Policy In Poland Research Articles

Energy and environment policy in Poland: Various aspects in the context of shale gas extraction

This article outlines the social approach of meeting the challenges of energy policy in Poland in the context of potential shale gas extraction, focused on social perception and environmental protection policy. While Poland holds promising shale gas resources, the state of current technology indicates that shale gas exploitation is not imminent. However, shale deposits are still considered a potential future resource that could play a central role in diversifying energy sources, developing the economy, and potentially increasing the country’s energy security. This paper presents energy opportunities of Poland, a review of Polish society opinion about energy and environment security. This study shows that Polish society sees a connection between energy, environment and policy problems, as well as potential benefits in the context of shale gas, based on research results of various institutions, including the European Commission. The author draws attention to tasks before the economic exploitation of shale gas in order to optimizing socio-economic benefits, and short- and long-term impacts. Since we are a common Europe, a common space for people, we can create an energy policy. It is the way the topic of energy diversification opportunities in Poland and the building of consistent energy and environmental protection policy is still an important issue to discuss in humanistic and economic fields.

The Youth in Polish Legations and Government

Until the 2015 elections, youth policy in Poland was treated as a separate domain. There is no uniform legal basis concerned with the matters of young people. Youth rights are dealt with in several articles of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland as well as a number of Acts: on Public Administration Branches, on the Education System, on Higher Education, on Employment Promotion and Labour Market Institutions, on NFZ General Health Insurance, on Combating Domestic Violence, on Social Employment, on Public Benefit Organisations and Voluntary Service, along with the Labour Code and certain government regulations. The first consistent document concerned with youth issues was the National strategy for young people for 2003–2014, adopted in 2003. Thereafter, the matters of youth policy were discussed in the report entitled Youth 2011, the document Poland 2030 – Third Wave of Modernity, the Long-Term National Development Strategy, and the Government Program for Social Activity of Youth for the years 2015–2016. Following the 2015 parliamentary elections, youth issues were given a lower priority. In the election manifesto of PIS (Law and Justice party), much attention was devoted to family policy, with youth policy being regarded as part thereof. Consequently, on 13 February 2018, the Family, Senior and Social Policy Committee of the Senate of the Republic of Poland adopted a Resolution on “Integrated youth policy”, presenting it as one of the areas of family policy.

Conditions underlying agricultural land lease in Poland, in the context of the agency theory

Research into the land owner-lessee relationship is among the oldest and classic examples of analyses made by economists into agency relationships, the fact that has encouraged the author to carry out this empirical study among agricultural land lessees in Poland (227 agricultural producers who lease farmland). The objective was to gain the knowledge of how this form of land use and farmland management was perceived by lessees. The research results were enriched with an analysis of the data from public statistics and an overview of the most important legal acts creating the institutional framework for land use in the form of lease in Poland. The survey addressed to lessees of farmland from the Agricultural Property Stock of the State Treasury confirmed that there is information asymmetry between the principal (the National Support Centre for Agriculture) and the agent (the lessee), including the knowledge of such facts as the application of agronomic treatments on leased land or volumes of harvested yields.What makes the research subject more important is the specific character of farmland lease in Poland, that is a lack of a legal act dedicated strictly to this institution compounded by frequent changes in legal regulations indirectly governing land lease, which both affect the scope and popularity of this form of agricultural land use. The agricultural policy in Poland regarding the institution of lease is inconsistent. The question that needs to be resolved is whether this form of land use in agriculture will be supported and perpetuated, or whether it will be treated as a transient form of land use leading to complete ownership transformation.

Alcohol excise duty policy in Poland in the 21st century

ENWEndNote BIBJabRef, Mendeley RISPapers, Reference Manager, RefWorks, Zotero AMA Neneman J. Alcohol excise duty policy in Poland in the 21st century. Journal of Health Inequalities. 2021;7(2):102-106. doi:10.5114/jhi.2021.113169. APA Neneman, J. (2021). Alcohol excise duty policy in Poland in the 21st century. Journal of Health Inequalities, 7(2), 102-106. https://doi.org/10.5114/jhi.2021.113169 Chicago Neneman, Jarosław. 2021. "Alcohol excise duty policy in Poland in the 21st century". Journal of Health Inequalities 7 (2): 102-106. doi:10.5114/jhi.2021.113169. Harvard Neneman, J. (2021). Alcohol excise duty policy in Poland in the 21st century. Journal of Health Inequalities, 7(2), pp.102-106. https://doi.org/10.5114/jhi.2021.113169 MLA Neneman, Jarosław. "Alcohol excise duty policy in Poland in the 21st century." Journal of Health Inequalities, vol. 7, no. 2, 2021, pp. 102-106. doi:10.5114/jhi.2021.113169. Vancouver Neneman J. Alcohol excise duty policy in Poland in the 21st century. Journal of Health Inequalities. 2021;7(2):102-106. doi:10.5114/jhi.2021.113169.

Skuteczność Narodowego Programu Mieszkaniowego w zakresie społecznej polityki mieszkaniowej

In the first 20 years of the 21st century, the social housing policy in Poland underwent many changes. They resulted from the lack of consistency in this respect and low patience of the ruling parties, which led to profound modifications in the approach to the housing policy practically with every new government. Until the implementation of the National Housing Programme (NHP), the housing policy in Poland was characterised by fragmented solutions, without any comprehensive approach to the issue in question. The aim of the article is to verify the effectiveness of the NHP, especially in terms of its social part, i.e., Mieszkanie Plus [Apartment Plus] package. The programme was described using the framework of theoretical assumptions of the social housing policy and the implementation of this policy in Poland after the year 2000. The author claims that the NHP is the first housing policy in Poland which applies a holistic approach and moves away from the practice of short-term, fragmented solutions. He recommends that those who are in power should exercise patience and refrain from introducing alterations after a very short period from the point of view of investment processes, as the implementation of such a complex housing policy as the NHP is planned for many years.

Widely Open Closed Doors. Contemporary Repatriation Policy in Poland

This article focuses on the repatriation policy of the Polish state toward co-ethnics residing in some post-Soviet countries. Its main goal is to answer the question: Why has this policy been unsuccessful? Based on the existing literature, legislation and official documents, the article draws upon the approach laid down by Olga Zeveleva (2014), exploring two spheres within the repatriation program: the ideological and the practical. The key argument is that the failure of the repatriation policy in Poland was due to its poorly developed practical component. At the same time, its ideological component was fully in place, contributing to the program’s prolongation, even though it had not been bringing the expected results. In conclusion, it is argued that the persistence and strong ideological rooting of the idea of repatriation confirm an important aspect of the identity of the Polish state: the predominance of the ethnic concept of the nation. The analysis of the Polish case also shows the need for further development of Zeveleva’s conceptualisation of the success (or lack thereof) of repatriation.

City policies to promote entrepreneurship: A cross-country comparison of Poland and Germany

Purpose: The policy to promote entrepreneurship plays a central role in the strategic management of cities. Therefore, the research question asks how urban policies in Poland support knowledge spillovers and entrepreneurship in comparison to German cities’ policies. Also investigated is how do Polish and German cities support entrepreneurship in different forms (including social entrepreneurship, youth entrepreneurship, and creative industries). Methodology: To answer this question, we have adopted a multiple-case study methodology relying on multiple sources of evidence, primarily strategic documents of the biggest Polish cities in the context of cross-country comparison with selected large cities in Germany, and semi-structured interviews with decision-makers representing municipalities from the analyzed cities in Poland. Building on the concept of the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship, we refer to the approach in which spillovers of knowledge are a strategic lever through which firms distribute innovation and have profound implications for the region’s entrepreneurial activities development. Findings/research and practical implications: The research enriches our understanding of urban policies in Poland that support knowledge spillovers and entrepreneurship, and discovers the possible relationship between factors determining entrepreneurship in Polish and German cities. In all Polish and German cities, entrepreneurship was an important component of economic development strategy. However, Polish cities depend on EU funding to a much greater extent than German cities in implementing their economic development strategies. Cluster strategies in the framework of key cities’ industries were embedded in most urban policies, but a majority of Polish respondents believed that their cities should place greater emphasis on this policy. The main challenge for policy-makers is that current entrepreneurial polices should be more effective and oriented towards reinforcing the social perception of entrepreneurship, especially among young inhabitants. Originality/value: The research allowed enough data to be gathered to answer the research questions. However, future research validating the results in quantitative study is suggested. Also, some limitations in the research process were highlighted, such as a lack of personal contact with the respondents or different levels of economic development among Polish and German cities. Our research demonstrates the opportunities for knowledge spillover and sharing of good practices between the two countries.

City policies to promote entrepreneurship: A cross-country comparison of Poland and Germany

Purpose: The policy to promote entrepreneurship plays a central role in the strategic management of cities. Therefore, the research question asks how urban policies in Poland support knowledge spillovers and entrepreneurship in comparison to German cities’ policies. Also investigated is how do Polish and German cities support entrepreneurship in different forms (including social entrepreneurship, youth entrepreneurship, and creative industries). Methodology: To answer this question, we have adopted a multiple-case study methodology relying on multiple sources of evidence, primarily strategic documents of the biggest Polish cities in the context of cross-country comparison with selected large cities in Germany, and semi-structured interviews with decision-makers representing municipalities from the analyzed cities in Poland. Building on the concept of the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship, we refer to the approach in which spillovers of knowledge are a strategic lever through which firms distribute innovation and have profound implications for the region’s entrepreneurial activities development. Findings/research and practical implications: The research enriches our understanding of urban policies in Poland that support knowledge spillovers and entrepreneurship, and discovers the possible relationship between factors determining entrepreneurship in Polish and German cities. In all Polish and German cities, entrepreneurship was an important component of economic development strategy. However, Polish cities depend on EU funding to a much greater extent than German cities in implementing their economic development strategies. Cluster strategies in the framework of key cities’ industries were embedded in most urban policies, but a majority of Polish respondents believed that their cities should place greater emphasis on this policy. The main challenge for policy-makers is that current entrepreneurial polices should be more effective and oriented towards reinforcing the social perception of entrepreneurship, especially among young inhabitants. Originality/value: The research allowed enough data to be gathered to answer the research questions. However, future research validating the results in quantitative study is suggested. Also, some limitations in the research process were highlighted, such as a lack of personal contact with the respondents or different levels of economic development among Polish and German cities. Our research demonstrates the opportunities for knowledge spillover and sharing of good practices between the two countries.

Behavioural aspects of decision-making and its application in Poland illustrated by the example of the public institutions

Abstract: The development of behavioural economics influenced significantly the progress of studies related to decision making. The acquis of behavioural economics could be used in the public sector worldwide and they are applied more commonly in public politics. In practice, as its proved globally, the cosmetic changes supported by the behavioural knowledge help administration work efficiently without making big reforms, financial or organizational costs. Those changes go together with the knowledge development of behavioural economics and thanks to the growing number of studies related to the exploitation of behavioural techniques in the public institutions around the world. The same situation is observed in the public institutions in Poland where the behavioural techniques are being applied. The article shows how the subject related knowledge is practiced in Polish public sector basing on The Polish Economic Institute’s report "Simpler, cheaper and more effective, in other words, how behavioural economics supports public policies in Poland". This report is an introduction to studies in this area. It shows that some behavioural techniques are used more often while others are rarely applied in Polish public sector. The article analyzes why the behavioural techniques in Poland are still rarely applied. It proposes solutions which could help to create the strategic behavioural public policy, following the example of other countries, first of all the necessity of strict cooperation of the Polish public sector with behavioural economics study experts and centers located in Poland and abroad. It would allow to know better new methodological approaches of behavioural public sector in the world to design and test interventions in Poland.

POLITYKA ZATRUDNIENIA W POLSCE I JEJ DOŚWIADCZENIA DLA UKRAINY

A significant part of the state’s social policy is employment policy, which is one of the most important macroeconomic parameters. Employment affects the income of the population and general well-being. Poland’s positive experience in these matters is especially important for Ukraine, which as a result of the pandemic has found itself in a more difficult social situation than most European countries. In Poland, the issues of social policy models have been undertaken for many years by many researchers: Chojnacka, Gomułka, Frączak and Wygnański, Mendell et al. These authors focused on the issues of social transformation in Poland, social and employment policy, and financial aspects of Poland’s development. The aim of the article is to review the positive experience of employment policy in Poland with a recommendation for its application in Ukraine. The research methods used in the article are literature analysis (review of current research in the field of social policy with special emphasis on employment policy and Polish state statistics) and taxonomic methods used to determine the social development of Poland and changes in the labor market and the method of comparative analysis. The main features of the Polish social model are: stable economic development; low unemployment; increase in average wages; relatively small regional differences in the unemployment rate; labor market stability and its ability to adapt to new challenges. Poland is an attractive country for Ukrainian youth. The key to the economic development of Poland is the intensive development of small and medium-sized enterprises. Appropriate allowances and subsidies for foreign investments have been introduced in Poland, which solve the problem of unemployment and support Polish business thanks to technological innovations. The main problems of employment policy in Ukraine are: low wages; high unemployment; departure of young workers and highly qualified staff abroad in search of higher wages. The main Polish experience of social policy that can be used in Ukraine is: development of corporate social responsibility; entrepreneurial activation of the unemployed; creation of favorable working conditions for employees through cooperation of the public sector with business entities; consultations with Poland and other European countries on the development of the labor market in Ukraine.

Rynek mieszkaniowy i polityka mieszkaniowa w dużym polskim mieście – studium przypadku Poznania

The article provides an overview of the housing policy in Poznań. It begins with a discussion of the importance of dwellings in contemporary society. The second section focuses on the main assumptions of the housing policy in Poland and the tools that can be used on the level of local government units. Next, the authors present the current state of the housing market in Poznań. In order to provide deeper insight, the analysis is based on data spanning over a 6-year period using both quantitative and qualitative methods. In the final two sections, the implementation of the city’s housing policy is discussed. The authors argue that the overall effects of Poznań’s housing policy are positive, but serious challenges lie ahead.

Zmiany w polityce medialnej Węgier i Polski

Changes in the media policy of Hungary and Poland Changes in media policy in Poland in 2015–2020 suggest a correlation with the changes initiated in Hungary in 2010, when Viktor Orbán and his party Fidesz took power. The aim of the article is to present and make a comparative analysis of the changes introduced in the media policy of both countries. The list of regulations and actions of the government elites, consisting in interfering with media markets and the activities of public media, shows many similarities and common elements of media policy.

Economic Dynamic Modelling of Climate Policy in Poland

Abstract Poland is responsible for 9% of CO2 emission in the European Union (EU), making it the fifth biggest emitter in the region. The energy sector is dominated by electricity produced from coal (around 70%). The country currently uses massive subsidies to boost the coal sector. We propose a dynamic intertemporal hybrid general equilibrium model to simulate the economic effects of sector regulations and new policy targets within environmental taxation scenarios, by accounting for a complex set of linkages between the energy sector and other components of the economy. Our simulation results suggest that positive economic growth is possible with a realistic energy mix, but it will not offer considerable emission reduction, as required by the European Commission. In the short-time horizon, the best choice is renewable energy sources indicated by less capital-intensive technologies (such as biomass). In the long-time horizon, more capital-intensive technologies (such as wind turbines) will be a better choice for economic growth. Carbon tax plays a crucial role in optimal energy mix targets, since its elimination ceteris paribus implies negative economic growth.

Współpraca między publicznymi służbami zatrudnienia a agencjami zatrudnienia w zakresie realizacji polityki rynku pracy

This paper addresses the issue of cooperation between public employment services and employment agencies in the implementation of labour market policy in Poland. After a general description of these labour market institutions, the legal framework and forms of carried out cooperation between them are presented, and – based on the results of research and reports – the current areas of cooperation are identified, indicating possible directions for its development. The paper searches for the answers for two fundamental questions: 1. What is the nature of the relationship between public employment services and employment agencies? 2. To what extent does this relationship (cooperation/competition) affect the effectiveness of activities, or how can the cooperation of these entities be strengthened?

Urban Regeneration as a Specific Type of Public Policy Response to Urban Decline. The Case of Poland

AbstractThe paper examines the issue of whether the process of policy formulation and implementation on urban regeneration in Poland is done pursuant to the rules of a cycle of public policy-making. This is carried out through the use of the functioning cycle of public policy in Poland proposed by Zybała (2015) that stresses the specificities of Polish conditions in the public policy-making. Hence, the aim of the study is to provide an overview of public policy-making on urban regeneration in the context of legislative and institutional-administrative practices. In the light of increasingly complex challenges faced by cities, there is a need for the necessary counter-balancing regeneration measures taking a form of state sponsored public policy. Therefore, the Act on Regeneration was adopted in 2015. The paper concludes that the adoption of this Act was dominated by the legislator which, with relatively little contribution from other stakeholders, resulted in a rather unambitious set of legal provisions on regeneration that have not substantially changed the instrumental approach of local authorities to urban regeneration.

Polityka mieszkaniowa w kontekście kształtowania ładu przestrzennego w Polsce. Poziom centralny, regionalny i lokalny

The aim of this paper is to analyse the current housing policy in Poland in terms of its influence on spatial order. The author discusses the relationship between housing policy and spatial order, as well as housing policy instruments that can contribute to shaping spatial order. The article presents the results of a quantitative study of documents and a qualitative study of selected housing complexes in Katowice, Warsaw and Wrocław treated as an outcome of the general state housing policy.

Pragmatic Trans-Border Nationalism: A Comparative Analysis of Poland’s and Hungary’s Policies Towards Kin-Minorities in the Twenty-First Century

This paper outlines the dynamic development of policies in Poland and Hungary towards kin-minorities and their outcomes under the rule of right-wing governments. The main aim is to provide a comparative analysis of kin-state policies targeting co-ethnics living beyond the countries’ borders and point out possible explanations for common and different elements in these two cases. The similarities between Poland’s and Hungary’s policies towards kin-minorities are manifested in an official narrative about one existing nation across borders, and legal measures and political actions aimed at supporting minorities in neighbouring countries. At the same time, there are some important differences concerning, inter alia, ethnic preferential citizenship laws. The Hungarian authorities use preferential naturalisation as a means of strengthening the influence of non-resident ethnic Hungarians as voters in Hungary’s elections. Non-resident Hungarians also play an important role in foreign policy towards neighbouring countries. For policymakers in Poland, ethnic Poles living abroad remain a demographic and economic reservoir. The changes in legal regulations, aimed at encouraging them to settle and work in Poland, are dictated by the constantly high demand for a labour workforce and expected severe demographic decline. Both Hungarian and Polish policies towards kin-minorities are examples of pragmatic trans-border nationalism, which is a concept also developed in the article.

ИНВЕСТИЦИОННАЯ ПОЛИТИКА ПОЛЬШИ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ТОРГОВО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА С РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИЕЙ

The article reveals the evolution of Poland’s investment policy and the peculiarities of the formation of the country’s legal system for the protection of foreign investments. The article describes the current stage of development of the Polish economy, reveals the role of foreign investment in the modernization of the national economy. The article discusses the controversial issue of the role of the European Union subsidies in the transformation of the Polish economy. The issues of trade, economic and investment cooperation between Russia and Poland are analyzed separately and it is concluded that the anti-Russian foreign policy of Poland hinders the development of the trade, economic and investment cooperation between the two countries.

Crisis of democracy and education reforms in Poland after 30 years of political transformation

In this article I explain the reasons for betrayal of elites in the context of fundamental assumptions of the “Solidarity” movement in the years of 1980-1989. As a result, Polish society abandoned the deliberative and participatory democracy. I look at how education as a science and practice of education fits into democratization of the Polish state and society. The key meaning for me has the perception of education as a common good, as environments and entities, institutions or management practices which participate in the democratic society. In the transition period in Poland from 1989 till 2019 education did not become a source of ongoing changes in the country. I make a critical analysis of educational policy in Poland during the 30 years of the political transformation.

CONTINUATION OR CHANGE? SELECTED DILEMMAS OF THE EMPLOYMENT POLICY AT THE TURN OF THE 21ST CENTURY FROM TODAY’S PERSPECTIVE

This article aims at analysis of selected issues of the employment policy in Poland from the last twenty years’ perspective. The issues raised are as follows: various unemployment dimensions, labour market segmentation, ownership of enterprises from the employment, workforce migration, teleworking, the shadow economy perspectives.