Policy Coordination Research Articles

MITIGASI RESIKO RANTAI PASOK PADA PASOKAN PENGGUNAAN BBM DI DEPO LOKOMOTIF PT KAI SIDOTOPO

Risk is a factor that always exists in every sector of life incluidng suppky usage in PT KAI. Based on the results and discussion of this research, the conclusion is that there are 20 risk agents and 20 risk events, of which 4 priority risk agents are lack of control over fuel hoses (A13), inaccurate measuring instruments (A7), Over limit Policy (A2) and lack of clear and measurable coordination (A1). Second, there are 6 mitigation actions, namely Modification of the queue and filling system (P1), Improvement of the train supervision and monitoring system with (P2), Training and coordination staff ( P3), Training of machinists and system machinists and managemen update (P4), Modification of fuel control data with by internet (P5), and Maintenance engginer properly and scheduled ( P6). Where the most effective solutions based on HOR Phase 2 are respectively PA 2, PA 3, PA 4 PA 6, PA 5 and PA 1. Meanwhile based on AHP they are PA 2, PA 1, PA 5, PA 6, PA 3 and PA 4. So the alternative solutions developed are PA 2, PA 3 and PA 4.

Ecological Safety and Regional Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific

On August 24, 2023, the discharge of nuclear-contaminated water from Fukushima into the ocean, an action that has sparked widespread concern and apprehension within the international community, particularly among nations in the Asia-Pacific region. This issue transcends mere environmental concerns, touching upon transnational cooperation and regional policy coordination. The strategic significance of the Asia-Pacific region in international studies is underscored by the concentration of multiple national powers engaging in complex strategic games to achieve their respective national interests and objectives. This paper aims to outline the context of nuclear wastewater discharge, analyze the potential environmental risks, and explore the threats to the marine ecological safety of neighboring countries. It discusses how this decision has become both a challenge and an opportunity for cooperation among Asia-Pacific nations in terms of environmental protection and marine ecological safety. Additionally, the paper employs the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution (GMCR) method, based on existing multilateral cooperation frameworks such as regional marine cooperation organizations and international legal norms, to study the challenges and opportunities for regional cooperation in the context of nuclear wastewater discharge. This research may offer insights and guidance for mitigating current threats to marine ecological safety in the Asia-Pacific, and for constructing a more sustainable and resilient regional marine governance structure.

The Feasibility of Coordinating International Monetary Policy Strategies in the Context of Asymmetric Demand Shocks

In the context of the increasing interdependence of countries due to the development of international trade, a relevant question arises as to whether it is necessary to conduct independent monetary policies for each country or whether it is advisable to coordinate these policies. This question becomes a key in the debate on optimal monetary policy strategies in open economies. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of asymmetric aggregate demand shocks on the appropriateness of monetary policy coordination in a simple stochastic model of two interacting countries. The analysis of equilibrium states of the monetary authorities’ interaction strategies under study was carried out analytically by minimizing the loss function and solving one-period static optimization problems. The equilibrium states of macroeconomics of interacting countries under coordination of monetary policy and in cases of lack of coordination (Nash and Stackelberg equilibrium) in the presence of asymmetric, serially uncorrelated demand shocks have been analyzed. It is proven that the response of inflation to asymmetric demand shocks is smaller in the case of coordinated policy than in the case of non-cooperative policy. The loss function analysis shows that the compensation of demand shocks is found to be more costly in Nash equilibrium than in the case of monetary authority coordination policy. The analysis of the monetary authorities’ interaction strategies showed that the real exchange rate plays an important role in balancing supply and demand in the two economies.

Policy Coordination Mechanisms in the Integration of the Yangtze River Delta Region

Policy Coordination Mechanisms in the Integration of the Yangtze River Delta Region

The Prospect of the GCC Monetary Union and its Expansion to Other MENA Countries

This study investigated the possibility of expanding the GCC monetary union to other MENA countries using cluster analysis for the period 2000-2018. It also examined whether the economic characteristics of the countries provide evidence for the readiness of countries for the proposed union. The findings show that there was heterogeneity in the GCC and MENA countries suggesting that the countries were not yet economically ready for the launch of the monetary union. We found evidence in support of the expansion of the GCC monetary union to other MENA countries with two categories of countries, the core and the periphery. We also revealed key variables, including inflation differential, debt service requirement, and current account balance, which clearly demarcated the GCC and other MENA countries. These findings underscore the need for policy-makers in MENA countries to strengthen intraregional trade creating policy, policy coordination, and harmonisation for a successful and sustainable monetary union.

China as a ‘systemic challenge’ for NATO strategic interests

NATO’s 2022 Strategic Concept views China as a “systemic challenge” to the Alliance. Joint statements regarding China began to appear several years before the adoption of the new Concept on the official NATO agenda in response to increasing pressure from the Trump administration. The military-political, technological and discursive power of the PRC is perceived by the bloc as a threat to their strategic interests. The greater military-political presence of China in the Arctic and in the Middle East and North Africa is regarded by NATO countries as strengthening the hegemonic aspirations of the PRC. Technological dependence on supplies from China harms the Alliance’s operational capabilities and military mobility. NATO has set itself the goal of adapting to strategic competition with China, particularly in the areas of advanced technologies, artificial intelligence and 5G. China’s influence on the media agenda, as well as its ability to promote its own narrative, threatens transatlantic solidarity and the “soft power” of the Alliance countries. Moreover, China is accused of systematically seeking to sow divisions in transatlantic relations and exploit differences between Western countries to its own advantage. China’s efforts to forge a multipolar world order pose a direct challenge to Western liberal democracies and the rules-based international order. European NATO states have begun to regularly encounter the “China factor” when interacting with the United States. However, there remains disagreement over what policies should be pursued toward Beijing. Those who see China as a security threat advocate general policy coordination with the United States. Those who recognize Beijing as a necessary economic partner and participant in global governance insist that Europe pursue independent policies that distance itself from US strategy. All this suggests that practical steps within the Alliance to counter China, especially outside the Euro-Atlantic region, will face resistance from the United States’ European allies.

Exploring Integrated Ocean Management Policy in China: Evolution, Challenges, and Prospects

Integrated ocean management (IOM) aligns with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and serves as a crucial strategy for promoting the enduring health of marine ecosystems and the sustainable utilization of marine resources. An analysis of the evolution of China’s integrated ocean management policy (IOMP) is crucial for providing valuable guidance in achieving sustainable growth in marine management and the marine economy for both China and other coastal nations worldwide. This paper studies the evolution characteristics, challenges, and prospects of IOMP in China since 1978 using content analysis. The findings indicate that the evolution of IOMP can be categorized into four stages: the germination period (1978–1998), the construction period (1999–2009), the systematization period (2010–2017), and the strategization period (2018–present), based on the state of international marine management. The IOMP has transitioned over time from its initial emphasis on resource development during the germination period to a strategization period that prioritizes the full development of all parts of the system. However, the ultimate goal has consistently been to achieve harmonious coexistence between people and the sea. China’s IOMP has experienced a progressive development; nevertheless, it continues to encounter obstacles such as the pressing requirement to revise sea-related policies and the absence of policy alignment. The objective of this paper is to explore the evolution, challenges, and prospects of China’s IOMP to better improve the land–sea coordination policy, strengthen international judicial cooperation. and provide effective policy reference for other maritime countries.

Fiscal and macroprudential policy coordination for stabilization purposes

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has highlighted the need of maintaining financial and economic stabilization to mitigate the negative effects of the health crisis. In the context of a currency area, national governments count on national fiscal and macroprudential instruments to stabilize their own economy. Through a DSGE model for a monetary union I assess the welfare implications of different macroprudential‐fiscal policy combinations, that are set with stabilization purposes. The findings confirm that for a supply and a demand shock, as the ones responsible for the economic crisis of 2020, the stabilizing policy mix might deteriorate welfare. By contrast, after a financial shock, similar to that of the Great Recession, the stabilizing policy combination strategies always achieve welfare gains.

“Justice Vs Efficiency” dilemma in the context of russia’s regional economic policy

Deriving the necessity of regional economic policy from the market failure concept, the author, using D. Friedman’s center-periphery theory, justifies the fact of excessive socio-economic differentiation among the regions of the Russian Federation, which has a hindering rather than accelerating effect on long-term economic growth. The clear division of Russian regions as parts of the “center-periphery-semi-periphery” classification based on the classification of spatial policy theorists by G. Cameron as non-interventionists, adapters, and radical transformers raises the question of the optimal degree of intervention by the Russian government in regulating territorial structure. The centerpiece of the article is the comparative analysis of two alternative approaches within the models of “territorial justice” and “economic efficiency” outlining the tools used in each of them. By uncovering the objective regularities of cyclical development that bring to the forefront one or another model of regional regulation and linking their use to the achieved level of economic development of the country, the author proves the inevitability of relying on a leveling model in Russia’s regional policy. However, to avoid the reproduction of social dependency of subsidized territories, there is an urgent need for close coordination of regional policy with structural policy, aiming both at achieving economic development rooted in innovations as opposed to, for instance, exploitation of natural resources.

Cambodian Green Economy Transition: Background, Progress, and SWOT Analysis

A green economy is not a common economic practice. This leads the governments in many countries to focus on institutional arrangement and policy development. The institutional arrangement is one of the main significant factors, while green economy policies have to be well developed to support stakeholders and put less pressure on local communities. Hence, this research aims to understand green economic development in Cambodia by focusing on institutional arrangements and green economic development policies. Thus, this research’s priority was to evaluate their background and progress, and a comprehensive SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis was conducted based on their progress/transition. This research conducted background, progress, and SWOT analyses based on (i) the government’s documents, including the code, laws, royal decrees, sub-decrees, prakas, policies, strategic plans, roadmaps, and reports; (ii) development partners’ reports from reliable sources, such as UN agencies, UN Programs, ASEAN, the Asian Development Bank, and the World Bank; and (iii) existing literature. This research presented the results and discussed the findings encompassed by political and economic conditions, institutional arrangement and capacities, policy development and coordination, and participation of the public and stakeholders, as well as global green cooperation and funding, which were conditioned by the experiences from the COVID-19 pandemic and the uncertainties resulting from global geopolitical conflicts, such as the Russian–Ukrainian conflicts. Moreover, this research discussed weaknesses against strengths and threats against opportunities to suggest solutions or implications.

Coordination of monetary and macroprudential policies, land finance behavior and risk prevention in the real estate market

ABSTRACT This paper measures the real estate market risk in China by embedding the relative volatility of stock returns in the real estate industry into the Marginal Expected Shortfall Model. Subsequently, we examine the effectiveness of the coordination of monetary and macroprudential policies in preventing real estate market risk based on panel data from cities. Additionally, we investigate the impact of local government’s land finance behavior on the effectiveness of the coordination of these two policies. The results show that the tightening monetary policy can strengthen the restraining effect of macroprudential policy on real estate market risk. From the perspective of risk prevention in the real estate market, whether it is a quantitative or price-based monetary policy tool, land finance behavior can weaken the regulatory effect of the coordination of monetary and macroprudential policies. Moreover, this weakening effect is more pronounced in the regions with high vertical fiscal imbalance and intense economic competition. One of the important policy implications is that regulatory authorities should strengthen the coordination among local fiscal behavior, monetary policy, and macroprudential policy. This will enhance the effectiveness of the coordination of monetary policy and macroprudential policy to prevent risks in the real estate market.

Multi‐level governance in higher education quality assurance: Agencification and policy coordination in Spain

Multi‐level governance in higher education quality assurance: Agencification and policy coordination in Spain

Decentralization and its impact on improving public services

Decentralization is the process of transferring decision-making power, authority and responsibility from the central government to regional governments or local entities. The process aims to bring government closer to the people, with the hope of improving the efficiency, accountability and responsiveness of public services to the specific needs of local communities. Decentralization is often regarded as a strategy to optimize resources, strengthen local democracy, and encourage active community participation in the policy-making process and its implementation. This study uses the literature research method. The results show that decentralization tends to improve the effectiveness and relevance of public services by empowering local governments to manage the specific needs of local communities. It creates a platform for wider public participation and increased government accountability and transparency. However, the findings also confirm that the negative elements of decentralization cannot be ignored. In particular, decentralization can result in inequalities in services between regions due to differences in resources, as well as pose policy coordination challenges. Lack of local capacity and the potential for increased corruption are significant obstacles to optimizing the benefits of decentralization.

The politics of Africa’s urban–industrialisation: authoritarian centralisation and policy integration

A growing body of literature addresses the implications of the ongoing rapid state-led, export-oriented industrialisation in African cities for a range of development concerns – e.g. labour relations, value chain development, gender relations and China’s involvement in infrastructural development. This study focuses on another important implication of Africa’s rapid industrialisation that has not been sufficiently explored – urban–industrial integration. Recent scholarship that looks at the interaction of urban and industrial development in Africa identifies challenges emerging at the nexus caused by lack of policy integration (PI). However, this literature does not address why this disconnect between the policy spheres arises or why it continues to persist. Based on thematic analysis of over a hundred qualitative interviews with key policy actors in the urban–industrial sphere, I argue policy fragmentation in the African urban–industrial nexus is driven by processes of ‘authoritarian centralisation’ that foster adverse political conditions for PI – more specifically conceptual integration, policy coordination and infrastructural integration. The study illustrates the relationship between authoritarian centralisation and PI and discusses the ways in which authoritarianism has shaped urban policy, planning and development and its integration into industrial and economic development strategies. The paper contributes to the nascent literature on the politics of urban–industrialisation in a broader range of developmental authoritarian African states. This article was published open access under a CC BY licence: https://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0 .

COVID-19 pandemic, oil prices and Saudi stock market: empirical evidence from ARDL modeling and Bayer–Hanck cointegration approach

In 2020, the world experienced several significant events, including the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and the collapse of international crude oil prices. The rapid spread of this pandemic has dramatic impacts on financial markets all over the world, thereby increasing market risk aversion in an unprecedented way since the subprime financial crisis. The decline in stock markets implied volatilities of equity and oil prices, thereby heightening turmoil in global financial markets despite comprehensive and substantial financial reforms. To this end, we investigated the likely effects of this pandemic on the Saudi stock market while controlling for oil prices based on daily data for a period from 1/1/2020 to 19/9/2022. To ascertain the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between the variables, we applied autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) modeling and the error correction model, with this ultimately revealing the existence of strong cointegration in the long run. The ARDL bounds test was found to be robust by combined cointegration tests, thus providing further evidence of a strong relationship in the long run. Granger causality tests also yielded evidence of causality between the variables in both directions. The total COVID-19 confirmed cases and oil prices also caused movements in stock returns in the short run. Our findings have some prominent implications for asset managers and policymakers to improve stock market efficiency and boost global economic activity. Saudi authorities can consequently remove the regulatory and legal obstacles to develop their stock market and better improve the risk management, which will allow to make quick decisions in response to any oil price volatilities. Policymakers should also adopt proactive strategies that can comfort stock investors’ anxieties over the increasing oil price volatilities. Finally, the findings should be treated with some cautions because of the limited sample size and the tests’ statistical inference. Nevertheless, they do open opportunities for further studies to look in more detail at how the COVID-19 pandemic affected, over the short and long run, monetary and fiscal policy coordination, financial stability, and various other macroeconomic indicators in Saudi Arabia.

A D-VUCAD Transitioning Analysis on Romanian Higher Education System in the Context of Artificial Intelligence. Challenges, Opportunities and Perspectives

Abstract The significant global transformations in recent years have led to widespread disruption across numerous facets of society. Events such as the COVID-19 pandemic and other concurrent realities have had a tremendous impact on the global order, resulting in profound effects across various crucial dimensions in a D-VUCAD context. Relevant studies highlight the fact that technology has redefined global higher education offering personalized learning but raising ethical concerns. Leadership must adapt to digital disruptions while addressing conflicts between traditional and modern approaches. In this context, the education system is rapidly changing due to technology and societal shifts, posing complex challenges for leaders. Enrollment fluctuations and workforce demands add to the volatility, requiring flexible responses. Furthermore, at EU level, European initiatives aim to improve education, but face practical hurdles in diverse contexts. Despite research common efforts, there's a need to bridge educational insights with real-world applications, navigating from uncertainty to clarity in an evolving digital era. This paper aims to provide through the case study method, an original and unique D-VUCAD analysis on Romanian higher education system in the context of artificial intelligence to understand, on one hand, the realities, and the challenges it faces and on the other hand, to adapt the educational system to the new matrix, transitioning from old dimensions to the new ones: volatility to vision, uncertainty to unity, complexity to clarity, ambiguity to alignment, disruption to digitalization. While the first part of the case study identifies and illustrates with concrete examples and numbers the challenges Romanian higher education system is facing with, the second section of the research analyze the transition from traditional environment to the reinvented one, adding concrete initiatives, programs, and projects as examples to enrich the understanding of these manifests in the realm of higher leadership education perspectives. Paper findings show that multiple initiatives and endeavors are ongoing to modernize the vocational education and training (VET) system, reforms and investments backed by the RRF are geared towards reducing the school dropout rates, enhancing the population’s digital skills and creating lifelong learning opportunities. However, ensuring high-quality, skills-oriented education and alignment with the labor market, policy coordination, efficient legislative initiatives and a comprehensive strategic framework delineating the vision and targets for education remain significant challenges.

Unlocking green potential: The digital government-driven revolution in corporate green innovation

This study leverages data of China's A-share listed companies spanning from 2010 to 2020, using the Internet Plus Government Services initiative as a quasi-natural experiment. By employing the difference-in-differences method, it empirically examines the empowering effects and underlying mechanisms of digital government on corporate green innovation. Research findings are as follows: 1) Digital government significantly enhances both the quantity and quality of corporate green innovation. 2) Corporate green innovation can be enhanced by digital government through promoting the digitization of the business environment, reducing transaction costs for enterprises, increasing R&D investment and green investments. 3) The enabling effects of digital government on corporate green innovation are particularly evident in companies with better environmental information disclosure, elevated levels of digital technology application, non-heavy-polluting industries, and enterprises located in regions with stricter environmental regulations. From the perspective of internalizing digital technology into government transformation, this study provides important insights for the future coordination of policies related to digital and green development.

Models of sub-national U.S. quasi-governmental organizations: implications for climate adaptation governance

The politicization of climate change and the difficulty of achieving multi-level or sectoral stakeholder coordination are common institutional barriers to effective climate change adaptation governance outcomes. In the U.S., quasi-government organizations (QGOs) were designed to overcome such barriers, albeit traditionally for non-climatic purposes. This study’s objective is to illustrate how the design characteristics of QGOs may be useful for overcoming the above climate adaptation barriers. Methodologically, this paper analyzes six case studies, selected to illustrate the major characteristics of QGOs, of climate-focused and non climate-focused QGOs at the sub-national level in the U.S. Non climate-focused examples are included for comparison with, and to supplement, the limited number of QGOs currently working on climate efforts. For each case, this study focuses on eight design characteristics: seven that represent measures of political and financial independence, and one focused on board composition, to illustrate the extent to which QGOs enable multi-level and multi-sectoral stakeholder coordination. This study finds that among the assortment of existing QGO designs some are particularly well suited to overcoming either the politicization of climate adaptation policy or obstacles to enhancing policy coordination, while some reduce both, albeit to a lesser extent. Broadly, this paper concludes that QGOs can strengthen effective action by depoliticizing informational sources and fostering cross scale coordination of planning and implementation.

Innovation Policy Coordination: The Role of Communication for Uzbekistan

Abstract The relative importance of various drivers of economic growth and prosperity has evolved over time, and innovation is the primary driver of economic growth for a growing number of countries. Innovations can be developed in countries where the state innovation policy is effectively implemented, and the state coordinates the subjects of innovation policy. The coordination requires integration, digitalization and sharing of information across departments and sectors. The objective of this paper is to describe how Uzbekistan’s innovation system has evolved during the last decade since Uzbekistan moved from a highly regulated mixed economy to an open market economy. In this process, we start by describing the national innovation system of Uzbekistan, describe some of the key changes in the innovation policy coordination system, the legal acts of reforming the public administration, the bodies responsible for the implementation of laws, monitoring and evaluating the fulfillment of the set strategic tasks. Then we will reveal the state’s role in coordinating and establishing an effective national innovation policy, reveal the theoretical aspects and compare them with the implementation in Uzbekistan. For these purposes, data from open and transparent sources from 2009 to 2021 are analyzed, and the impact of various factors on Uzbekistan’s economic and innovative development using econometric analysis is evaluated. The conclusion of the research consists of the recommendations that are given in order to improve the state innovation policy, establish communication and achieve the goals of the government.

Beyond the Ukrainian Crisis: Prospects for U.S./Japan Foreign Policy Coordination Towards Central Asia

Beyond the Ukrainian Crisis: Prospects for U.S./Japan Foreign Policy Coordination Towards Central Asia