Policy Framework Research Articles

Attitudes and perceptions of school stakeholders on comprehensive sexuality education in primary schools: A study of junior grades in Zimbabwe

This study investigates the attitudes and perceptions of school stakeholders, specifically principals and teachers, regarding the implementation of Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE) in primary schools. It focuses on junior grades (grades 3-7) in Mashonaland in the Eastern Province of Zimbabwe. Given the increasing prevalence of child marriages, sexual abuse, and early pregnancies, delivering CSE effectively is crucial. This research uses a qualitative approach rooted in the interpretive paradigm and informed by Urie Bronfenbrenner's socio-ecological theory to explore stakeholders' perspectives on the dynamics of CSE implementation. Through a case study design, semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve participants, including school principals and teachers, to shed light on systemic barriers that hinder effective CSE integration. These barriers include ambiguous policy frameworks, entrenched cultural beliefs, resource constraints, and inadequate training. Despite generally positive attitudes towards CSE, the study reveals persistent challenges that undermine its successful integration into the curriculum. To address these issues, the study advocates for collaborative stakeholder engagement in curriculum development, emphasising community support and ownership. Furthermore, targeted initiatives such as in-service training for principals and teachers, along with the provision of adequate teaching materials, are recommended to enhance implementation efficacy. By addressing these challenges, stakeholders—such as parents, teachers, and non-governmental organisations—can help create an enabling environment conducive to CSE in junior grades, thereby empowering learners and promoting their overall well-being.

Revolutionizing logistics: The impact of autonomous vehicles on supply chain efficiency

This review paper assesses the impact of autonomous vehicles (AVs) on enhancing the efficiency of supply chains, aiming to synthesize existing research and identify future research directions. Through a comprehensive analysis of literature spanning technological, economic, and regulatory perspectives, this paper maps the current landscape of AV integration in logistics. The review finds that AVs offer substantial improvements in supply chain efficiency through continuous operation and reduced human error, leading to decreased costs and improved delivery timelines. It details the potential for up to 30% enhancement in logistical operations with AV adoption. Critical barriers such as technological challenges, regulatory concerns, and cybersecurity risks are also discussed. Conclusively, the paper argues that while AVs present a promising avenue for revolutionizing supply chain management, their widespread adoption depends on overcoming existing barriers. It calls for targeted research into robust AV systems, supportive policy frameworks, and stakeholder engagement strategies to fully realize their benefits.

Analysis of convergence between a unified One Health policy framework and imbalanced research portfolio

The One Health (OH) approach is collaborative, multisectoral, and transdisciplinary, acknowledging the interdependence among animal, human and environmental health. It has garnered attention within the scientific community, particularly in response to the rising prevalence and global spread of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Common OH issues include zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), food and water safety, and the human-animal bond. Among various OH topics, AMR represents a well-described, long-term, complex issue, with a substantial global death toll and large economic costs. Whereas interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary teamwork seems appropriate to address such complex challenges, effects on knowledge production are poorly known. In this study, we investigate how the scientific community mobilizes “One Health.” A comparative bibliometric analysis of OH and AMR research enabled us to assess the level of transdisciplinary research, identify emerging themes, through a co-occurrence network analysis of keywords, and disciplines mobilized, through a co-citation network analysis of scientific journals, in research, as well as level of international collaboration through analysis of co-authorship among countries. We detected a lack of consideration for non-communicable diseases (e.g., obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases) and the well-being of human and animal populations in analysis of themes. Furthermore, although many disciplines are involved in OH and AMR research, little attention was given to social sciences, environmental health, economics, and politics. There was a strong influence of major global economic powers, including the United States and China, in scientific research on OH and AMR, as well as substantial collaboration among European countries. The present results indicated that guidelines are needed to address the mentioned concerns, and specific funds are required for underrepresented countries.

Household e-waste management: A comprehensive review

The improper handling of domestic e-waste poses serious environmental and health risks. By highlighting the crucial problems and potential solutions, this thorough analysis attempts to synthesize the body of knowledge on managing household e-waste. However, designing sustainable management techniques requires consideration of the collection system, consumer awareness, and policy. Inadequate household e-waste management has led to resource waste, the leakage of dangerous contaminants into ecosystems, and negative health effects on humans and the environment. Using the search engine database SCOPUS, a comprehensive literature review encompassing journal articles spanning the last four years from 2019–2022 was performed. The key themes used in the review, such as collection system, awareness, and policy, were analyzed and synthesized. This review reveals the challenges in managing household e-waste. Collection mechanisms vary widely, with success relying on factors such as awareness campaigns and Deposit-Refund Schemes (DRSs). Collecting processes exhibit significant disparities in efficiency, with potential for improvement through technological advancements, such as smart sorting systems and robotics. Policy frameworks, while present in many regions, often lack comprehensive implementation. To address these challenges effectively, a holistic approach is needed. Implementing comprehensive policy frameworks, raising awareness, and adopting emerging collecting system technologies are crucial steps forward.

Exploring the Potential of the Blue Economy: A Systematic Review of Strategies for Enhancing International Business in Bangladesh in the context of Indo-Pacific Region

This systematic review aims to provide a methodical analysis of the Blue Economy in the Indo-Pacific region, particularly from the perspective of Bangladesh, focusing on its growth trajectory, key stakeholders, policy frameworks, technological advancements, trade and investment trends, as well as challenges and opportunities for international business expansion. The methods employed a comprehensive search of electronic databases, and inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to identify relevant studies for analysis. The results revealed that from 2000 to 2020, the Blue Economy sectors of the country, such as fisheries, aquaculture, maritime transportation, and tourism, saw notable development. International development agencies, corporations, academic institutions, governments, and civil society organizations are some of the major players in Blue Economy projects. The policy frameworks that facilitate the development of the Blue Economy include integrated ocean management, blue growth initiatives, maritime security and governance, and resilience and adaptation to climate change. Innovation and expansion in the Blue Economy sectors have been fueled by technological breakthroughs, such as autonomous underwater vehicles, renewable energy projects, remote sensing technologies, and marine biotechnology. Rising demand for sustainable goods and services, technical advancement, and regional collaboration have all contributed to an increase in trade and investment in Blue Economy industries internationally. The study concludes that there is significant potential for the Blue Economy in the Indo-Pacific region to drive economic growth, promote social progress, and ensure environmental sustainability. However, challenges such as regulatory complexity, access to finance, inadequate infrastructure, and environmental degradation need to be addressed to fully realize this potential. Addressing these challenges requires coordinated efforts from governments, businesses, academia, civil society organizations, and international development agencies, along with a focus on sustainable and inclusive development practices.

A Comparative Analysis of STEM Design Curriculum Policy for Country Development: A Case Study of Taiwan and Thailand

The aim of this comparative study is to analyze the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) design curriculum policies in Taiwan and Thailand, focusing on their potential impact on national development. The research examines three key areas: 1) STEM educational developmentpolicies; 2) curriculum frameworks; and 3) teacher professional development. The methods employed in this study include a comprehensive review of relevant literature, policy documents, and curriculum frameworks from both Taiwan and Thailand. The analysis involves a comparative approach to identify similarities, differences, and best practices in STEM education policies and implementation strategies. The results indicate that both Taiwan and Thailand recognize the importance of STEM education for driving innovation and economic growth. However, Taiwan demonstrates a more comprehensive STEM policy framework and a stronger commitment to developing a skilled workforce. Taiwan’s curriculum framework emphasizes hands-on, project-based learning, interdisciplinary integration, and the incorporation of modern technologies, fostering critical thinking, problem-solving, and collaborative skills among students. In contrast, Thailand is in the early stages of establishing STEM regulations and aligning curricula with industry needs. Thailand’s evolving curriculum framework shows promise in promoting creativity, critical thinking, and practical problem-solving abilities. Regarding teacher professional development, Taiwan has a well-established system of ongoing training and industry-school collaboration, while Thailand is in the process of creating a STEM teacher competency program. The key conclusion of this study is that Taiwan’s well-developed STEM policy framework, with its focus on curriculum design and teacher professional development, demonstrates a more holistic approach to promoting STEM education compared to Thailand. Despite Thailand’s early stage of implementation, the country is showing encouraging progress in aligning its STEM policies with national development goals. The findings suggest that a comprehensive and integrated approach to STEM education, encompassing policy development, curriculum design, and teacher professional development, is crucial for effectively promoting economic growth and innovation in both Taiwan and Thailand.

Optimization of microgrid operations using renewable energy sources

Microgrids, comprising localized energy systems capable of operating independently or in conjunction with the main grid, are increasingly being recognized as vital components of modern energy infrastructure. The integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into microgrids offers significant potential for enhancing operational efficiency, sustainability, and resilience. This paper presents an overview of recent advancements and methodologies for optimizing microgrid operations utilizing renewable energy sources. The optimization of microgrid operations involves the strategic coordination and management of diverse energy resources, including solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, wind turbines, and energy storage systems (ESS). Key objectives include minimizing operational costs, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, ensuring reliable power supply, and maintaining system stability. Advanced optimization techniques, such as model predictive control (MPC), mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), and heuristic algorithms, play a crucial role in achieving these objectives by enabling the dynamic adjustment of energy generation and distribution in response to real-time conditions. A critical aspect of microgrid optimization is the accurate forecasting of renewable energy generation and load demand. Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms have been effectively employed to enhance prediction accuracy, thereby improving decision-making processes. Furthermore, the integration of ESS, such as batteries and flywheels, helps to address the intermittency of RES, providing a buffer that can store excess energy during periods of high generation and release it during peak demand. The implementation of demand response (DR) strategies within microgrids further contributes to optimization efforts. By incentivizing consumers to adjust their energy usage patterns in response to price signals or grid needs, DR programs help to balance supply and demand, reduce peak loads, and enhance overall grid reliability. Case studies and field implementations demonstrate the practical benefits of optimized microgrid operations. For instance, microgrids incorporating high shares of RES have been shown to achieve significant cost savings, improved energy security, and reduced environmental impacts. These successes underline the importance of ongoing research and development in optimization techniques and the need for supportive policy frameworks to facilitate the broader adoption of microgrids. In conclusion, optimizing microgrid operations using renewable energy sources presents a promising pathway toward a more sustainable and resilient energy future. Continued advancements in optimization algorithms, predictive analytics, and integrated system design are essential for unlocking the full potential of microgrids, ensuring they can effectively meet the evolving energy demands and environmental challenges of the 21st century. Keywords: Optimization, Microgrid, Operations, Renewable Energy, Energy Sources.

Dynamics of Local Communities Through the Transformation of Agriculture to The Camping Sector in Pancasari Village, Buleleng, Bali

This study explores the dynamics of local communities in Pancasari Village, Buleleng, Bali, as they transition from traditional agriculture to the emerging camping sector. This transformation has led to significant economic, social, and environmental changes within the community. Economically, the shift has generated new employment opportunities, increased household incomes, and stimulated local businesses, thereby enhancing the village’s economic resilience. However, challenges such as potential inflation, uneven distribution of benefits, and increased vulnerability to external economic shocks have also arisen. Socially and culturally, the move to camping has altered traditional roles and lifestyles, facilitated cultural exchange and the introduction of new ideas but also posing risks of cultural dilution and commodification. Environmentally, the camping sector promotes sustainable tourism practices, yet it also brings negative impacts like habitat loss and increased waste. This study employs a qualitative research methodology, including interviews, observations, and document analysis, to understand these dynamics comprehensively. The findings highlight the need for sustainable planning and inclusive development strategies to address economic challenges, robust environmental management to mitigate negative impacts, and effective policy and governance frameworks to ensure equitable benefit distribution and stakeholder coordination. The study concludes that while the transformation to the camping sector presents significant opportunities for economic growth and cultural exchange, it also requires careful management to ensure long-term community well-being and sustainability. By understanding these dynamics, policymakers and stakeholders can better support the community through this transition, promoting balanced and sustainable development in Pancasari Village.

‘Hazing, booze and bedrooms’: an autoethnography of sexual trauma in a university residential college

ABSTRACT This autoethnographic essay, ‘Hazing, booze and bedrooms’, explores my personal experience of sexual trauma in a university residential college and its cultural significance. The essay is written at a time of urgency to address gendered violence within Australian universities, with the release of the National Plan to End Violence Against Women and Children 2022–2032 and The Commonwealth Consent Policy Framework. I use autoethnography to explore the trauma across one body and time, moving through the space of four bedrooms. Each bedroom represents a different aspect of the narrative: the autoethnographic approach to writing about sexual trauma, a summary of research on gender-based violence in Australian universities, and my own personal experiences in the residential college bedrooms she occupied in the early 1990s. The essay concludes by reflecting on the value of bearing autoethnographic witness to sexual trauma and questioning what might happen next regarding moves to eliminate practices of hazing and sexual violence in university residential colleges, and in a call to action, asks, ‘If not now, when?’

Production forecast, comprehensive utilization, management measures and visualization analysis of construction waste

To achieve the national policy objectives of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, as outlined in the 14th Five-Year Plan, it is essential to enhance resource utilization efficiency, establish a resource recycling system, promote a green economy, and develop a green development policy framework. This thesis utilizes statistical data from the Chongqing municipality yearbook and employs the Time Series Forecasting Model (TSFM) and Gray Prediction Model (GM) to predict the generation of construction waste (CW) in Chongqing Municipality from 2021 to 2030.By 2030, engineering waste, demolition waste, renovation waste, and total CW generation are predicted to increase by 40.93%/34.30%, 37.3%/57.78%, 6.00%/9.55%, and 38.71%/57.85%, respectively, compared to 2020. This indicates significant pressure on the city's CW disposal system. The current situation of CW disposal and transfer in Chongqing City shows that the main methods are simple landfills, engineering backfills, and even private dumping. The actual resource utilization rate is still relatively low. Current CW disposal enterprises have some disposal and recycling capacity, but most are private, with insufficient distribution points and limited processing capacity. This results in a low overall comprehensive utilization rate of CW in central Chongqing. Since 2003, Chongqing Municipality has issued CW disposal-related policy documents. Although relevant policies have been introduced, they need further improvement. Recycled products are mainly bricks and aggregates, and there is a lack of local standards, which hinders effective resource utilization of CW in Chongqing. Finally, using the Citespace tool, a visual analysis of global CW research hotspots and trends over the past 14 years was conducted to accelerate CW resource utilization in Chongqing Municipality.

Climate Refugees in India: Seeking Security between Disaster Diplomacy and Strategic Ambiguity

Abstract Among the 100 million refugees and displaced persons in 2022, the category of “climate refugees” has become more salient, yet countries still do not know how to handle it. Two aspects of climate refugees also remain understudied; how climate refugees are perceived, since they are viewed through the dual lenses of climate risks and migratory flows and how these perceptions impact policies. Climate refugees are thus doubly impacted by the spill-over effect of securitization processes in the fields of climate change and immigration. This paper analyzes how climate- and migration-security legislation in a resource-constrained nation conceptualizes climate refugees, and how their diverse conceptual categories spill over into policymaking and create a mutually beneficial and humanitarian approach for host and migrant populations. This paper uses India as a case study based on its historical practice of refugee protection despite significant resource constraints, high risk of inbound climate refugees, participation in key global agreements, and domestic discourse over climate and immigration securitization. Using policy analysis and expert interviews, this study demonstrates that India successfully exemplifies a broadly humanitarian climate mobility regime in the South Asian region through relocations, Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief operations, and ad hoc legal protection. Despite crucial structural limitations, India illustrates a democratic global south template implicitly recognizing migrants’ vulnerability to climate change and attempts to minimize risk, with potential for replication in other developing and developed nations. This normative policy framework, notwithstanding its limitations, presents an alternative to the threat-centric and unsustainable securitization of climate migration practiced in the Global North.

Harnessing Technology for Agricultural Sustainability: Case Studies and Future Directions

Agricultural sustainability has become a critical focus in addressing the challenges of food security, climate change, and resource management. This article explores the role of technology in promoting sustainable agricultural practices through detailed case studies and an analysis of future directions. By examining various technological innovations such as precision agriculture, automated irrigation systems, and biotechnology, the study highlights their impact on increasing crop yields, reducing resource use, and minimizing environmental footprints. The case studies from different regions demonstrate successful implementations and the benefits of integrating technology into farming practices. The research also identifies key barriers to adoption, including high initial costs, lack of technical expertise, and the need for supportive policy frameworks. The findings suggest that while technology has the potential to significantly enhance agricultural sustainability, its success largely depends on the collaboration between stakeholders, including farmers, governments, and tech companies. The study concludes with recommendations for future research and policy development to support the widespread adoption of sustainable technologies in agriculture. Emphasizing the importance of continued innovation and education, this article aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on sustainable agriculture and provide a roadmap for future efforts.

Green fiscal policy and carbon emission: Enterprises’ level evidence from China

The Chinese government has systematically developed and implemented a wide-ranging set of policies for sustainable development. The Fiscal Policy for Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction (FPECER) is a pivotal component within this integrated policy framework. Nevertheless, there is currently an absence of literature assessing its' impact on the carbon emission performances of manufacturing enterprises and discussing the potential impact channels. To this end, by applying the difference-in-difference method to a unique micro-level panel dataset, this study empirically investigates the impact of FPECER on manufacturing enterprises' carbon emissions and proposes some explanations for the impact channels between the two. This research substantiates that the FPESER has played a pivotal role in diminishing both the levels and intensity of carbon emissions for manufacturing enterprises located in pilot cities. Moreover, this has been achieved through an augmentation of financial subsidies granted to enterprises, a vigorous promotion of research and development activities, and a significant reduction in both the level and intensity of energy consumption. Furthermore, this research also discerns that the negative impact of FPECER on carbon emission performance is more pronounced for manufacturing enterprises in regions experiencing heightened local fiscal pressure and higher economic policy uncertainty, those classified within high-emission and capital-intensive industries, as well as non-export-oriented and state-owned manufacturing entities. Finally, FPECER does not significantly impact the output and value-added of enterprises, yet it does reduce the emission levels of a range of pollutants.

Toward a policy landscape to support the product‐as‐a‐service design process for a circular economy

AbstractDespite the widely recognized potential of product‐as‐a‐service (PaaS) business models to contribute to the circular economy, many industrial case studies have reported that several systemic factors tend to hinder product manufacturers from effectively designing such solutions. More specifically, factors such as linear value chains, organizational structures, and market and financial conditions tend to restrict the freedom of product manufacturers to design circular PaaS solutions effectively. In this article, we take a novel approach to advance the body of knowledge concerning the interactions between policies and circular PaaS designing. We first explore the potential of the existing policy landscape to support designing for a circular economy in the manufacturing industry. The results suggest that the existing policy landscape is primarily focused on regulating product design outcomes and is thus deemed unsuitable for supporting circular PaaS designing. Subsequently, we investigate the literature to uncover how internal and external systemic factors may hinder the implementation of the key facets of circular PaaS designing in the manufacturing industry. Based on these findings, we propose a prospective policy framework that includes a mix of complementary policy interventions that systemically target the identified internal and external factors to support the implementation of the key facets of circular PaaS designing.

Enhancing equity of the post-disaster recovery governance through community data generation

Climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction policy frameworks emphasize the importance of engaging vulnerable communities in data creation and utilization to enhance resilience. Yet, empirical evidence on how capacity strengthening and community data generation can improve post-disaster recovery processes remains limited. To address this gap, this article investigates the post-disaster recovery process in the El Pacífico self-built neighborhood, located at the hillslopes of the rural-urban border of Medellín, Colombia. Utilizing participatory action research and documentation analysis, we examined documents related to the response and recovery committee (called “Mesa de Atención y Recuperación”) established following a severe flooding event. Our analysis reveals a lack of clearly defined procedures for engaging affected communities in the post-disaster efforts. However, we provide evidence that initiatives promoting equitable governance through capacity strengthening and community data generation, supported by our project, have effectively empowered community members, amplifying their voices in the negotiation with municipal authorities. These findings offer valuable insights that can inform more equitable future policies and practices in disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation with increased recognition and representation of marginalized urban residents.

Assessing the carbon footprint of the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry of Australia

Purpose This study examines the carbon emissions of Australia’s agriculture, forestry and fishing sectors from a consumption perspective to develop effective policy frameworks. The objective is to identify key supply chains, industries and products contributing to these emissions and provide recommendations for sustainable development. Design/methodology/approach A multiregional input-output lifecycle assessment was conducted using the Australian Industrial Ecology Virtual Laboratory (IELab) platform to disaggregate sectors and enable benchmarking against other economic sectors. Findings In 2018, the “agriculture, forestry, and fishing” sector was responsible for 12.15% of Australia’s carbon footprint. Major contributors included the “electricity, gas, water, and waste” category (26.1%) and the sector’s activities (24.3%). The “transport, postal, and warehousing” sector also contributed 18.4%. Within the industry, the agriculture subsector had the highest impact (71.3%), followed by forestry and logging (15%) and fishing, hunting and trapping (7.6%). Aquaculture and supporting services contributed 6.1%. Research limitations/implications The principal constraint encountered by the present study pertained to the availability of up-to-date data. The latest accessible data for quantifying the carbon footprint within Australia’s agriculture, forestry and fishing sector, utilizing the Input-Output analysis methodology through the Australian Industrial Ecology Virtual Laboratory (IELab) platform, about 2018. Practical implications The findings of this study provide policymakers with detailed insights into the carbon footprints of key sectors, highlighting the contributions from each subsector. This information can be directly used to develop effective emission-reduction policies, with a focus on reducing emissions in utility services, transport and warehousing. Social implications The study, by raising public awareness of the significant role of industrial agricultural methods in Australia’s carbon footprint and emphasizing the importance of renewable energy and sustainable fuels for electricity generation and road transport, underscores the urgent need for action to mitigate climate change. Originality/value This study stands out by not only identifying the most impactful industries but also by providing specific strategies to reduce their emissions. It offers a comprehensive breakdown of specific agricultural activities and outlines mitigation strategies for utility services, agricultural operations and transport, thereby adding a unique perspective to the existing knowledge.

Comprehensive analysis of integrating smart grids with renewable energy sources: Technological advancements, economic impacts, and policy frameworks

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of integrating smart grids with renewable energy sources, focusing on technological advancements, economic impacts, and policy frameworks. The primary objective is to explore how smart grid technologies can efficiently incorporate renewable energy sources, thereby enhancing grid reliability, efficiency, and sustainability. Utilizing a multidisciplinary approach, the study examines successful case studies, pilot projects, and innovative practices that highlight the potential and challenges of this integration. Key findings reveal that advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and blockchain are crucial for the real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and optimized management of energy systems. These technologies address the inherent variability and intermittency of renewable energy sources like solar and wind power. Case studies, including the Brooklyn Microgrid and Germany’s Energiewende, demonstrate significant improvements in energy resilience, efficiency, and consumer empowerment through decentralized energy systems. Economic analysis underscores the dual impact of cost savings from operational efficiencies and the financial challenges posed by substantial upfront investments in smart grid infrastructure. Policy frameworks play a pivotal role, with recommendations for supportive regulatory policies, increased funding for research and development, and enhanced public-private partnerships to drive innovation and consumer engagement. The study concludes that overcoming the technical, economic, and regulatory barriers requires coordinated efforts among stakeholders. Recommendations include developing consistent regulatory frameworks, fostering public-private partnerships, and implementing educational programs to encourage consumer participation in renewable energy initiatives. By addressing these challenges, the integration of smart grids with renewable energy sources can pave the way for a more sustainable, resilient, and efficient energy future. Keywords: Smart Grids, Renewable Energy Integration, Technological Advancements, Economic Impacts, Policy Frameworks, Grid Management Innovations.

Should cannabis self-cultivation be part of a public health‒oriented legalization policy framework?

Cannabis control policies are increasingly being liberalized, including the legalization of non-medical cannabis use and supply in multiple settings, for example inCanada, with main policy objectives focusing on improved public health. An important while contested matter has been the appropriate design of legal cannabis supply structures and sources. These, in most Americas-based legalization settings, have included provisions for (limited) 'home cultivation'. Recent data suggest that about 8% of active consumers engage in cannabishome cultivation for their own supply, while approximately 14% are exposed to it in/around their home. Home cultivation commonly exceeds legal limits and/or occurs where not allowed, and is disproportionately associated with high-frequency and/or other risk patterns of cannabis use. In addition, home cultivation may facilitate exposure or diversion of cannabis to minors, as well as pose possible environmental exposure risks especially when occurring indoors. Given its placement in private spaces, related regulations are largely shielded from enforcement. Home cultivation, therefore, bears substantive potential to circumvent or work counter to public health‒oriented legalizationpolicy objectives. Recent assessments of health outcomes from cannabis legalization show mixed-including multiple adverse-results, implying the need for regulatory revisions towards protectingpublic health outcomes. Especially in settings where extensive (e.g. commercial) retail systems were established to provide regulated, legal cannabis products to consumers, it is questionable whether home cultivation overall serves primary public health‒oriented objectives; relevant data should be expanded and used to review related provisions.

Multifaceted impact of renewable energy on achieving global climate targets: Technological innovations, policy frameworks, and international collaborations

This review comprehensively examines the multifaceted impact of renewable energy on achieving global climate targets, focusing on technological innovations, policy frameworks, and international collaborations. The study aims to highlight the critical role of renewable energy in mitigating climate change and promoting sustainable development. Methodologically, the paper synthesizes findings from the latest research and case studies to inform policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers. The main findings indicate significant advancements in renewable energy technologies, such as improvements in solar photovoltaics and wind turbines, which have enhanced efficiency and affordability. Energy storage solutions and smart grid technologies are crucial for integrating variable renewable energy sources into existing energy grids. Effective policy frameworks, including feed-in tariffs, tax incentives, and renewable portfolio standards, have been instrumental in driving renewable energy adoption. The role of international collaborations, facilitated by organizations like IRENA and agreements such as the Paris Agreement, is vital in promoting global renewable energy deployment. Conclusions drawn from the study emphasize that achieving global climate targets requires a multifaceted approach encompassing technological innovation, supportive policy frameworks, and robust international collaboration. Future research should focus on advancing renewable energy technologies, optimizing policy frameworks, enhancing international cooperation, and addressing socio-economic and environmental challenges. Recommendations include increased investment in renewable energy R&D, implementation of comprehensive policy measures that promote social equity, and strengthening international mechanisms for technology transfer and financial support. By addressing these areas, the global community can accelerate the transition to a sustainable and resilient energy system, ensuring a prosperous and climate-resilient future for all. Keywords: Renewable Energy, Climate Targets, Technological Innovations, Policy Frameworks, International Collaborations, Sustainable Development.

Socioeconomic challenges and opportunities in renewable energy transition

The global transition to renewable energy is a multifaceted endeavor that entails profound socioeconomic transformations. This study aimed to explore the socioeconomic challenges and opportunities inherent in this transition. By leveraging a comprehensive review of existing literature and case studies, this research provides insights into the economic, social, technological, and policy dimensions of renewable energy adoption. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative analysis of policy frameworks with quantitative assessment of economic impacts. Key findings indicate that while renewable energy technologies, such as solar and wind, are increasingly cost-competitive, high initial capital costs and long payback periods remain significant barriers. Social and cultural resistance also poses challenges, particularly in communities with strong ties to traditional energy sources. Policy inconsistencies and regulatory uncertainties further complicate the adoption of renewable energy technologies. Conversely, the study highlights numerous opportunities. Renewable energy deployment can drive substantial job creation, stimulate local economies, and enhance energy security by diversifying energy sources. Technological advancements in energy storage and smart grids are crucial for integrating renewable energy into existing systems, thereby ensuring reliability and stability. Effective policy frameworks, such as feed-in tariffs and carbon pricing, are essential for fostering investment and innovation in the renewable energy sector. The study concludes that a holistic approach, integrating economic incentives, social engagement, and robust policy frameworks, is vital for overcoming challenges and maximizing the benefits of renewable energy. Recommendations for future research include exploring innovative financial instruments, advancing energy storage technologies, and enhancing public engagement to increase social acceptance of renewable energy projects. Keywords: Renewable Energy, Socioeconomic Challenges, Energy Policy, Technological Innovation, Energy Transition, Sustainable Development.