Tanzania's Policy Research Articles

Forest privatisation and the role of community in forests and nature protection in Tanzania

Abstract The study examines ways in which different models of land ownership and policies in Tanzania affect people’s environmental conservation practices. Another purpose is to examine what effects can be seen in the forest environment as a result of different ownership models and management practices. Furthermore, it adds to the research on the role of local people versus the state in various natural resources management systems. The traditional responsibility of local communities in Tanzania for their environment has been eroded by various factors: nullification of their conservation methods, exclusion of local people from mainstream decision making and management of natural resources, and ambiguity of land ownership during the colonial and socialist eras. As misuse became common, pilot projects on alternative management methods were started. As a result of their success, the Tanzanian parliament decided to return management rights and give ownership rights to the local communities.

A Consideration of Poverty Reduction Policy in Tanzania

A Consideration of Poverty Reduction Policy in Tanzania

Macroeconomic stabilization and economic growth: analysis of reform policies in Tanzania

We develop a model for the analysis of macroeconomic management that are caused by failures in the private banking system. Our analysis is applied to Tanzania, a country that faces significant difficulties from a banking system that holds large quantities of non-performing assets. We have constructed a dynamic general equilibrium model that is solved numerically. As initial examples, we have first simulated the model, using historical exogenous parameters, and have compared endogenous macro outputs with corresponding historical outcomes. Assuming all exogenous parameters remain constant for 8 years of the simulation, the banking system begins to become insolvent by the final year. We then impose a program that attempts to increase the productivity, and hence solvency, of the private sector by increasing government expenditures on infrastructure, which are, in turn, financed by foreign capital flows. This experiment leads to a small improvement in real income, but does nothing to enhance the solvency of the banking system. Finally, we impose an improvement in the efficiency of public utilities. This change appears to offer an avenue for improving the solvency of the banking system, the goal of our study.

Getting Health Research Results into policy in Tanzania: Situational analysis experience

Getting Health Research Results into policy in Tanzania: Situational analysis experience

Regularizing housing land development during the transition to market-led supply in Tanzania

This paper discusses housing land supply problems associated with the transition from administrative land allocation to market-led supply system that was proclaimed in the 1995 national land policy in Tanzania. It underscores the serious resource constraints facing both the central and local government authorities and questions the applicability of the Western-tailored housing land management concepts in resource starved situations such as Tanzania. Using empirical observation from two informal settlements in Dar es Salaam, the paper unveils latent housing land regularization potentials which can be deployed to regulate informal housing land; and engender semi-regularization of `guided’ land development and ultimately mitigate future problems associated with retrofitting informal land development. This paper suggests that the long overdue public intervention strategy in the flourishing informal housing land transaction and development lies in adapting the hitherto neglected opportunities identified in the informal sector.

Improving Population Policy in Tanzania

Ichikaeli Maro on behalf of TAMWA reports on the mixed use of family planning services in three areas of Tanzania. The conclusion is that more participatory policy is required to involve women, and also men, in making healthy life choices.

Land use planning practice under the public land ownership policy in Tanzania

Land-use planning can be defined as a programme of state intervention in land use and environmental change to mediate conflicts of interests over how land should be used, developed, and coordinate individual activities which if left to proceed otherwise would lead to an environment for living that is characterised by negative externalities, inefficient use of land and services, inequity and unfair distribution of resources. The land-use programme is realised through a planning system, constituted by institutional arrangements, instruments and tools. Being one of the land policy tool by which the government intervenes in land-use change and development, land-use planning practice is, obviously, influenced by the content of the land policy as well as interests extant in a locality to include those of the planners and other land administrators. How does planning practice looks like under a public landownership policy? Through an empirical case of planning in practice, this paper provides an answer to this question.

Tanzania's policy on biodiversity prospecting and drug discovery programs

Tanzania is endowed with a rich natural resource. The biodiversity comprises over 10 000 plant species, a rich fauna and marine resources. The collection of biological resources is guided by a set of formalities, namely: (i) entry visas, (ii) research permits, (iii) designation of a relevant collaborating host institution or organization, and (iv) eventual joint field work with the collaborating host institution. A facility exists whereby an institution within the country can collaborate with a technologically developed institution or country through mutual research agreement in short and long-term programs. In such a case, Tanzanian scientists collect and export biological materials for drug testing by the collaborating partner. The research agreement is based on the understanding that benefits of the discovery are shared among all parties, namely, the host country's collaborating institution(s), government and indigenous cultures. Rules and regulations governing biodiversity prospecting fall under the categories of (a) floristic resources, (b) fauna or animal substances and (c) marine biological resources. The collection and export of CITES-listed organisms is governed by a separate policy package. Various national institutions are directly involved in overseeing the implementation of these policies. In this paper, these are reviewed to accommodate new conventions concerning research management policies on biological diversity and the sustainable utilization and conservation of these resources.

The Behaviour of Income Velocity in Tanzania 1967-94

The study set out to investigate empirically the behaviour income velocity in Tanzania. The model used, which incorporate the demand for money hypotheses, was estimated for four definitions of velocity, namely the income velocity of currency in circulation (V0), narrow money (V1), the broad money (V2) and the extended broad money (V3) by using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) three sub-periods: 1967-1982, 1983-94 and the entire period from 1967-94. The descriptive results revealed four aspects: the behaviour of the income velocity was had phases: a continuous fall in the period from 1967-78; a 'puzzling trough' in the 1979-85 period; and a cyclical pattern in the rest of the sample period. Generally, the descriptive results suggested the income velocity in Tanzania exhibited a falling pattern in the 1967-1994 period. The Econometric results were not completely conclusive on the secular behaviour of the velocity, the opportunity cost of holding money, rate of monetization, and financial development. The evidence casts doubt on the reliability of the income velocity as an input for the formulation of monetary policy in Tanzania.

Access to land by the urban poor in Tanzania: Some findings from Dar es Salaam

This paper considers how low-income households and communities in Dar es Salaam have obtained access to land. The paper begins with an analysis of urban land policy in Tanzania, drawing the distinction between planned and unplanned areas. After a consideration of poverty in Tanzania and a brief historical review of urban land allocation, the paper reports on a study carried out in Dar es Salaam in 1993 to better understand the relationship between poverty, housing and access to land.

Access to land by the urban poor in Tanzania: some findings from Dar es Salaam

This paper considers how low-income households and communities in Dar es Salaam have obtained access to land. The paper begins with an analysis of urban land policy in Tanzania, drawing the distinction between planned and unplanned areas. After a consideration of poverty in Tanzania and a brief historical review of urban land allocation, the paper reports on a study carried out in Dar es Salaam in 1993 to better understand the relationship between poverty, housing and access to land.

Teaching and Research Language in African Classrooms

Introduction, Casmir Rubagumya. Part 1 Language policy issues: Language Policy in Tanzania and the Hidden Agenda, Rehema Rajabu and Deo Ngonyani The Post-Primary Swahilization Scheme in Tanzania - From Debate to Struggle, Hamza Mwansoko. Part 2 Perspectives on the teaching of English: Engish Language Teaching in Zaire - Objectives and Users'Needs, Nshindi Mullamba Teaching Literature in English in Tanzanian Secondary Schools - Cinderella or Ugly Sister?, Richard Mabala Consensus ad Idem - English for Academic Legal Purposes at the University of Zimbabwe, Andrew Morrison and Lawrence Tshuma. Part 3 Classroom research: English in Botswana Primary Classrooms - Functions and Constraints, Jo Arthur Code-switching in Burundi Primary Classrooms, Lin Ndayipfukamiye. Part 4 Understanding reading processes: Teaching English Language Reading in Tanzanian Secondary Schools, Akundaeli Mbise Beyond Strategy to Resources in Reading in Educational Contexts - When Reading Strategies Become Ineffective, Deo Numi. Part 5 Towards a critical pedagogy: Texts and Classroom Procedures for Critical Reading, Catherine Wallace.

Community Rights and Land Use Policies in Tanzania: The Case of Pastoral Communities

The statement above is an admission of failure, or neglect, to design a policy for livestock production and development. The admission appears t o be almost contradictory. Nyerere's leadership of Tanzania had its landmarks, the most indelible of which is probably the Arusha Declaration with its particularly heavy bias towards rural development in its policy objectives. Yet that rural bias conspicuously excluded the role of pastoral communities and their potential in the development of Tanzania's rural economy. The pastoralists are not a majority but constitute a substantial portion of the population. They are entitled, as of right, to proportionate attention by national policies, as well as access to national resources, especially land, proportionate to their needs and potential, just like the cultivators. But government policies in Tanzania have marginalized pastoralists and sometimes even their rights and their very presence have been ignored.

Is Tanzania diglossic? The status and role of ethnic community languages

This paper argues that the relationship between Kiswahili and ethnic community languages in Tanzania is not diglossic. The first part considers the definitions and redefinitions of diglossia and how they describe the Tanzanian sociolinguistic profile. The second part considers language policy in Tanzania and its implications, especially for the coexistence of Kiswahili and ethnic community languages. The third part argues that some of the basic tenets of diglossia and its redefinitions—such as functional specialisation, the High/Low distinction, the harmonious coexistence of the languages and the stability of the sociolinguistic profile—do not apply to the relationship between Kiswahili and other languages in Tanzania. The final part proposes the use of another term to describe the relationship.

Water supply development and tariffs in Tanzania: From free water policy towards cost recovery

The article describes the historical development of water tariff policy in Tanzania from the colonial times to present. After gaining independence, the country introduced “free” water policy in its rural areas. Criticism against this policy was expressed already in the 1970s, but it was not until the late 1980s that change became unavoidable. All the while urban water tariffs continued to decline in real terms. In rural and periurban areas of Tanzania consumers often have to pay substantial amounts of money for water to resellers and vendors since the public utilities are unable to provide operative service. Besides, only a part of the water bills are actually collected. Now that the free water supply policy has been officially abandoned, the development of water tariffs and the institutions in general are a great challenge for the country.

Language in Education in Africa: A Tanzanian Perspective

Language in Tanzania, C.M.Rubagumya on the history of English language teaching in Tanzania - three theses, A.F.Lwaitama et al reflections on recent developments in language policy in Tanzania, J.M.Rugemalira et al the English language support project in Tanzania, A.F.Lwaitama and J.M.Rugemalira when international languages clash - the possible detrimental effects on development of the conflict between English and Kiswahili in Tanzania, S.Yahya-Othman English language teaching and learning in Tanzanian primary schools, H.M.Batibo the training of secondary school teachers of English in Tanzania, M.Roy-Campbell can a foreign language be a national medium?, H.R.Trappes-Lomax The Communication Skills Unit and the language problem at the University of Dar es Salaam, J.M.Rugemalira accepted language behaviour as a basis for language teaching - a comparison of English in Kenya and Tanzania, J.Schmied Swahili terminological modernization in the light of the present language policy of Tanzania, H.Mwansoko political and economic dimensions to language policy options in Tanzania, C.M.Rubagumya and A.F.Lwaitama.

Health policy and implementations in Tanzania.

This paper describes the current health policy in Tanzania and its implementations. The present health policy in Tanzania originated from Arusha declaration of 1967, the country's most popular national policy after independence. Arusha declaration proclaims socialism and self-reliance, which has had important impact on the form and content of the present country's health policy in mainland Tanzania. Much of the wide-spread health care services infrastructure that is evident now in rural areas of Tanzania mainland is a result of the re-emphasis of the Arusha declaration in 1971. In Tanzania, the Ministry of Health has the responsibility for elaborating the health policy, ensuring that strategies and appropriate program are developed to give effect to the policy. In the present health policy discussed, the goal is seen to have shifted from having one dispensary in each village to one primary health unit in each village. One dispensary is intended to serve several villages together. In Tanzania, according to the present health policy, the village primary health care are mainly preventive oriented and only being managed by short term trained health staff. The candidate for training in each village is selected, among the village residents, by the villagers themselves. The primary health care system adopted by Tanzania is viewed as the only way through which it can achieve the social goal of health for everyone by the year 2000, provided the present political will which is evident continue, and enough availability of, human, financial and material resources.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Agricultural policy in Tanzania at the crossroads

General rural development strategies for Tanzania were outlined in the 1962 TANU pamphlet and two policy documents of 1967; but Tanzania's AGRIPOL is the first attempt to guide economic growth through agricultural development since independence in 1961. This article looks at the likely impact of the tenurial aspects of AGRIPOL on villages, and considers whether these developments can be compatible with the government's aim of socialism and self reliance.

Education in Tanzania

Educational philosophy and policy in Tanzania have undergone a transformation since the country gained its independence from British colonial rule in 1961. President Julius Nyerere describes their accomplishments and presents the dilemmas currently facing the new socialist government. He describes the literacy and teacher training programs and discusses the relationship between the country's educational policy and international economic conditions.

Book Review: Nutritional Problems and Policy in Tanzania

Book Review: Nutritional Problems and Policy in Tanzania