Stages Of Policy Implementation Research Articles

Gender Representation and Policy Implementation: Is it Women or the Left Wing that Increases the Childcare Supply?

Abstract This study investigates the impact of the accumulation of gender representation during the policy implementation stage on the childcare supply expansion. Previous studies faced two key issues: first, they primarily focused on the impact of gender representation during the policy introduction stage, and second, they often lacked sensitivity in distinguishing whether the outcome was driven by partisanship or gender. Using the city-level dataset from western Germany, this study argues that although the effect of female mayors is model dependent, a 10 percentage point increase in the average share of women city councils leads to an increase in the childcare expansion by about 2.5 percentage points. Notably, regardless of left-wing/right-wing positions, women councilors expanded the childcare supply.

Implementation of the policy of equalizing the position of administrator into functional in Gorontalo City Government

The implementation of PermenPAN-RB policy number 17 of 2021 concerning the equalization of administrative positions into functional positions has been implemented by the Gorontalo City Government. This study aims to determine how the implementation of this policy and the factors that determine the success of policy implementation within the Gorontalo City Government. This research is a qualitative descriptive with research locations at the Gorontalo City Staffing, Education and Training Agency (BKPP) and the Organization and Governance Section of the Gorontalo City Regional Secretariat from September to November 2023. Data collection techniques in the form of observation, interviews and documentation. The results of the study found that policy implementation has been running at the planning, supervision and policy evaluation stages, but has not been optimal at the policy implementation stage. The determining factors for the success of policy implementation based on aspects of communication, resources, disposition (attitude of implementers) and bureaucratic structure are still not optimal. The communication aspect has not been effective both in the aspects of transmission, clarity and consistency. The resource aspect has not been effective on human resources, budget resources, equipment resources. The disposition/attitude aspect of the executor has been effective. The aspect of bureaucratic structure is influenced by other factors, namely communication factors, making this factor less efficient.

China’s Urban Waste Resource Management Systems: A Case of the Yangtze River Basin

ABSTRACT Urban waste management is vital for environmental protection and sustainable development. Understanding the characteristics and innovative paths of waste management systems in the Yangtze River Delta urban cluster is of significant importance. Analyzing 285 policies implemented from 2003 to 2022, the research employs methods like stage evolution text quantification and network structure analysis to reveal distinct characteristics of policy evolution in urban waste management. The study identifies a four-stage pattern of policy development: policy pilot stage, policy implementation stage, policy regulation stage, and policy dissemination stage. The findings highlight an increasing diversification of policy initiators and improvements in multisector collaboration. The central government plays a pivotal role in guiding urban waste management, while local governments follow suit through demonstration, indicating a preference for individual local autonomy over horizontal joint management.

Analyzing the impact of fare-free public transport policies on crowding patterns at stations using crowdsensing data

Fully or partially fare-free public transport (FFPT) is a measure to make public transport (PT) more attractive and affordable. Cities worldwide are experimenting with a variety of fare discount policies, which will lead to spatiotemporal changes in mobility patterns, including crowding in PT stations. However, the response of PT stations to these policies can vary due to the heterogeneity in their surrounding built environment and other factors. Non-conventional data sources could be used to better model and understand these spatiotemporal dynamics. In this study, we propose a three-step methodological framework to understand the impact of FFPT or extreme fare discount interventions on PT demand patterns, specifically focusing on crowding patterns in PT stations, using crowdsensing data. First, we design a busyness-based similarity measure that leverages the histogram method to capture changes in crowding patterns. Then, we employ a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) to cluster PT stations based on their crowding pattern deviations at different stages of policy implementation. This clustering step enables the identification of distinct station types based on their response to the policy. Finally, we train a LightGBM model to learn the relationship between crowding pattern changes and the spatial–temporal characteristics of PT stations, using the busyness-based station types identified by GMM as labels. We apply our methodology to a public transport experiment in Germany during the summer of 2022 when the country introduced a monthly “9-EUR” ticket valid on local and regional PT nationwide. The clustering results show three station types: unaffected, mildly stimulated, and intensely stimulated stations. Furthermore, the classifier indicates that the station’s location, activity options near the station, and population within the adjacent area of the station, and the crowding patterns under normal operations (before policy implementation) play a significant role in the heterogeneity of the 9-EUR ticket’s impact. The insights gained from our study can help planners better understand and manage the crowding at PT stations during fare interventions.

Measures in Rural Education in China

This paper focuses on the issues of rural education development in China. Education is the cornerstone of development. As a populous and developing country, China pays great attention to education issues. The Chinese government and people have made many directional efforts for the development of education, but there are still many regional, cultural, and linguistic problems in the practical stages of policy implementation due to China's vast territory. Especially in the aspect of rural education, there are still many problems, and the revival of rural education also promotes the development of rural revitalization. This paper analyzes and introduces the current education environment and the problems of uneven education resources based on various education policies in China today, and proposes solutions to rural education problems, including localized curriculum setting for rural education, directed training for rural teachers, organic integration of new media and education, and the creation of spatial awareness in rural education.

Scenario mitigation of threats and disruptions to development plan of Nuclear Power Plan (NPP) in Indonesia

Plans for the development of nuclear power plants in Indonesia have existed since the Soekarno regime in 1945, but have never reached the policy implementation stage until the current presidency of Joko Widodo. This is related to obstacles that can be in the form of Threats, Disruptions, Obstacles and Challenges (AGHT), so that it always fails in the implementation process, both on a global, national and regional scale due to issues in the social, political, technological, and other realms. The purpose of this study is to analyze the scenario of Threats and Disruptions mitigation scenarios for the development of nuclear power plants in Indonesia. The results of the study indicate that the mitigation of the threat of nuclear power plant development plans in Indonesia is through First Track Diplomacy and Second Track Diplomacy, guided by Law No. 10 of 1997 in decision making, and integrated community involvement in supporting government programs. Mitigation of disruptions to the nuclear power plant development plan in Indonesia through a policy of targeting the energy mix by optimizing the use of NRE other than nuclear, while developing a nuclear power plant development plan, implementing a Carbon Tax, socialization through K/L cooperation regarding the use of nuclear energy for nuclear power plants, various fields and second track diplomacy.

Substantiation of industry priorities for import substitution of technologies and products (the polymer industry case)

Subject. The article considers the results and prospects for implementation of import substitution policy in the polymer industry. Objectives. The purpose is to develop conceptual provisions for implementation of import substitution policy in the polymer industry, based on the process periodization and imported product evaluation. Methods. The first stage of the study rests on methods of content analysis and periodization to feature the characteristics and form a vision of main stages of the import substitution policy implementation in Russia. The second stage is associated with adaptation and application of methods of ABC/XYZ analysis and calculation of apparent consumption to study the product lines of polymer imports based on indicators characterizing the structure and dynamics of polymer imports. Results. The paper highlights factors determining the effectiveness of import substitution policy implementation in Russia’s polymer industry in modern conditions. It presents the main stages of the policy implementation, including the vision of future stages in terms of development of competitiveness of domestic technologies and products at the global level. We investigated product lines of polymer imports, defined priority segments, identified criteria and key actions for effective implementation of import substitution policy in Russia. Conclusions. The formulated conceptual provisions may become a guideline in elaboration of strategic and program documents for the chemical industry development, serve as additional justification for investment decisions and government support allocation.

왜 다시 EBS인가?

Due to the outbreak of COVID-19, concerns about learning loss and the soaring expenses of private education have become prominent social issues. In light of these concerns, the government is actively exploring strategies to enhance the integration of EBS lectures into the College Scholastic Ability Test(CSAT). While previous studies have primarily focused on the initial impact of the 2010 college entrance exam policy, there remains a lack of research on the dynamic effects of the policy over time. Firstly, in order to estimate the effect of EBS lectures on the reduction in private education expenses, we employ the Correlated Random Effects approach - Panel Tobit Model along with other panel data models, using data from high school students in the Seoul Education Longitudinal Study (SELS). Additionally, we evaluate the outcome of EBS lectures compared to other educational goods such as school achievement.
 The results indicate that, except for the early stages of policy implementation, EBS lectures have significantly reduced private education expenses and positively influenced academic achievement in math and English courses. However, a continuous decline in EBS lecture participation rates and the preference of top-performing students for private education seem to diminish the overall impact of the policy. Accordingly, policy responses addressing these issues should be considered to maximize the effectiveness of the EBS lecture policy.

HPR99 Tobacco Smoking Prevalence Among Saudi Adults: Baseline for Evaluating the Implementation of Standardised Packaging for Tobacco Products

A national health policy by the Saudi Food and Drug Authority implementing standardised packaging for tobacco products began in August 2019. The aim of this study is to measure the prevalence of tobacco smoking in the initial stage of policy implementation, which can then be used to evaluate the implementation monitoring indicators over time.

An Explorative Study: The Challenges of Cross-Cultural Adaptation among Expatriates in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

The current progress of technological modernization has further enhanced the increase in the number of international migration movements around the world. The encouragement of international migration is also driven by the policies enacted by the government at the policy implementation stage, producing a dynamic and highly innovative local workforce as well as high demand from industries, institutions, and statutory bodies to fill the energy gap in professional work. International migration is an advantageous approach and has been found to positively impact a country’s economic and socio-political development. Furthermore, the involvement of professionals, especially expatriates who are technologically literate, highly knowledgeable, and have extensive experience in certain fields, not only helps the country’s economic growth but also contributes to the sustainability and viability of organizational management. Nonetheless, individuals involved in international migration, especially expatriates, tend to experience problems adaptating to the cultural environment of the host country due to the differing cultural practices than their countries of origin. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the challenges of cultural adaptation among expatriates in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The findings of this study found that the lack of social interaction and lack of cultural interaction are the challenges faced by expatriates while adapting to the culture in Malaysia. The findings of this study also provide benefits to the organizations and agencies of the government i.e. MIDA or TalentCorp in managing expatriate issues in Malaysia in order to reduce the turnover and repatriation among expatriates.

Research on Responsible Innovation Mechanism Based on Prospect Theory

In 2020, the new crown pneumoniaCOVID-19 epidemic swept the world, and it still has an impact on the production and lifestyle of various countries. Guiding enterprises to implement responsible innovation can enable enterprises to shoulder social responsibilities while innovating, resist the impact of the epidemic, accelerate countries to get out of the haze of the epidemic, and promote high-quality economic development. In this paper, three typical subjects of government, enterprise, and consumer are selected to construct an evolutionary game model, and prospect theory is introduced to explore the strategic choices and influencing factors of the three parties. Through the numerical simulation of MATLAB software, the following conclusions are obtained: in the early stage of policy implementation, the enthusiasm of enterprises to implement responsible innovation is not high; with the implementation of policies and the continuation of time, the enthusiasm of enterprises gradually increases; and the supervision role of the government and consumers gradually decreases. Appropriate government incentives and disincentives will promote enterprises and consumers to participate in responsible innovation. This paper explores the game process of government, enterprises, and consumers from a dynamic perspective, explores the decision-making process of all parties under the prospect theory, reveals the implementation process of responsible innovation and the factors affecting responsible innovation, and provides a theoretical reference for the implementation of responsible innovation model.

Identifying the implementation effect of technology transfer policy using system dynamics: a case study in Liaoning, China.

Given that technology transfer provides an important boost for promoting national economic development, technology transfer policy (TTP) has attracted more and more attention from academia and industry. The government issued many policies. However, the implementation effect of TTP still needs to be clarified. This study is carried out from the progressive level of "text content-influence path-implementation effect.'' It aims to adopt a systematic analysis method to analyze policy tools and policy implementation stages, then builds a conceptual framework of the influence path of TTP. Then the relationship between variables in the qualitative model was clarified, and the system dynamics (SD) model was used to build a quantitative model with four feedback loops. Finally, taking Liaoning, China as an example, the system simulation and sensitivity analysis of the main parameters are implemented in Vensim PLE. Different policy tools have different roles in the TTP impact stages of research, transfer, and industrialization. Based on the data of 2013-1019, the SD model constructed in this paper can be used to predict the implementation effect of TTP during 2020-2015. Simulation and sensitivity analysis results provide practical enlightenment for government departments to improve the implementation effect of the existing TTP. This study also provides other researchers with a systematic understanding for improving the implementation effect of TTP with a "text content-influence path-implementation effect" conduction chain and provides new insights for further research on TTP.

Study on policy synergy strategy of the central government and local governments in the process of coal de-capacity: Based on a two-stage evolutionary game method

In recent years, the Chinese government has intensively introduced a series of measures to solve the problem of overcapacity in the coal industry, but the effect is not ideal. Policy synergy between the central government (CG) and local governments (LGs) can effectively reduce overcapacity and promote energy transition. Based on China's fragmented administrative management system and public policy process attributes, this study investigates the CG-LGs’ policy synergy strategy choice and influencing factors in the process of coal de-capacity in China using a two-stage evolutionary game model. The results show that: first, in the policy formulation stage, reducing policy formulation costs and increasing public credit losses can prompt the CG to consider provincial heterogeneity, while reducing policy formulation costs and increasing political gains and administrative penalties can prompt LGs to actively negotiate with the CG to develop policies. Second, in the policy implementation stage, the positive net income of LGs can result in an ideal situation (i.e., the CG chooses the loose supervision strategy, but LGs still adopt the strict enforcement strategy). Reducing implementation costs, enhancing environmental quality, and establishing reasonable reward and punishment mechanisms prompt LGs to implement a de-capacity policy. Third, the CG's strategic choice in the policy formulation stage impacts the evolution of the strategies of the two subjects in the policy implementation stage. The above results promote policy synergy between CG and LGs and provide insights for policymakers for designing an effective coal production capacity governance model.

Evolution of China’s Total Allowable Catch (TAC) system: Review and way forward

As one of the principal forms of output controls, implementation of a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) system has been increasingly emphasized in China’s contemporary fisheries management policy. In this study, we conducted a detailed analysis of China’s TACs policies and further explored current challenges and way forward in terms of implementation of TACs in China. China’s TAC policies can be divided into two stages with distinctive characteristics: i) policy introduction stage (during 2000–2016) and ii) policy implementation stage (during 2017–2022). Based on a summary of current management system in China’s TAC pilots combine with the actual situation of fisheries in China, we identified the following issues impeding successful implementation of TACs on a large scale, namely, insufficient legal liability for breaching of TACs; ineffective regulatory control of quota allocations and fish landings; multi-species fisheries; challenges of fisher resettlement; and fishers’ insufficient understanding of the role of TACs. Integrating solutions to these problems within the existing system of fishery management in China, corresponding safeguard measures were proposed to ensure the smooth implementation of the TACs programmes in China.

China’s policy for the marine engineering equipment industry and potential challenges: An appraisal of the new developments under the 14th five-year plans

The Five-Year Plans are China’s most important macroeconomic and social management tool, setting goals and directions for the national economic and social development vision. To date, China has implemented 13 periods of Five-Year Plans. On March 12, 2021, the Chinese government adopted its 14th Five-Year Plan, which requires breakthrough the key core technologies of marine engineering and cultivating and expanding the marine engineering equipment industry. This research conducts a policy analysis to comprehensively examine the development plans for the marine engineering equipment industry in these 14th Five-Year Plans issued by China’s central level and local level governments. By summarizing and analyzing these policies pertaining to the marine engineering equipment industry, it aims to show a holistic picture for the new policy developments in China’s new five-year period. This paper also highlights the challenges and pressures that might be faced by the Chinese authorities in the policy implementation stage.

National policy on health of the elderly person in the light of the steps of the public policy cycleand national health research

Aging has repercussions in several sectors, demanding the formulation of public policies and constant reflection on the subject. The objective was to understand the National Health Policy for Elderly People – PNSPI based on the Public Policy Cycle, proposed by Raeder (2014) with the Monitoring and Evaluation of Actions stage analyzed with data from the National Health Survey – PNS 2013. It is an exploratory descriptive study with an analysis of a theoretical framework based on the Public Policy Cycle. In the Perception and Definition of Problems stage, the Brazilian population aging in condition of social and gender inequality was highlighted. In the Formation of the Decision-making Agenda, several governmental priorities were marked by the demand for quality care for the elderly. In the Formation of Programs, plans and actions were verified with a view to active and healthy aging. In the Policy Implementation stage, which converts political intentions into concrete ones, it was found that there is still a way to go. In the Monitoring and Evaluation of Actions, it was found that, even after 07 years of the implementation of the PNSPI, the prevalence of elderly people with functional difficulties is high. It is concluded that the PNSPI covers all stages of the cycle of public policies in a cohesive and coherent way, however, alone it was not able to significantly change the epidemiological scenario of the elderly. It is necessary to restart the stages of the cycle with a view to strengthening the proposals of national and regional policy and development regarding to active and healthy aging.

THE IMPLEMETATION OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) POLICIES ON COMPANIES AND STATE -OWNED ENTERPRISES

Karawang Regency is one of the districts that has switched functions from the agricultural sector to industry. Based on data owned by the Department of Industry and Trade Karawang regency there are 511 Foreign Investors (PMA), 226 Domestic Investors (PMDN), and as many as 9,025 supporting small industries. But until now there has always been a polemic related to the implementation of CSR policies because it has not been able to change the lives of the people of Karawang Regency in terms of infrastructure and better human resources, as seen from the HDI ranking of Karawang Regency which is ranked 16th out of 28 regencies in West Java. The method in this research uses a descriptive method with a qualitative approach, because in order to answer how the implementation of CSR policies in Karawang Regency, it is necessary to describe the process of involvement of elements related to data collection techniques, observation and interviews with informants and FGDs, after which data analysis and conclusion. The results of research in the field that the implementation of CSR policies in companies and SOEs in the Regency of Karawang is highly determined by the three aspects of the policy implementation stage (organization, interpretation and application) and found one other aspect that influences the implementation of CSR policies, namely the power of the company owner or owner of government power in Karawang Regency (village government or regional government).

Can driving-restriction policies alleviate traffic congestion? A case study in Beijing, China

With ongoing urbanization, traffic congestion and the air pollution it induces are worsening. Using a system dynamics (SD) approach, this study constructed a driving-restriction policy model to explore the effects of different stages of policy implementation on variables such as traffic congestion, emissions, and parking demand. Medium- and long-term dynamic simulation showed that the effect of the policy was obvious in the initial stage but gradually weakened in the medium term, leading to a “fading” effect on traffic-congestion alleviation; a “rebound” effect was even observed at the end of the simulation. Thus, the policy will not effectively reduce traffic congestion in the long term and will induce a new demand for car purchases, resulting in paradoxical effects, which will aggravate parking demand, congestion, and pollution. Yet, it was also found that introducing penalty policies and an air pollution charging fee could weaken the paradoxical effects and compensate for some defects of the policy. Such strategies could help reduce emissions, traffic congestion, parking demand, the number of illegal trips, and the overall number of vehicle trips. These findings can provide not only a theoretical basis for further research but also practical guidance for policy improvement.Graphical abstract

Who shapes the energy transition? National regulatory styles and societal involvement in renewable energy policy

AbstractThis paper contributes a comparative perspective on societal involvement in the energy transition that considers (i) both the policymaking and the policy implementation stage as well as (ii) contribution opportunities for different types of actors (corporate actors vs. the public). Contrasting the concept of persistent national regulatory styles with the concept of a shift towards new modes of governance and/or participation, I examine societal involvement in national renewable energy policy following the formulation of the European 20-20-20 targets in Spring of 2007. My main research question is whether the condition of high reform pressure lead to a change in sector-specific regulatory traditions. In a comparative case study, I highlight (1) a corporatist setting with new players (Germany), (2) a large-scale public consultation in the shadow of established interests (France), (3) a liberal approach building on agreements (Netherlands) as well as (4) repeated consultations with paternalistic decision-making (United Kingdom). My results indicate both a persistence of overall regulatory styles as well as limited additions to involved actors and/or utilised formats. Societal involvement in policymaking proved rather inconsequential in most cases under study. Regarding societal contributions to policy implementation, convergence tendencies towards a two-pronged approach, addressing both corporate actors and the public, were observable despite the persistence of differential regulatory styles.

Impact of Resource-Based Economic Transformation Policy on Sulfur Dioxide Emissions: A Case Study of Shanxi Province

Air pollution, particularly SO2 emission, has become a global problem, seriously threatening the sustainable development and health of mankind. Based on the panel data of 248 prefecture-level cities in China during 2003–2018, this study used the Propensity Score Matching-Difference in Difference (PSM-DID) method within the counterfactual framework to evaluate the treatment effect of the policy made by the National Resource-Based Economic Transformation Comprehensive Supporting Reform Pilot Zone (CRZ) on sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions. The results show the following. (1) The benchmark regression results demonstrate that the CRZ policy has significantly decreased per capita SO2 emissions (PCSO2) and SO2 emissions per unit of GDP (PGSO2) in the pilot zone, and the placebo test indicates that the evaluation of the policy effect is robust. (2) The dynamic effect test indicates that there is a lag in the effect of the CRZ policy on reducing SO2 emissions. The policy effect of the CRZ policy on PCSO2 and PGSO2 was not obvious in the first stage (2011–2015), the CRZ policy significantly reduced the PCSO2 and PGSO2 in the second stage of policy implementation (2016 and beyond), and the reduction effect of CRZ policy on SO2 emissions is increasing over time. (3) The mechanism analysis shows that optimizing industrial structure, increasing human capital, strengthening technological innovation, and expanding opening to the outside world are the main ways for the CRZ policy to reduce SO2 emissions. The study will help promote SO2 emissions reduction in Shanxi Province, providing a reference for the transformation and development of other resource-based cities in China and the world and contributing to accelerating the achievement of regional emission reduction targets and sustainable development.