Police System Research Articles

Barcode Inbuilt Inter-operable Criminal Justice System: A Game Changer in Forensic Laboratories

Abstract: Advanced techniques are highly required in forensic science laboratories and law enforcement agencies, such as barcoding, QR code, near-field communication (NFC), and radiofrequency identification (RFID), to track and manage forensic evidence. It is requisite to have a unique code system that will identify evidence and convey all the associated information, making capturing, collection, and transfer of data to track assets in real-time more efficient. Barcodes or QR code tag-identifying systems should be used for identification alerts, and their implementation in forensic laboratories will ease communication between the pillars of the criminal justice system. A barcode or QR code-based digital platform can be used to validate the forensic examiners or elected handlers during the examination process and to gain access based on definite functions and duties. The aim of this article was to increase transparency in the forensic case examination, collection, and transfer of data of forensic evidence in order to enhance the satisfaction and trust of the citizens in the forensic, police, and judiciary systems and minimise the chances of intentional and unintended manipulations. To safeguard evidence's integrity and identity, and enhance its accountability, barcodes or QR codes are placed on evidences that are sent to a forensic science laboratory from the scene of the crime. Thus, a scientific approach to modernizing and upgrading the forensic system is strongly recommended by using such technology.

Spatio-temporal characteristics of sexual crime and influencing factors of commercial service facilities: A case study of Haining City, China

This study aims to reveal the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of sexual crimes in Haining city and the spatial relationship between them and urban commercial service facilities, so as to provide decision-making reference for the prevention and treatment of sexual crimes. Based on the data of 311 sexual crimes in the case management system of public security organs and the POI data of urban functional facilities in the community policing system, using methods such as nearest neighbor index, nuclear density estimation and Geodetector, the data from January 2014 to September 2021 are analyzed. The formation of the spatial pattern of sexual crimes is the result of the multiple factors, especially the distribution of KTVs, Internet cafes, hotels and other commercial service facilities. Sexual crimes will increase significantly in areas with mixed facilities. We put forward countermeasures and suggestions for the effective development of sexual crime rectification work in Haining.

VILLAGE POLICE SYSTEM: ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR COMMUNITY POLICING IN MIZORAM

Indian policing had been revolved around rural policing. In ancient India, each village had its own headman who protected the village with the help of village watchmen or patel. These watchmen were the real executive police of the villages. During medieval period, the Mughal dynasty also adopted this indigenous village police system. The significance of village police system was also recognized by the British rulers. The Court of Directors of the East India Company and The Police Act, 1861 wanted retention of village police system. After independence, Government of India made attempts to revive rural policing system. The Model Police Act was passed in 2006 which directed the states and Union Territories to make new police laws incorporating, among other things, improved village policing system. The present paper was an attempt to study how the village police system had been revived in India by passing the Model Police Act, 2006 with special emphasis on its implementation in Mizoram. Mizoram, a small state in North East India, adopted the Mizoram Police Act, 2011 under which Village Defense Parties were established to provide better policing services to village residents. This Act revived the principles of village policing concept which had been lying dormant. It also provided for formal institutional mechanism of community policing in the state.

Recommended Mental Health Practices for Individuals Interacting With U.S. Police, Court, Jail, Probation, and Parole Systems.

Tens of millions of individuals with mental health problems interact with the U.S. criminal legal system (including 911, police, jail detention and sentences, courts, and probation and parole) each year. The authors sought to identify recommended mental health practices for criminal legal system-involved individuals and report the percentages of U.S. counties and of the U.S. population living in counties in which each recommended practice is present. Recommended practices for criminal legal-involved individuals with mental health problems were identified from meta-analyses, reviews, and best practice recommendations. Up to four respondents per county (i.e., jail, probation, community mental health, and community substance use treatment administrators) from 950 counties were asked whether each recommended practice was present for criminal legal-involved individuals. Weighted percentages of U.S. counties using recommended practices and of the U.S. population living in counties with each recommended practice are reported. Fifty-nine recommended practices, including general mental health approaches (e.g., permanent supportive housing, Medicaid continuity) and diagnosis-specific mental health treatments (including medications and psychotherapies), were identified. Weighted data from respondents (N=791 from 519 counties) indicated that each recommended practice was present for criminal legal-involved individuals in only 21.9%-43.0% of U.S. counties. These results inform implementation efforts by indicating the presence of recommended care practices for criminal legal-involved individuals with mental health problems in counties nationwide. Because supportive housing, access to Medicaid reactivation in jails, and psychosocial interventions for physical pain have low presence but high importance for recovery, implementation efforts might first target these approaches.

Police Supervision — The Case of Kosovo

Background: The development of social relations in the democratic state of Kosovo necessitates quality regulation by the police. Therefore, the question of developing and implementing the police supervision system in Kosovo is relevant. Objectives: This research aims to explore the principles underlying the monitoring of police officers in Kosovo, to describe the historical development of the Kosovo police and to charac- terise the prerequisites for the development of police oversight. Furthermore, it aims to draw a comparative analysis between the experiences of Kosovo and the United States in the context of monitoring police performance. Methods: The research uses methods of analysis (to explore the Kosovo police as a law enforce- ment agency), synthesis (to explore the stages of policy development), comparison (to explore the similarities and differences between the activities), generalisation (to describe the effectiveness of different supervisory institutions), and formal legal analysis (to study the content of the main regulations governing activities). Results and Conclusions: The research has established that in Kosovo, such a body is represented in the context of the Police Inspectorate. The research highlighted the main areas of activity of internal and external oversight mechanisms designed to combat unethical and illegal behaviour of police officers. It examined the main regulations that establish the rights and obligations of Kosovo Police officers and inspectors and proved that the control mechanisms complement each other in the course of police supervision. In addition, the research examined the experience of police oversight in the United States. The research has established that to increase the effectiveness of monitoring police activities, it is necessary to involve public representatives. It was found that the police system consists of an internal and external mechanism that allows for covering vari- ous areas of police activity and timely detection of violations in them. Also, within the internal control, there are special departments that are part of the police system. The research findings should be used to prepare reforms and strategies to improve police performance.

Beat Policing in Bangladesh: A Conceptual Framework

Beat policing is a community policing strategy designed to make an individual police officer responsible for the community’s policing needs in a defined geographical area or the beat. It is a philosophy and management approach that seeks the community involvement in the policing system. Community policing as one of the most widely adopted police strategy in the last several decades. Due to not getting expected result from community policing program, police professionals, community members, and policy makers are seeking an alternative model of policing that would be better for public safety and security. Because of high population and institutional limitations of police, public security has disrupted alarmingly in recent years. The beat policing is a door-to-door watching and proactive policing system which involves the beat residents with the police to work in partnership and mutual coordination. Beat officers are encouraged to take ‘leadership’ of their area and employ proactive strategies to identify the causes of crime and community problems within their beat. In addition to that information collection, one to one communication and increase surveillance by residents of their own neighborhoods are key strategies of beat policing system. It is a remarkable shift from the traditional model of policing to the beat area based model of policing. The main objective of this paper is to establish a conceptual framework of beat policing from the appropriate theoretical perspective and also the Bangladesh viewpoint.

Artificial intelligence technology in license plate recognition

Due to the importance of license plate recognition in many parts in human society, several methods are concluded and proposed in this article. In this work, artificial intelligence (AI) technology, deep learning, and neural networks are put into use in different aspects or modules of license plate recognition methods. Current methods can be divided into two categories, one is the traditional methods and the other is method using AI technology. Two-stage method is a typical example for traditional methods. In this work, other methods such as RT-LPDRnet method, which takes YOLO v5 into use, is an example for AI technology in license plate recognition. Now commercial license plate recognition generally adopts the method of end-to-end deep learning, while some methods of character segmentation first and then recognition are still worthy of study. In this work, three evaluation metrics are concluded to help evaluate the performance of previous methods. In addition, application of license plate recognition is proposed such as recognition in the parking lots, entrances and exits of expressway and electronic police system.

The Ableist and White Supremacist Origins of U.S. Policing and Connections to Involuntary Hospitalization

This paper discusses the impact of White supremacy, ableism, and U.S. policing on both the history and current state of psychology and sheds light on ways that psychologists can acknowledge and divest from carceral White supremacist practices in mental healthcare. Because of how oppression and intersectionality function within a White supremacist society, not all Black lives have been equally valued by non-Black Americans. Similarly, White supremacy and ableism have had lasting impacts on the public perception of disabled people. Connecting the historical origins of the U.S. policing system to the current practices of the U.S. police system, this paper argues that the police have always been about controlling “disorder.” Similarly, psychology and the larger mental health field have a troubled history of controlling Black, Brown, and disabled bodies. Recommendations for ways therapists can unlearn therapy practices stemming from White supremacy cultural practices (e.g., carceral therapeutic practices and biased mental health care) are provided along with action items for mental health practitioners to maintain a commitment to undoing the harm from these historic and systemic issues.

Idealizing Abolition

The United States system of policing is in drastic need of change. Some recent critics have encouraged that we avoid trying to repair the system—and abolish it altogether. In advancing this position, they often invoke ideas of “dreams,” “speculative imagination,” and “horizons” to guide efforts at fixing the problems of policing. In this essay, I caution against the overuse of this sort of idealized discourse in debates about policing. Specifically, I show how idealizations risk being counterproductive with respect to abolitionists’ activist goals, in that they suggest that if abolition is desirable, approximating abolition is also desirable; fail to clarify what the conditions of application of their view are; and operate without the feasibility-sensitivity that one should expect from a non-evaluative position. My goal is not to suggest that our system of policing is fine as is. Nor is it to diminish the importance of having a long-term revolutionary vision. By pointing out the ways in which the idealizations invoked are inconsistent with abolitionists’ activist agenda, I hope to help clarify the merits of police abolition as a guiding strategy for change and caution against the use of certain forms of idealized thinking in our efforts at police reform.

이원화 자치경찰제에 적합한 전국 특별사법경찰 발전방안에 관한 연구

This study aims to explore empirical factors and make concrete recommendations on how to develop the Korean special judicial police force in a dualized autonomous police system. Through the literature review, it was found that there are the same issues for the implementation of the autonomous police system as for the special judicial police, such as job satisfaction, work avoidance, and identity confusion. Regression analyses were conducted to determine whether these factors affect the extent to which special law enforcement officers actually practice cooperation with the general police. The results showed that the higher the job satisfaction, the higher the perception of cooperation with the general police, while controlling for variables such as gender, age, and departmentalization. Considering that job satisfaction should be approached in a very comprehensive manner, the results are sufficiently indicative of how the special judicial police should develop in the future. Based on our findings, we made three main policy recommendations to improve job satisfaction and enhance cooperation with the police. First, the overall job satisfaction, second, the improvement of job satisfaction according to regional differences, and third, the establishment of self-governance in cooperation with the Autonomous Police Commission and the future-oriented operation of the Special Judicial Police. These are policy recommendations that can directly lead to job satisfaction and are expected to provide a new roadmap for the cooperation between the police and the special judicial police and the development of the special judicial police.

실효적인 자치경찰제도의 확립을 위한 법·제도적 방안의 모색

실효적인 자치경찰제도의 확립을 위한 법·제도적 방안의 모색

철도특별사법경찰제도에 관한 법리적 쟁점과 논평

This paper was designed to derive legal issues on the railway special judicial police system, present comments on them, and ultimately promote policy suggestions.
 The main issues can be summarized as the appropriateness of the name, the basis for the exercise of administrative police authority, competition under the jurisdiction of general police officers, and compliance with the principle of legal reservation.
 The legal authority of the railway police was reviewed in the order of organizational laws, administrative police laws, judicial police laws, and administrative rules. And we looked at the cases of Britain, France, the United States, and Germany and drew implications.
 Railway police in developed countries were given both administrative police power and judicial police power within their jurisdiction, and security guards were helping regular railway police officers.
 The legal problems of the current railway special judicial police system are the railway police do not have a legal basis for exercising administrative police power and the Regulations on the Execution of Duties of Railway Judicial Police Officers are only administrative rules.
 In this paper, five issues were derived and the following comments were developed.
 First, the Railway Safety Act should be revised so that railway police can exercise their administrative police rights.
 Second, it is necessary to upgrade the Regulations on the Execution of Duties of Railway Judicial Police Officers to the level of legal orders.
 Third, There is a great need to reasonably coordinate object jurisdiction and regional jurisdiction with the general police.
 Fourth, railroad operators should be obligated to operate security personnel.
 Fifth, it is desirable to reorganize the organization of the Railway Bureau of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport.

Abolition and harm reduction in the struggle for “Care, Not Cages”

Care that is organized around the principles of harm reduction and the movement for police and prison abolition has the potential to uproot and transform structural causes of harm and violence, in the interconnected crises of drug-related harm, policing, and punishment. The United States’ crisis of overdose and drug-related harm and its system of policing and punishment are historically and empirically linked phenomena. The abandonment of people whose use of drugs leads to their premature death, in the form of an overdose, is directly and indirectly connected to wider systems of criminalization and incarceration that also produce premature suffering and death. Organizations advocating for harm reduction for people who use drugs (PWUD) and organizations seeking the abolition of police and prisons have developed in parallel albeit with different genealogies. We examine the historical origins, principles, and practical applications of the two movements to identify points of overlap and lessons to be learned for the public health goals of addressing and preventing premature suffering and death in the United States. A case study of Los Angeles (LA) County, where elected officials have promised a new paradigm of care, not punishment, frames our analysis. We show how the principles and strategies of harm reduction and abolition are both necessary to practically realizing a paradigm of care, not punishment, and achieving system transformation.

Arrests and convictions but not sentence length deter terrorism in 28 European Union member states.

While countries differ in how they handle terrorism, criminal justice systems in Europe and elsewhere treat terrorism similar to other crime, with police, prosecutors, judges, courts and penal systems carrying out similar functions of investigations, apprehension, charging, convicting and overseeing punishments, respectively. We address a dearth of research on potential deterrent effects against terrorism by analysing data on terrorism offending, arrests, charges, convictions and sentencing over 16 years in 28 European Union member states. Applying both count and dynamic panel data models across multiple specifications, we find that increased probability of apprehension and punishment demonstrate an inverse relationship with terrorism offending, while the rate of charged individuals is associated with a small increase in terrorism. The results for sentence length are less clear but also indicate potential backlash effects. These findings unveil overlaps between crime and terrorism in terms of deterrent effects and have implications for both the research agenda and policy discussion.

자치경찰제의 성공적 정착을 위한 지속 가능한 재원 확보 및 편성방안 : 각 방안별 장·단점 분석을 중심으로

자치경찰제의 성공적 정착을 위한 지속 가능한 재원 확보 및 편성방안 : 각 방안별 장·단점 분석을 중심으로

Legal protection of police employees

The article examines certain aspects of the legal protection of police officers. In particular, attention was paid to important aspects regarding the right to protect the honor and dignity of a police officer. It is noted that one of the important and necessary state institutions in modern conditions is the National Police of Ukraine, which occupies one of the key positions, performing the function of law enforcement agencies and performing a fairly wide range of tasks to protect the rights and freedom of citizens, therefore the legal protection of employees of this value plays an important role role in the institution. However, to date, the legal protection of police officers remains an unsolved problem that creates obstacles to the development and establishment of stability in society. When analyzing the current national legislation in the field of legal protection of employees of the National Police of Ukraine, it was established that despite the large number of normative legal acts that regulate the legal protection of law enforcement officers and their family members, attention is drawn to the declarative nature of the norms and the optionality of their implementation, as well as the lack of a unified approach to the legal regulation of social protection of the studied category of employees. As a result, despite the fact that the legal protection of employees of the National Police of Ukraine is provided for by a number of normative legal acts, many issues remain unresolved, especially in modern conditions. It is noted that despite a number of positive changes regarding the reform of the police system in Ukraine, it is necessary to pay more attention to social and legal protection and gaps in the national legislation, the elimination of which will give a chance to ensure the full functioning of the newly created and reformed units of the National Police of Ukraine. The task of reform is primarily to ensure consistency between tasks and functions, structure and personnel, and resource provision. Among other important issues is the fair remuneration of Ukrainian police officers, because the safety of citizens and the level of crime detection directly depend on their motivation. Therefore, their payment must correspond to modern threats and realities, ensure stability, and only the law can guarantee this.

Police Crime: Investigating Insider Fraud in UK Policing

ABSTRACT This study is the first to provide a holistic view of an understudied topic, insider fraud in UK policing. Using semi-structured interviews with twenty-six UK police officers, it explores insider fraud forms, methods, perpetrators, consequences, and detection. The study finds corruption and asset misappropriation the primary forms of insider fraud in UK policing. Various methods for committing these two fraud schemes are identified. However, abusing authority for sexual gain is the most common form of corruption. In contrast, selling confidential data on police systems to criminals for financial gain is the predominant form of asset misappropriation. Financially motivated insider fraud is less likely to be committed by senior management. Conflicts of interest are more likely to be perpetrated by higher managerial ranks, such as superintendents and above. In most cases, the perpetrators were dismissed rather than prosecuted, and in other cases, they did not even get dismissed. Detecting insider fraud in UK policing is reactive rather than proactive. The findings have implications for policing research, policy, and practice, later discussed.

#BlackLivesMatter (BLM) Was Never About Officer Race

Of course, #BlackLivesMatter (BLM) is about race. However, the ‘B’ in BLM refers to the victim’s race, not that of the officer involved in the interaction. Still, the discourse has primarily been framed as White law enforcement versus Black citizenry. The BLM social movement for racial justice began as a hashtag following the 2012 death of Trayvon Martin. In the following years, #BlackLivesMatter was used to bring attention to inequitable police interactions experienced by Black people, disproportionately resulting in death. The George Floyd case acted as a focusing event for the movement, where a Black victim was killed by a White police officer but calls for #BlackLivesMatter were not because the officer was White. In this essay, we argue that the police system is embedded with institutional racism at the organizational level (e.g., policies, procedures, climate) and that public trust in police is positional, not racial, indicating that systemic changes are required at the organizational level to improve police outcome equity.

Managing Social Communication. Analysis of Media Relations Activities of Polish Police Press Officers

Abstract The foundation of the social communication system of the Polish police is the press officers of district and city departments, who maintain regular contact with journalists of local and regional media, and incidentally also with national or international mass media. The aim of the 2022 survey was to determine the media relations activities, techniques and tools used by officers. All press officers in the police garrison in the Silesian Voivodeship participated in the research project. 100% of press officers took part in the survey. Responding to the expectations of journalists police officers prefer direct contact with journalists, including 52% by phone. Although press officers consider social media to be a good method of contacting the public (30%), they do not use it themselves in contacts with journalists. They prefer to use the official police website (28%). Police spokesmen, due to the information they have, gain the attention of the mass media and do not have to use modern communication techniques to attract journalists. Maintaining constant contact with journalists, press officers also assessed the level of their professionalism. According to the respondents, TV journalists are characterized by the highest professionalism (41%). In second place are press and radio journalists with a similar number of indications (27% and 24%). The professionalism of Internet editorial staff was rated the worst (8%).

#BlackLivesMatter (BLM) Was Never About Officer Race

Of course, #BlackLivesMatter (BLM) is about race. However, the ‘B’ in BLM refers to the victim’s race, not that of the officer involved in the interaction. Still, the discourse has primarily been framed as White law enforcement versus Black citizenry. The BLM social movement for racial justice began as a hashtag following the 2012 death of Trayvon Martin. In the following years, #BlackLivesMatter was used to bring attention to inequitable police interactions experienced by Black people, disproportionately resulting in death. The George Floyd case acted as a focusing event for the movement, where a Black victim was killed by a White police officer but calls for #BlackLivesMatter were not because the officer was White. In this essay, we argue that the police system is embedded with institutional racism at the organizational level (e.g., policies, procedures, climate) and that public trust in police is positional, not racial, indicating that systemic changes are required at the organizational level to improve police outcome equity.