Police System Research Articles

On Witnessing a Riot

In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, the murder of George Floyd by Minneapolis police has sparked protests and riots around the world. The policing of the pandemic reveals the racial biases inherent to law enforcement and state-led discipline, laying bare ongoing infrastructural inequalities that render racialized subjects more vulnerable to premature death at the hands of police and public health systems alike. With the video embedded in the article, we guide readers through thirty-nine seconds of rioting in Los Angeles on May 31, 2020, shot on a mobile phone and circulated virally on Twitter. The affected body of the witness indexes both the intensity of the event and the embodied experience of the witness, establishing a relation between the two. The experiential aesthetics of the video exceeds the content and this affectivity circulates with its mediation and movement through networked platforms. Such forms of affective witnessing allow for an attunement to political struggle that occurs through what Hortense Spillers would call the analytic of the flesh. Thinking at the intersection of Black studies, affect theory, and media studies, we argue that the flesh is an affective register crucial to the building of global anti-racist solidarities towards abolition.

O poder de polícia e a administração da Justiça: Estado e partido na Alemanha nazista e na Itália fascista

The aim of this article is to discuss the differences and similarities between the police and legal systems shaped during the Fascist dictatorships of Italy and Germany and their implications on the collapse of Fascism in 1943 and the survival of Naziism until 1945. The article also discusses the police and legal culture created under these regimes and its survival in the later period, with the consequent democratic deficit. The backdrop to this is a discussion on the relationship between police officers, judges, and militiamen within the regimes of Italian Fascism and Nazi Germany and the broader subject of the relationship between State and party in these regimes. As “case-control studies”, the examples of Spain, Brazil, and Japan will also be discussed.

Archives against the Police

Archives against the Police

자치경찰 법제도의 문제점 및 시사점 연구

Korea has maintained National Police Agency system from the beginning of the Korean national government in 1948. However, there have been lots of needs to adopt local autonomous police systems for local government autonomy and enhancing the local police responses against the crimes and police services for the people. Eventually, from the July of year 2021, Korea launched local autonomy of the police. This thesis analyzed the legal systems of the Korean Local Autonomy Police and abstracted several policy implications for the advanced local autonomous policing. For this purpose, this thesis focused on the legal provisions of the Police Law of Korea National Police and Local Autonomy Police, in short, the Police Law of Korea. The autonomy range of the Local Police is the most important aspect of the Autonomy of the Local Police. Decentralization of the highly centralized and authoritative Korean National Police was a big issue, because of the national police has been very reluctant to respond to the demands of the local people. The result of the analysis shows a very narrow range of autonomy of the Local Police. The legal powers of the local police’s investigations for the crime incidents are restricted. Local Police has powers to investigate only several small crimes occurred in the mid level province. The committee of the Local Autonomy Police should be established in the local great city and province. The selection of the members of the committee is important affairs, because the committee controls the Local Autonomy Police. In the Police law, status of members are ensured. However, the qualification of the members needs to be classified more highly to guarantee profession of the committee. The National Police’s administrative and investigation procedure controlling over the Local Autonomy Police, analyzed on the basis of provisions of the Police Law, is too severe to be called as autonomous police system. National police Agency Chief has the special power to direct the local autonomy police. As a result, the autonomy level of the Local Autonomy Police is assessed as poor as it could not be called as a really autonomous police system. The achievement of recent Police Law’s adoption of the Local autonomy Police is just a start to be a decentralizing process of Korean Police. If we desire a fully autonomous local police system and highly responsive local police services, our police law needs some revisions to permit more autonomy and police investigation powers on the local autonomous police.

UNDERSTANDING CYBERCRIME AND YOUTH: A PERCEPTION BASED APPROACH

In recent years, the issue of cybercrime has overwhelmed everyone who is related to the internet in any capacity. Recent studies have shown that the incidents of cybercrime vastly involve youngsters, which has serious consequences for them as victims and as cyber offenders. The existing body of knowledge related to cybercrime focus upon various issues of internet in general and social media in particular. However, a thorough approach on the issues of cybercrime with relevance to youth is missing. Therefore, this study tries to fill this gap by offering youth and victim-based approach on the issues pertaining to cybercrime. For attaining this purpose, qualitative research approach was adopted in conducting this research project. Semi structured interviews were conducted with 40 young victims of cybercrime. The respondents were recruited through purposive sampling from district Peshawar of 18 to 25 years of age. Furthermore, the respondents were recruited from three clusters of district Peshawar namely Gul Bahar, Hayat Abad, and University town. Various dimensions of cybercrime and involvement of youth as victims and as criminals were explored. It can be concluded that the youth mostly experience cybercrime in the form of cyber bullying, blackmailing and hacking. Further, the findings suggest that many youngsters make their choices on social media and internet without being aware of cybercrimes and thus succumbed to cyber criminals. The participants also reiterated that lack of proper restrictions and policing have created a crime friendly zone for cyber criminals. Based on the findings and participant views, it is recommended that the government, relevant bodies, institutions, and all stake holders including youth should come forward and help in developing a research and technology driven policy backed by separate cybercrime policing system. Key Words: Cyber space, Cybercrime, Victimization, Cybercriminal, Youth

Measures to protect and support victims of domestic violence after the implementation of the Municipal Police System

Measures to protect and support victims of domestic violence after the implementation of the Municipal Police System

Measures to Revitalize Resident Participation in the Self-Governing Police SYSTEM

Measures to Revitalize Resident Participation in the Self-Governing Police SYSTEM

Policeman’s competence as a component of his administrative and legal status: experience of the Baltic countries and the USA

Problem setting. The priority of law enforcement agencies of any developed country is to ensure law and order, protect individuals, society and the state from crime, and combat crime. These functions stand out among others in the regulatory framework and are the starting point for the activities of the country's law enforcement system. However, it is fair to say that the extent to which primary and secondary police powers are exercised varies considerably across countries. The level of its efficiency depends on it to a greater extent. Having embarked on the path of European integration, Ukraine has adopted a lot of new things into the legal basis of the National Police of Ukraine, however, there is a need for further implementation of legal norms in national legislation. Target of research. The purpose of the study is to analyze the police powers in the United States, Ukraine and the Baltic countries, the search for new models of policing for further implementation in Ukrainian legislation. Analysis of recent researches and publications. Significant contribution to the study of the organization and legal support of policing in the world, its importance in ensuring public safety, areas of strategic development of the police have made such scientists as Bugaychuk K. L., Chumak V. V, Mashutina E. V., Filstein M. V. etc. Article’s main body. Police activities in Ukraine, first of all, is regulated by the Law of Ukraine «On the National Police» (02.07. 2015). It defines the principles of police activity, the police system, the measures applied by police officers, police powers, etc. Police powers are disclosed in the regulations quite fully and clearly, there is a division into basic, due to the appointment of a police body, and additional, which can be determined only by law. Nevertheless, the problem lies in the uncertainty of these powers given the police system. Given problems related to the normative component of policing, it is appropriate and relevant to refer to the foreign practice of the police, in particular to identify some features of their competence. We suggest that police competence is understood as a set of rights and responsibilities of a police officer, as well as the services provided by him. Analysing the experience of the Latvian police, it is necessary to note the differentiation of the police body depending on the field of activity and direct subordination. The Latvian police system has the following police units: the State Police, the Security Police, the Self-Government Police and the Port Police. Police activity in Lithuania has certain features of the stages of reforming the Lithuanian police such as depoliticization, professional development of the law enforcement system, active fight against corruption, provision of law enforcement services to the population, cooperation with the European community, deepening integration processes of internal security. Conclusions and prospects for the development. It is appropriate to establish a legal definition of each structural unit of the police and their main powers, as well as to propose the division of police powers depending on their rights, responsibilities and services. Specific changes should concern both the Law of Ukraine «On the National Police» and bylaws, in particular the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of 04.06.2007 «On approval of the list of paid services provided by units … of the National Police», the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of 28.10.2015. «On approval of the Regulations on the National Police».

Can Police Unions Help Change American Policing?

Police unions are part of the problem in American policing. Could police unions also be part of the solution? This Comment begins by putting into practice the dialectic we must achieve at a societal level by detailing the ways in which police and Black Americans have been positioned to be in conflict from the seventeenth century to the present, and by discussing the formation of police unions. American society needs truth-telling about the history and present context that drives police officers into deadly conflict with Black Americans to heal, trust, and effectuate a more perfect system for public safety. This Comment wrestles with the need to understand several truths at once: that police organized into unions in part to protect the rank-and-file from managerial abuse; that the American policing system is in many ways designed and implemented against Black Americans; that police unions organized in the Civil Rights Era to protect police officers from discipline for following orders; and that deep, structural change should include police unions. Less fundamental changes that leave in place the core of American policing, without examining its racist foundations and incentives toward brutality and lethal force, will not serve to bring about lasting reconciliation. This Comment reviews several ways to improve the management of police departments put forth by labor and policing scholars and suggests that the promise of such reforms could motivate participation in a truth process. The conversation about policing reform in the United States has expanded and deepened tremendously in the past year, and it continues to evolve and take on new dimensions. This Comment urges policymakers to create a truth process as part of police reform and suggests that the process be implemented via the police unions because the voices of police organizations that represent rank-and-file officers are a critical ingredient for meaningful change.

Protect Our Kids: a novel program bringing hemorrhage control to schools

BackgroundFollowing the shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School, the Hartford Consensus produced the Stop the Bleed program to train bystanders in hemorrhage control. In our region, the police bureau delivers critical incident training to public schools, offering instruction in responding to violent or dangerous situations. Until now, widespread training in hemorrhage control has been lacking. Our group developed, implemented and evaluated a novel program integrating hemorrhage control into critical incident training for school staff in order to blunt the impact of mass casualty events on children.MethodsThe staff of 25 elementary and middle schools attended a 90-minute course incorporating Stop the Bleed into the critical incident training curriculum, delivered on-site by police officers, nurses and doctors over a three-day period. The joint program was named Protect Our Kids. At the conclusion of the course, hemorrhage control kits and educational materials were provided and a four-question survey to assess the quality of training using a ten-point Likert scale was completed by participants and trainers.ResultsOne thousand eighteen educators underwent training. A majority were teachers (78.2%), followed by para-educators (5.8%), counselors (4.4%) and principals (2%). Widely covered by local and state media, the Protect Our Kids program was rated as excellent and effective by a majority of trainees and all trainers rated the program as excellent.ConclusionsThrough collaboration between trauma centers, police and school systems, a large-scale training program for hemorrhage control and critical incident response can be effectively delivered to schools.

‘It’s like we’re locked in a box’: Girls’ and mothers’ experiences of the police and legal system following child sexual abuse

AbstractThis article focuses on girls’ and mothers’ experiences of police and criminal justice system responses and the impact of investigation processes following reporting of child sexual abuse. Participants spoke of a lack of timely therapeutic provision and the subsequent role of female caregivers in providing support. Problems with criminal justice processes and the subsequent impact on families’ wider lives were also discussed. Findings suggest that criminal justice processes need to be better attuned to these micro level impacts and should show more sensitivity to the overall experience of children in the aftermath of sexual abuse. Implications for practice are discussed.

О вкладе профессора В.В. Черникова в разработку научных основ и формирование отрасли полицейского законодательства Российской Федерации

This article, dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the famous Russian administrative law scholar — Doctor of Law, Professor, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation Valery V. Chernikov, examines his contribution to the development of scientific foundations and the formation of police legislation as one of the branches of the current legislation of the Russian Federation. The Author shows the role of Valery V. Chernikov in the preparation of official drafts of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Law of April 18, 1991 “Militia” and the Federal Law of February 7, 2011 № 3-FZ “Police”, reveals his interpretation of the definitions of “police legislation”, “police activity”, “the police system of Russia”. Particular attention is paid to vital faults, which, according to Valery V. Chernikov, are inherent in police legislation, and the main directions for the further development of this branch of modern domestic legislation, including, among other things, the development and adoption of the Police Code of the Russian Federation.

Police reporting in cases of sexual assault - a 10-year study of reported cases, unreported cases, and cases with delayed reporting.

The aim of this study was to identify characteristics of reported, later-reported and unreported cases of sexual assault.All cases with female complainants (> 15 years) of sexual assault, who had been examined at the Centre for Victims of Sexual Assault (CVSA) in the Region of Southern Denmark in a 10-year period, were included. Retrospective data were collected from medico-legal examination reports and police reports. Descriptive bivariate analysis and logistic analysis were performed.Forensic pathologists examined 850 complainants of sexual assault in 2009-2018, of which 753 cases were included in this study. Of these, 191 cases (25%) were initially not reported to the police, but 53 women (7%) filed a police report, days, weeks or months later. There was a higher relative risk (RR) of not-reporting for young adults, for single women, if the accused was well known to the complainant, if the complainant experienced amnesia, or if there had been some degree of consensual physical interaction at time of the incident but before the assault. The non-reporters also showed a higher degree of delayed examination. The later-reporters only differed from the non-reporters in one parameter - they had a higher degree of partial amnesia. Interestingly, injuries (ano-genital or other) or verbal/physical resistance was not associated with reporting tendency, reflecting the modus of the local judicial system.The opportunity of a reflection period after a high-quality forensic examination, which is not dependent of police involvement, is essential for sexual assault complainants. Furthermore, education and guidance of victims and of the police and judicial system on the unique nature of sexual assault cases is important.

Policing in a relational state: the case of sorcery accusation-related violence in Papua New Guinea

ABSTRACT Sorcery accusation-related violence raises many profound policing challenges, especially in countries where police forces find themselves outnumbered and outgunned by mobs of perpetrators. Drawing on empirical evidence from a multi-year study into this phenomenon in Papua New Guinea reveals the ways in which police officer's relationality both enables and impedes the provision of policing and security in such contexts. Using this as a case study of common concerns across multiple bodies of literature about the relationship between formality and informality and dilemmas of working with a plurality of regulatory actors, the article draws upon complexity science to develop a number of conceptual tools. These include the suggestion of conceptualising policing systems as complex adaptive systems, with police as adaptive agents with multiple relationships constituting shifting identities, and the importance of integrating multiple perspectives. This leads to the development of the notion of the police acting within a relational state that is entwined with a more familiar bureaucratic state.

LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR INTERNATIONAL AND CROSS-BORDER CO-OPERATION OF GARDA SÍOCHÁNA NA HÉIREANN — CASE STUDY

The main part of the article is the study on the legal character of the South Irish Police cross-border cooperation. The analysis includes the verifi cation of the normative basics that facilitate security assurance in the cross-border region. The aim of this article is also to present the evolution of the practical aspect of police cooperation between Garda Síochána na hÉireann and the Northern Ireland Police Service. First, it shows the legal bases for such cooperation and then the existing experience of the police and criminal justice system. The author also points out procedural consequences of working together to prevent and combat crime.

Rooted in Oppression: Why the U.S. Policing and Carceral Systems Are Issues of Systemic Environmental Injustice

It is well established within both the scientific literature and social discourse that policing in the United States has a history of racial bias. Black people make up a disproportionate percentage...

Toward Community Control of Child Welfare Funding

The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act mandates reporting, investigation,and prosecution of allegedly abusive and neglectful parents. Commonly known as child protective services (CPS), this family policing system uses the government’s police power to disrupt, surveil, control, and destroy hundreds of thousands of Black families based on conditions of poverty framed as neglect. Centering a Black mother’s five-year long ordeal with New York City’s family policing system, we examine the carceral roots of CPS and its destructive impacts on Black families. We call for abolishing the CPS family policing system; diversion of the billions invested in the foster industry to investment in quality-of-life resources de-linked from so-called “child protection”; and monetary reparations for generations of CPS violence against Black families.

The White Supremacy Hydra

Fundamentally, the so-called “child welfare system”—more appropriately named, the family regulation system—is a policing system rooted in white supremacist ideologies and techniques. From its earliest iteration, the family regulation system has functioned to pathologize, control, and punish the families entrapped in its web, most especially Black families. Nevertheless, among many, the myth persists that the family regulation system is one of child protection and family support. This is especially true when discussing the Family First Prevention Services Act of 2018, which—for the first time since the establishment of the modern family regulation system—opens up federal funding streams previously reserved for the removal of children to the foster system to provide prevention services for families in which children have not yet been removed to the foster system. While the Act is a course change in federal family regulation policy, this Article traces how it leaves undisturbed the pathology, control, and punishment central to the policies that preceded it.

Profiling Crime in Pakistan: An Aggregated and Disaggregated Socioeconomic Analysis

Crime is more than just a sociological and psychological phenomenon. The economic effects of any criminal activity are intriguing and vice versa. This paper attempts to profile crime scenario in Pakistan in the socio-economic context at aggregated and disaggregated level. Three crime supply models have been constructed using formal econometric techniques i.e., aggregated crime, crime against person and crime against property. These models depict the various socioeconomic variables effecting different crimes. The paper also captures the deterrence effect but on a very limited scale using police strength as proxy. The paper has drawn many conclusions indicating effects of social and economic injustices making people choose illegal activities over lawful ways of earnings and the role of government to intervene and promote socio-economic equity. Government should introduce effective social security programs to create more jobs and to minimize income inequalities. Policing and effective justice system is key to control crime.

Legal Issues in the Korean Autonomous Police System: Between Amendment and Enforcement

Legal Issues in the Korean Autonomous Police System: Between Amendment and Enforcement