changed from low-skilled women to high-skilled women training. In addition, the policy target of women’s vocational training was gradually diversified and specified. The results of this study help to understand in depth the characteristics of Korean women's vocational training policies, and furthermore, provide implications for women's vocational training policy in developing countries.

A Study of North Korea's Policy Change Through Big Data Analysis

This study analyzes “on the spot guidance” articles in Rodong Sinmun using text mining and network analysis. By analyzing the characteristics of the policies under Kim Jong-il and Kim Jong-un, and the extent to which they were linked, we determined the extent to which the policies under Kim Jong-un were inherited from the policies of Kim Jong-il’s government. Data was drawn from Rodong Sinmun archives from July 8, 1994, the date of Kim Il Sung's death, to November 24, 2020 and included articles with “on the spot guidance” in the title. Under both Kim Jong-il and Kim Jong-un, the main keywords from these articles were related to solving food problems, industrial development, and advancing science and technology. North Korea’s fundamental policy emphasis was consistent from the Kim Jong-il period to the Kim Jong-un period, though the details of the policies differed depending on the supreme leader.

Analysis of South Korean Class Conflict Revealed by Elements of Lies and Violence in Cinema - Parasite as an Example

Since the implementation of neoliberal economic policies in South Korea in the 1990s, the huge gap between the rich and the poor has become a phenomenon, an acute social issue, and a frequent topic of film and television series, which has stimulated a series of topics and discussions critical of capitalism and anti-neoliberalism. This paper examines the class conflicts that exist in South Korean society in the context of the neoliberal economic system. It explores the representation of class conflict and the gap between rich and poor in South Korean film and television productions. This paper applies a case study approach to the film Parasite, through reviewing its narratives and the analysis of mise-en-scne, it deals with the elements of lies and violence to illustrate the class conflicts in South Korean society. The findings of this study highlight the presence of a severe class conflict in South Korean society, which is reflected in the immoral behavior of the lower-class characters in Parasite, as well as in the violent declaration of war within the lower class and towards the upper class.

National climate change governance and lock-in: Insights from Korea's conservative and liberal governments' committees

When establishing national climate change response policies, conflicts between various stakeholders may arise. Therefore, we need a collaborative climate change governance to coordinate stakeholders’ opinions. Many countries have formed and operated committee-type governance to respond to climate change. Climate change policies require long-term responses. However, the politicization of climate change issues results in rapid policy changes and policy discontinuities. In Korea, climate change policies are showing differences according to partisan polarization. Past conservative and liberal governments formed committees to respond to climate change. Conservative governments operated the Green Growth Committee, and liberal governments operated the Carbon Neutrality Committee. This study analyzed the impact of changes in the Korean political system on climate change governance. We examined whether the difference in political orientation between liberal and conservative governments affected climate change governance, and if not, what factors prevented the path from changing. No significantly different outcome was found between the governance of the conservative and the liberal governments in response to climate change. The cause was the “lock-in” of climate change policies in Korea. Specifically, the response to climate change in Korea has not changed significantly due to political, industrial, institutional, and diplomatic lock-in.

Comparison of COVID-19 vaccine policies and their effectiveness in Korea, Japan, and Singapore

BackgroundThis study aimed to analyze coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)vaccine policies and effectiveness in Korea, Japan, and Singapore, thereby providing empirical experience for vaccination and response to similar public health emergencies.MethodsThe study systematically summarized the COVID-19 vaccine policies in Korea, Japan, and Singapore through public information from the Our World in Data website and the official websites of the Ministries of Health in these three countries.Total vaccinations, COVID-19 vaccination rates, rates of fully vaccinated, rates of boostervaccinated, and total confifirmed cases were selected for cross-sectional comparison of COVID-19 vaccination in these three countries. Combining the basic characteristics of these three countries, daily cases per million, daily deaths per million, and the effective reproduction rate were calculated to measure the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine policies implementation in each of these three countriesResultsThe countermeasures against the COVID-19 in Korea, Japan, and Singapore, although seemingly different on the surface, have all taken an aggressive approach. There are large similarities in the timing of the start of COVID-19 vaccination, the type of vaccine, how vaccine appointments are made, and whether vaccination are free, and all had high vaccination rates. A systematic comparison of the anti-epidemic practices in the three East Asian countries revealed that all three countries experienced more than one outbreak spike due to the spread of new mutant strains after the start of mass vaccination with COVID-19 vaccination, but that vaccination played a positive role in reducing the number of deaths and stabilizing the effective reproduction rate.ConclusionsThis study comparatively analyzed the COVID-19 vaccine policies and their effects in South Korea, Japan, and Singapore, and found that there is a common set of logical combinations behind the seemingly different strategies of these three countries. Therefore, in the process of combating COVID-19, countries can learn from the successful experience of combating the epidemic and continue to strengthen the implementation of vaccination programs, as well as adjusting public perceptions to reduce the level of vaccine hesitancy, enhance the motivation for vaccination, and improve the coverage of COVID-19 vaccine based on different cultural factors, which remains the direction for future development.

Forgotten Concepts of Korea’s Welfare State: Productivist Welfare Capitalism and Confucianism Revisited in Family Policy Change

Abstract Understanding the dominant principle(s) of a welfare regime has been the “higher-level” objective of welfare state analysis. East Asian welfare states are no exception, and thus many contributions have sought to understand the welfare state order of these countries. In this article, we consider the development and current architecture of family policies at the center of welfare regime debate for the case of South Korea. Through this analysis we aim to critically assess current assumptions that both original foundations—productivist welfare capitalism and Confucianism—are theoretically useless for understanding the current welfare state and its development. Instead, this article argues that productivism remains at the heart of family policy in South Korea. The repositioning of productivism, however, and the related focus on social reproduction in the welfare state project, have led to most of the changes introduced to the detriment of Confucianism.

Assessing the impact of climate and air quality policies on future emissions in Korea through quantification of control and co-control effects

Climate policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can also lead to reduced air pollutants, and conversely, air pollution reduction policies can contribute to GHG reductions. We defined "control" as achieving key policy goals and "co-control" as achieving additional goals simultaneously. This study quantitatively analyzed the effects of Korea's Climate and air pollutant reduction policies using the GHGs and air pollutant Unified Information Design system for Environment (GUIDE) model, which facilitates an integrated analysis of the control and co-control effects of these policies. We incorporated the latest policies in Korea into the model and developed four scenarios to generate and evaluate future emission inventories for each scenario until 2030. The four scenarios include the baseline scenario (no additional policy), the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) scenario (climate policies), the Air Quality Management (AQM) scenario (air quality policies), and the NDC+AQM scenario (both policies). The analysis results from the NDC and the NDC+AQM scenarios present the reduction effects of CO2 emissions due to climate policies and illustrate the co-control effects that reduce atmospheric pollutants such as SOx, NOx, and PM2.5 as well. Moreover, through a comparative analysis of emission reduction outcomes across the four scenarios, this study shows the advantages of concurrently evaluating climate and air quality policies using the integrated model. Furthermore, by assessing the effects of policies within each emission sector, we can identify sections necessitating supplementary reduction strategies. The findings presented in this research offer valuable insights and data to inform forthcoming policy development and assessment endeavors.

Long-term historical trends in air pollutant emissions in South Korea (2000–2018)

This study aims to understand the impact of previous air quality improvement policies on historical emission changes by examining long-term emission trends in Korea. Annual emissions from 2000 to 2018 were estimated using Korea’s official emissions inventory, the Clean Air Policy Support System (CAPSS). To ensure a consistent comparison, standardization of the method for calculating emissions and unification of the reported emission sectors were conducted each year. Furthermore, Korea’s emissions history was compared with that of neighboring countries, such as China and Japan. The annual emissions of these countries were acquired from the HTAPv3 emissions inventory, an international long-term emission trend study. For comparison, the emission source classification of Korea was matched with that of HTAPv3. As a result of the analysis, NOx and SOx emissions in Korea have shown decreasing trends, whereas VOCs (volatile organic compounds) have indicated a gradual increasing trend since 2000. Compared to the previous period of implementing South Korea’s air quality improvement policy, changes in NOx and SOx emissions, which are combustion-related pollutants, showed a relationship with the policy’s timeline. However, non-combustion-related pollutants such as VOCs did not exhibit such a relationship. It was concluded that the related policies were not as effective in reducing VOCs as planned in the policy. By comparing the emission trends of Japan, Korea, and China, it was confirmed that Japan was the first country to experience a decrease in combustion-related pollutants emissions, followed by Korea and China. Additionally, combustion-related pollutants decreased in all three countries, whereas VOCs decreased only in Japan. VOC is a precursor material generating secondary PM2.5 and Ozone; considering that, if relevant policies are additionally implemented to control future PM2.5 concentrations, and to reduce emissions efficiently and effectively, Japan’s VOC reduction policies can be applied to Korea’s emission reduction policies. These results are expected to serve as important references when establishing future air quality improvement policies in Korea.

Comparison of Positive/Inconclusive Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2 with the Standard M nCoV Real-Time Detection.

COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), can be diagnosed using rapid real-time PCR, real-time reverse transcription PCR (rRT-PCR), or rapid antigen testing. Among these, rRT-PCR is considered the gold standard assay. The Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2 assay is a rapid real-time PCR test, approved by the Korean Disease Control and Prevention Agency in 2020. The overall concordance and positive concordance rates of the Xpert assay with the STANDARD M nCoV Real-Time Detection kit were determined. All samples with positive or inconclusive Xpert test results from July 2021 to February 2023 that underwent confirmatory testing using the reference rRT-PCR assay were included in the analysis. Samples from 224 patients (93 men and 131 women) with a median age of 59 years (range 15 - 90 years) were included. Of 212 samples that tested positive using Xpert, 112 (52.8%) were true positves and 100 (47.2%) were false positives on rRT-PCR testing. The overall concordance and positive concordance rates were 52.8% (112/212) and 54.5% (112/224), respectively. In the Xpert positive group, the samples had a lower Ct value for the E gene than the N2 gene. The Ct values for the E and N2 genes were significantly lower in the positive group than in the inconclusive group. Positive or inconclusive Xpert results should be confirmed by the gold standard rRT-PCR for early control of this disease. Furthermore, Korea's policy should be reconsidered given the high false-positive rate of the rapid real-time PCR Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2 assay.

Utilizing Imperial Knowledge: Japan’s Self-Promotion in Sweden through Its Archeological Work in Colonial Korea

This paper examines Japanese archeological missions during the colonial period and how archeological knowledge was exploited by the imperial authorities both domestically and abroad. The Swedish Crown Prince Gustaf VI Adolf’s visit to Korea is an important case study to examine the connection between Japanese academia and the politics of the Japanese Government-General of Korea and to show why the Japanese government invested in acquiring hegemony in the sphere of knowledge. The history and tensions surrounding Sŏbongch’ong show the characteristics and limitations of archeological research in the colonial era and after the liberation of the country. This paper explores the Swedish Crown Prince’s visit to Japan and Korea in 1926 and its diplomatic background, along with the set-up of the excavation in Kyŏngju. After the excavation, Imperial Japan maintained its connection with the Swedish Crown Prince through scholars. The paper also examines two other events. The first is Hamada Kōsaku’s (1881–1938) and Korean Prince Yi Ŭn’s visit to Sweden in 1927, which shows the tensions between Japan and Korea. The second event is a series of lectures on Japanese archeological missions in Korea by Serge Elisséeff (1889–1975) and Sekino Tadashi (1868–1935). The Japanese used their archeological research and achievements as a propaganda tool to support their imperial power abroad. These propaganda operations were carried out not only by Japanese scholars but also by prominent Western ones who were experts on East Asia. The Japanese government thus established its authoritativeness in the colonies while at the same time displaying its “cultural rule” and imperial power and knowledge to the world. Furthermore, the Japanese repeatedly made contradictory attempts to incorporate the superior culture of the colonies into their own history while, on the domestic level, they sought to highlight the inferiority of the colonies. This paper examines the connection between modern scholarship in imperial universities and social or diplomatic policies in colonial Korea, along with the role and influence of modern scholarship in the country.

Mega FTA 확산에 따른 한국 통상정책의 패러다임 전환 모색에 관한 연구

This article aims at exploring the search for the paradigm shift of trade policy of Korea to cope with the proliferation of Mega FTAs. It scrutinizes the recent changes of trade norms caused by the global economic reshuffling in the amidst of globalization and regionalization after recapitulating previous studies on the effect of Mega FTA such as the CPTPP and the RCEP. It also strongly recommends to augment the corporate strategy to the framework of trade policy by reflecting the increased role of multi-national enterprises on the ongoing mega-trend of globalization as well as regionalization. It puts forward the critically important role of industrial adjustment policy which encompasses corporate strategy boosted by the enhancement of product differentiation and architectural capability. The welfare gains of such an industrial adjustment policy of Korea, which is designed for sterilizing the negative effects of the proliferation of mega FTA and the fortification of trade laws of powerful nations, may eclipse those of trade policy in the long run.

가치창출 패러다임 전환을 위한 주요 5개국 인문·기술 융합연구 정책지원 사례 분석

This study examines the evolution of humanities policies in South Korea, the United States, Japan, Taiwan, and China over the past 20 years. Each country has taken different initiatives to develop the humanities in tandem with technology. For example, the United States provides a longitudinal support plan to facilitate an interdisciplinary combination of cutting-edge technologies with the humanities, and Japan combines the digitization of the humanities with government-led projects in the economic and IT sectors. Taiwan has also actively promoted collaboration between technology and the humanities as a means of solving social problems, and China has a state-led humanities revitalization plan to nurture new talent. South Korea, following its “Jeju Humanities Statement (1996)”, has not only implemented various programs to generate new knowledge based on the humanities, but also legalized educational policy support for such actions by enacting a “Humanities Law”.
 Using the triple helix model, we aim to define the actions of its three pillars (i.e., university, government, and industry) and analyze the strategic aspect of the goals and outcomes of each nation's policies. Through word cloud text analysis, 56 keywords were extracted from 34 projects in 5 countries and conceptualized as the following four core strategies: (a) expanding infrastructure, (b) widening research scope, (c) linking to industrialization, and (d) building a digital foundation. Further, this study sheds light on the need to expand humanities research and proposes a new paradigm for interdisciplinary research with the potential to lead social change. In conclusion, our study calls for both the revitalization of existing humanities infrastructures and the cultivation of humanities research integrated with other sectors. We also suggest the need to create an environment in which experts from all fields can actively collaborate, a shift in support mechanisms, and practice-based performance evaluation.

Banks’ net interest rate spread and the transmission of monetary policy in Korea

In the transmission of monetary policy, banks’ administered interest rates set by their market power may not coordinate well with the policy intention. In this study, we examine the effect of banks’ net interest rate spread (NIS) on real economic growth in response to changes in the benchmark interest rate in Korea. We find that the market power component of the NIS interacting with the benchmark rate significantly affects the prediction of future economic growth, especially under loosening monetary policy. Our findings indicate that when the policy interest rate decreases to boost the economy, monopolistic banks widen the NIS by sluggishly adjusting the lending rate, which dampens the growth effect. This misalignment remains consistent when we focus on the subperiod after the 2008 financial crisis and use alternative measures for our main variables.

학교 안전교육에 대한 조망과 지리 교과의 역할 고찰

Objectives This study aims to look at school safety education as a whole and, based on this, examine the role of geography subject in school safety education.
 Methods To this end, the current status of school safety education in foreign countries (Japan, France, and the United States) was first summarized, and the school safety education policy and curriculum in Korea were examined. Based on this, the problems of school safety education in Korea and the role of geography subject in school safety education were discussed.
 Results Japan, France, and the United States have implemented school safety education in response to crisis situations that occur in different social and cultural backgrounds of each country. Safety education in Korea has various problems due to short-term institutional maintenance due to social demand, and safety education in geography tends to be limited to natural disasters.
 Conclusions It is important to consider geographic characteristics in safety education because risks occurring in local communities are not limited to natural disasters, and safety education in geography requires an approach in terms of the use of maps and learners' risk perception.

Family Leave Policies and Employee Attitudinal Outcomes in Korea: The Moderating and Joint Moderating Effects of Gender and Marital Status

Demographic changes that many contemporary societies experience - e.g., the increase of dual-career couples and non-traditional families, the Millennials reshaping the workplace, and so on - and subsequent needs of individuals pose challenges for organizations. As a way to better motivate and retain employees, organizations provide employees with new types of support such as family leave policies that can help them with better work-family balance. This study examines the impact of organizational provision of family leaves on attitudinal outcomes of Korean employees as moderated by employee demographic characteristics. The findings suggest that the impact of family leave provisions vary depending on employee characteristics. Their impact on employee job satisfaction and organizational commitment are stronger for married female employees than for any other gender-marital status groups.