Policy Dilemmas Research Articles

한국 민주화 과정의 외교정책딜레마: 양분화-정치화된 여론

본고는 한국의 민주화 과정에서 대중의 인식과 선호가 외교정책 결정 과정에 어떠한 영향을 끼치는지 살펴보았다. 특히 한국 민주주의에서 점점 뚜렷해지는 좌우 진영논리와 그로 인한 여론의 양분화와 정치화가 외교정책의 딜레마로 이어진 대표적인 세 가지 사례, 즉 i) 2008년 광우병 파동과 촛불시위로 인한 한미협상 결과; ii) 2015년 한일 ‘위안부합의’에 대한 여론의 반대와 그 결과; 그리고 iii) 2017년 THAAD 배치와 그에 따른 중국과의 관계에 대한 상충되는 주장을 비교 고찰하였다. 이들 사례를 통해 살펴볼 수 있듯이, 극도로 정치화･양분화된 여론 및 잘못된 포퓰리즘에 기반한 전략은 국익을 최우선시 해야하는 한국 외교에 커다란 걸림돌이 되어왔다. 따라서 정치지도자는 국익에 근거한 엄격한 외교정책원칙을 준수하며 불안정하고 자칫 감정에 치우칠 수 있는 여론에 휘둘리지 않는 인지적 분별력과 강단이 필요하다. 이와 동시에 민주적 책임을 진 지도자는 국민의 일상에 지대한 영향을 미칠 외교정책을 결정하기 전에 시민사회와의 ‘건설적인’ 대화를 지속해야 한다. 대중적 또는 당파적 선호 때문에 쉽게 흔들리지 않는 책임감 있고, 반응하고, 합법적인 외교정책을 수립·이행하기 위해 정부는 여론을 존중하고 국민은 국익이 무엇인지 이해하고 우선시하는 상호 윈-윈(win-win) 접근이 중요하다.

한국 민주화 과정의 외교정책딜레마: 양분화-정치화된 여론

본고는 한국의 민주화 과정에서 대중의 인식과 선호가 외교정책 결정 과정에 어떠한 영향을 끼치는지 살펴보았다. 특히 한국 민주주의에서 점점 뚜렷해지는 좌우 진영논리와 그로 인한 여론의 양분화와 정치화가 외교정책의 딜레마로 이어진 대표적인 세 가지 사례, 즉 i) 2008년 광우병 파동과 촛불시위로 인한 한미협상 결과; ii) 2015년 한일 ‘위안부합의’에 대한 여론의 반대와 그 결과; 그리고 iii) 2017년 THAAD 배치와 그에 따른 중국과의 관계에 대한 상충되는 주장을 비교 고찰하였다. 이들 사례를 통해 살펴볼 수 있듯이, 극도로 정치화･양분화된 여론 및 잘못된 포퓰리즘에 기반한 전략은 국익을 최우선시 해야하는 한국 외교에 커다란 걸림돌이 되어왔다. 따라서 정치지도자는 국익에 근거한 엄격한 외교정책원칙을 준수하며 불안정하고 자칫 감정에 치우칠 수 있는 여론에 휘둘리지 않는 인지적 분별력과 강단이 필요하다. 이와 동시에 민주적 책임을 진 지도자는 국민의 일상에 지대한 영향을 미칠 외교정책을 결정하기 전에 시민사회와의 ‘건설적인’ 대화를 지속해야 한다. 대중적 또는 당파적 선호 때문에 쉽게 흔들리지 않는 책임감 있고, 반응하고, 합법적인 외교정책을 수립·이행하기 위해 정부는 여론을 존중하고 국민은 국익이 무엇인지 이해하고 우선시하는 상호 윈-윈(win-win) 접근이 중요하다.

Interpreting public policy dilemmas: discourse analytical insights

This article explains the value of discourse analysis for interpreting the construction and resolution of policy dilemmas in the field of international education. Its case material is drawn from official documents relating to international education policy, published by global bodies such as the United Nations and World Bank from 2000 to 2018, explored with two purposes in mind. The first is empirical, the analysis revealing how a dominant ‘liberal’ model governing international education was discursively constructed as a grand narrative about the purpose and intended outcomes in international education. This is achieved by applying an interpretive discourse analytical approach, customised for this particular policy puzzle, to the international education corpus. The article’s second purpose is methodological, to reflect on the various criticisms and supposed limitations of using discourse analysis as a tool of public policy analysis. This part of the article argues that the discourse approach can equip analysts with a reliable tool-kit for carrying out research into the subtle and often unrecognised ways in which ideas and beliefs inform global education policy practices. A systematic discourse analysis reveals the tensions and sometimes conflicting meanings that elite decision-makers possess about international education. Ultimately, it is argued that the discourse approach can offer both empirical insights and a range of policy recommendations from a discourse analysis that destabilises the dominant ‘liberal’ narrative about international education in the relevant documents.

Exploring how support workers understand their role in supporting adults with intellectual disabilities to access the Internet for intimate relationships.

Some adults with intellectual disabilities need support to access the Internet. This study explores how support workers understand their role in facilitating Internet access for intimate relationships. Eight support workers in the West Midlands of the UK were interviewed face-to-face, using semi-structured interviews and a thematic analysis was used to interpret the data. Three main themes emerged; social and organizational dilemmas (including sub-themes of; role and moral positioning, expectations of support, and protected and reflective space), power and position and policy dilemmas. Support workers said that adults with intellectual disabilities should have access to the Internet for intimate relationships. There was a range of views on whether it was their job to support this. A lack of training in Internet use was highlighted.

COVID-19 and the Dilemma of Transport Policymaking

This short paper sets out the basic dilemma of transport policy making today, as how to strike the balance between the benefits of accessibility and the induced externalities in terms of sprawl, greenhouse gas emissions and congestion. The impacts of the Corona-19 pandemic sharpens the dilemma. They are presented using a large Swiss GPS tracking panel collected at the IVT, ETHZ in conjunction with WWZ, Universität Basel. The facets presented are the share of mobiles, miles travelled by mode and work status. The paper concludes with a discussion of possible solutions in the expected "new normal" at the pandemic.

Food security policy dilemma: A new institutionalism perspective

Food security is one out of primary concerns of national government and sub-national government for the sake of realizing national food security goal. There is a various policy has been implemented such as human capital enhancement, innovative technology, and preventing land conversion. However, the transformation of economic activity leads conversion from agricultural to non-agricultural land, thus, we analyze that there is dilemma in food security policy. This research uses new institutionalism perspective to analyze the dilemma of the policy. The national security policy could not fill the key problem of food security, where rational choice of actor is less out of the government concerns, therefore, the policy is less powerful in controlling the conversion of agricultural land.

Lockdown Policy Dilemma: COVID-19 Pandemic versus Economy and Mental Health

Lockdown is considered to be the best of policies around the world to fight the deadly virus of COVID-19 which decimated hundreds of people in the last six months. However, this is not a cost-free measure. Billions of dollars worth of economic activities halted hinging upon these measures imposed by the governments of the countries. For instance, IMF predicted that the GDP growth will decline by 4.9 percent in 2020. Global trade is also expected to plummet by 27 percent in the second quarter of the year. In addition, paucity of recreational activities severely affects the mental health of the people. While imposing lockdown, both the cost and benefit should be analyzed to understand the real benefit of these measures on human life. This study critically examines the impact of the lockdown measures on mental health, and the economy of Bangladesh along with the efficacy of the measures on containing the virus. We found that the negative impact on the economy and mental health surpasses the positive impact of curbing the pandemic. It also compares the efficacy of the measures in different countries to find out the pattern that resembles with Bangladesh. From all the data, we conclude that the cost of lockdown measures in the country is greater than the benefit it brings to Bangladesh.

Protests and Policies: How Radical Social Movement Activists Engage with Climate Policy Dilemmas

How do radical movements seeking fundamental social change engage with nearer-term policy dilemmas? Disciplinary boundaries and practical obstacles have limited research into protester policy engagement. Using a hybrid method combining participant-observation and expert-led focus groups, we document activist attitudes concerning controversial climate policy options. Data gathered at ‘Climate Camps’ in six national contexts are presented alongside evidence from similar ‘participant-instigator’ events at Green Party conferences. We find activists engaged in direct action outside the established political system had policy knowledge and agendas comparable to or surpassing those active within the system. Support for radical change appears correlated with – rather than opposed to – knowledge and interest in policy agendas. As climate protests escalate it is important to understand ‘protester policy engagement’ – the processing, production and communication of changes proposed from a position outside the established political system and to theorise this with, rather than in contradistinction to, social movement identity.

Oil Price Shocks and Macroeconomic Dynamics in an Oil-Exporting Emerging Economy: A New Keynesian DSGE Approach

The global oil dynamics has significant implications for both oil exporting and importing small open economies. However, much of the literature on oil shocks is oriented towards advanced oil-importing economies. Micro-founded studies that explore the effects of oil shocks from the standpoint of oil-endowed emerging economies are rather sparse, compared to the preponderance of studies on developed oil importers and exporters. Thus, resulting to a consequential knowledge gap on oil price transmission mechanism and a limited appreciation of the growing policy dilemmas in these economies. The paper, therefore, sets up a new Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model to study how an oil price shock impacts on macroeconomic aggregates in an oil-rich emerging economy. We consider a positive oil price shock to uncover the extent to which oil price increase is positive for the economy. The typical small open economy model is enriched with an export-oriented oil firm, a multi-sector foreign production and a non-oil domestic firm. The model is closed with exchange rate-augmented interest rate rule, and it is calibrated for Nigeria, an important oil producer. Macroeconomic responses, sequel to a simulated positive oil price shock, reveal evidence of Dutch disease and the operation of the Harrod-Balassa-Samuelson effect. We find a compelling need for oil-endowed emerging economies to address these phenomena by ensuring a robust non-oil sector with limited exposure to the vagaries of oil price oscillation.

Breastfeeding in women living with tuberculosis

Breast milk provides optimal nutrition, and is recommended for neonates and infants. In women with TB, there has been uncertainty about optimal feeding practices due to the risk of transmission to the neonate and the possibility of drug exposure via breast milk. For women who have drug-susceptible TB (DS-TB) who are no longer infectious, it is safe to breastfeed as breast milk does not contain Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli and only minor, non-toxic quantities of the drugs pass into breast milk. Most guidelines therefore encourage breastfeeding in women with DS-TB. However, there is uncertainty and guidelines vary regarding women with DS-TB who are still infectious and in women with rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB). Although the transmission dynamics of DS- and RR-TB are similar, additional infection control precautions for RR-TB may be necessary until the mother is responding to treatment, as second-line therapy may be less efficacious and preventive therapy is not widely offered to infants. In addition, there are no published data describing the extent to which second-line drugs are secreted into breast milk or subsequent exposure in breastfed infants. The implications of limited information on policy and consequent dilemmas regarding patient care are illustrated in a patient scenario. Areas for future research are suggested.

Implementing Indigenous cultures and Indigenous knowledges: A public policy dilemma

Abstract In Australia, governments are committed to integrating the cultures of Indigenous peoples into the decisions and actions of governments - known as public policies. The National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Plan 2013-2023 has culture central to its policy framework making it permissible for Indigenous peoples to practice their cultures and knowledges. While there is a readiness to implement Indigenous cultures, regrettably there still remains deep-seated resistance due to institutional and systemic racism, and racist attitudes. These factors along with unconscious biases prevent the realisation of Indigenous people's cultures and their knowledges. A system-wide translational model of practice (the model) has been developed that aims to support the implementation of Indigenous cultures and knowledges. The model adopts a system thinking approach that considers complex social phenomenon's involving paradigms, structures and actors within and across systems and sub-systems. Similarly, the model targets system leverage points aimed to embed Indigenous cultures and knowledges into policy practice. Indigenous people's cultures and knowledges could be the answer to the global challenges facing the public health community. However, as is the case in Australia, Indigenous people's cultures and knowledges are devalued and often dismissed as irrelevant. The model of practice offers a framework to enable, embed and enact the cultures and, in deed the knowledges held by Indigenous peoples. The model could be beneficial for other countries who are searching for solutions to address complex problems like global warming. Critically, a key requirement of the model is to listen and learn from Indigenous peoples along with acknowledgement that Indigenous cultures is innately related to the knowledges held by Indigenous people. Finally, using leverage points in systems to embed Indigenous people's cultures and knowledges into global solutions is a necessity. Key messages Indigenous cultures is their knowledges and their knowledges count. Have an open heart and an open mind to listen and learn.

IS SOVEREIGN DEBT RESISTANCE OVERCOMING A PREMISE OF SOVEREIGN DEFAULT PATH DEPENDENCE OCCURENCE?

The main aim of the article is to analyze the interconnection between sovereign debt resilience and sovereign default path dependence with its application for Ukrainian economy. There were system dynamics methods used in this research with the simulation using Polya process probability (Polya urn). We used the statistical data base of the Ukrainian economy and fundamental works in system dynamics and sovereign debt analysis. We examine in the article the problem of overcoming existing sovereign debt mental model resilience to external and internal shocks in a situation of uncertainty and the issue of the appropriate instruments for sovereign debt resilience conceptual analysis application. The causal loops diagrams are used to demonstrate the main effects arising under the policy dilemma conducting of sovereign debt default or its repayment. Among the main consequences of not overcoming the existing mental model is 1) the obsolete sovereign debt management financial structure of the society management method (The Deming cycle is used according to the scheme: "Plan - work - check - activity", or "Plan - execution - check - adjustment" to explain the existing principle of sovereign debt service.) 2) foreign direct investment decreasing versus external debt decreasing, which slows down the process of economic development 3) The disproportion between national savings and investment 4) The absence of the resistance in sovereign debt policy mechanism. The author highlights, that under Pola process the system does not lock in to possible balance - we are not observing the uniform distribution of the proportion of sovereign defaults. Positive feedback loops are overlapped by undetermined negative one. Polya process in a case of the sovereign default versus debt repayment with the appropriate density function for sovereign default probability after 29 years (trials) has been used to demonstrate the nonlinearity processes of the appropriate policy choice. The main conclusion is that the equilibrium distribution of the Polya process is not quite uniform. We are observing a locally unstable disequilibrium with the positive feedback but impossibility to lock in in a certain point.

Surrogacy-led migration: reflections on the policy dilemmas

PurposeThere is abundant research on surrogacy; however, migration scholars have not addressed surrogacy-driven migration. Policies related to surrogacy and surrogacy-led migration are under-researched. The paper argues that surrogacy-led migration or fertility/reproductive migration constitutes a significant part of mainstream migration. The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the policy dilemmas in various countries.Design/methodology/approachA total of 9 surrogate mothers (4 from India; 2 from Thailand, 2 from Indonesia and 1 from Nepal) and 8 commissioning parents (2 from Japan; 4 from Europe; 1 from the USA; 1 from Australia) and 2 doctors (1 from India and 1 from Thailand) selected on snowball basis were interviewed between 2014 and 2016 by using a checklist.FindingsThe deficiency and inconsistency of laws regarding surrogacy facilitated the growth of the surrogacy market. Therefore, a uniform policy would help to define and improve the surrogacy and surrogacy-led migration management.Originality/valueThis paper demonstrates the interplay of surrogacy and mainstream migration. This is a fresh addition to the study of migration.

Commentary: Labour Migration Policy Dilemmas in the Wake of COVID‐19

The peer review history for this article is available at https://publons.com/publon/10.1111/imig.12746.

Environmental sustainable value in agriculture revisited: How does Common Agricultural Policy contribute to eco-efficiency?

The conflict between capital-intensive agriculture, often called industrial agriculture, and sustainable farming is ongoing, and not because of Western European countries, where intensification is increasingly sustainable. It is caused by several million small farms in Central and Eastern Europe that must choose a long-term development path. This is also a dilemma for agricultural policy: Are small farms so environmentally friendly that they should play the role of ‘landscape guardians’ at the expense of public support and economic vegetation, or should they strive to improve productivity through investments? This study offers a methodological contribution to the value-based sustainability approach by computing indicators of environmental sustainable value (ESV). The authors have attempted to combine the value-oriented approach with frontier benchmarking. They then tested how the European Union Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) schemes contribute to ESV using a long-term panel of regionally representative farms from Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) with regard to factor endowments, for the years 2004–2017. The seminal within–between specification was employed to control the time variant and time invariant space heterogeneity of European regions. The main finding is that higher investment support is beneficial to ESV. Regarding factor endowment influence, there was a positive impact of the capital–labour ratio. Except the cross-sectional impact of environmental subsidies, the payments exert a negative effect on ESV.

India facing the macroeconomic policy trade-off – is it dilemma, trilemma or quadrilemma?

ABSTRACT Understanding the modern manifestation of policy trilemma in the backdrop of the evolving global financial architecture is critical for an emerging economy like India which has embarked on the path of financial integration with the rest of the world over the last few decades. The paper seeks to understand whether Indian economy is facing the macroeconomic policy trade-off as proposed by the impossible trinity or the trade-off has morphed into the policy dilemma or quadrilemma? We find that trilemma constraint is binding and Indian economy is actually facing the quadrilemma rather than the policy dilemma.

Cultural tourism policy in developing regions: The case of Sarawak, Malaysia

Abstract There is a need for empirical data that can be used to confirm or disconfirm literature that makes a case for functional linkages between cultural activity, inbound tourism and wider economic activity. This motivates a case-based investigation using Sarawak, a culturally rich state of Malaysia and which is currently trying to diversify and uplift its economy. Using interviews of tourism operators, artists and cultural brokers, visits to art venues and examination of documentary material, the paper identifies Sarawak's cultural and tourism policies, the ways they have been operationalized, and some of the concrete outcomes. The findings are interpreted by parsing Adorno's concepts of significance and function into their normative, representational and material dimensions. Tourism planners, it is found, have exoticized and marginalized local communities at the cost of developing a diversified economy. The policy dilemma extends to policy objects. How can artists relocated to urban areas be enabled to be productive on their own terms, and how can faraway communities lend support to their artists? Solutions might be sought, it is argued, using a participatory approach to cultural tourism planning.

Europe’s future depends on perspective not policy

Before we can fruitfully discuss what Europe ought to do about its various policy dilemmas, we need to re-examine the lens through which we view these dilemmas. I will highlight two problems with the habitual lens on Europe’s future: firstly, it’s unrealistic emphasis on clarity and coherence and, secondly, its state-centrism and state-envy. I explore the ways in which we can reverse the lens to examine familiar problems from unfamiliar angles.

Foreign Policy Dilemmas and Opportunities for a New Administration: An Opinion Piece

Foreign Policy Dilemmas and Opportunities for a New Administration: An Opinion Piece

중국 정부의 ‘일국양제’에 의한 홍콩통합 딜레마

중국 정부의 ‘일국양제’에 의한 홍콩통합 딜레마