Policing Model Research Articles

A study on the self-governing police model and the directions for improvement as a regionally friendly model - Focused on Gyeongnam Region -

A study on the self-governing police model and the directions for improvement as a regionally friendly model - Focused on Gyeongnam Region -

Community policing and intelligence-led policing

PurposeDespite increased scholarly inquiry regarding intelligence-led policing (ILP) and popularity among law enforcement agencies around the globe, ambiguity remains regarding the conceptual foundation and appropriate measurement of ILP. Although most scholars agree that ILP is indeed a unique policing philosophy, there is less consensus regarding the relationship between ILP and the ever-present model of community-oriented policing (COP). Consequently, there is a clear need to study the empirical distinctions and overlaps in these policing philosophies as implemented by US law enforcement agencies. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachData were gleaned from the 2007 LEMAS and 2009 NIJ Intelligence surveys. A total of 227 unique police agencies in the USA are included. A series of bivariate, exploratory factor analyses and structural models are used to determine discriminatory or convergent validity across COP and ILP constructs.FindingsThe goal was to answer the question: are these two policing philosophies are being implemented as separate and distinct strategies? Results of our exploratory and structural models indicate that COP and ILP loaded on unique latent constructs. This affirms the results of the bivariate correlations, and indicates that COP and ILP have discriminant measurement validity. In other words, COP and ILP are conceptually distinct, even when implemented in police departments across the USA. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.Originality/valueThis is the first study to empirically test the discriminant or convergent validity of COP and ILP.

REFORMS IN THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA, INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REFORM PROCESS

The issue to be addressed within this work is the reforms in the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Police of the Republic of Macedonia adopted and approved during the last decade. Reforms in the MIA and the police represent the main criterion of the country's integration into the European Union, at the same time; enable the return of citizens' confidence to the MIA and the police as well as the creation of a guarantee for the country's internal security. The vision of acceptance of European values, norms and police services in Macedonia emerged shortly after the declaration of independence of RM in the year 1991. After peaceful independence, the RM proved its commitment to the establishment and organization of efficient and accountable state institutions. In order to achieve this, the MIA should include the police, to be transformed from a state police into a service police (closer citizens). However, the most substantial efforts to reform the MIA were developed at the beginning of the new century when the state formally started the process of EU integration. As international partners, in cooperation with local authorities, were specifically engaged in creating a strategy for reform in the MIA and the police, with the aim of implementing a community policing model and instigating democratic values in the police. Direct support for this process was provided by the European Commission Mission in Justice and Ministry of Internal Affairs in Macedonia ( ECJHAT). This mission was intended to assist local authorities in the creation of the Strategy for Reforms of the Most Sensitive Part of the State apparatus. Therefore, EU experts were directly involved in the task force established by the MIA with the task to prepare the Police Reform Strategy, which was approved by the Government of Macedonia in August 2003, as well as the Action Plan for its implementation adopted in December 2004. The EITC mission lasted for 18 months and ended at the end of 2003 but a new instrument EC as a policing reform supporter called the Police Reform Project (ECPRP), which was intended to provide guidance on the implementation of the reform process. Some of the standards set out in the Police Reform Strategy have been amended in accordance with the Ohrid Agreement on equal representation of all ethnic communities, in particular the representation of Albanians in the MIA. Also, the manner of electing Commanders of Police in Municipalities, where in line with the OFA, the local police leaders are elected by the municipal councils, based on lists proposed by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Prior to the start of the reform, the MIA and the police of the Republic of Macedonia were a highly centralized organization and had to decentralize or delegate some competencies to the local government by decentralizing decision-making and accountability. In fact, this was and is difficult to achieve because it alongside the formal legal changes requires the change of thinking to officials and policemen. And this Working Group ECJHAT acknowledges that "it is easier to build an organization from beginning rather than fully reorganizing a functional organization.

Predictors of satisfaction with Kenya’s police and Kenya’s criminal justice system: Results from a sample of Kenyan college students

Although the influence of procedural justice on citizens’ satisfaction and cooperation with police has been tested in several geopolitical contexts, this is the first study to examine the relationship between procedural justice and satisfaction with Kenya’s police and Kenya’s criminal justice system on a Kenyan college campus. Using a sample of 523 students from a prominent Kenyan university, we found that procedural justice and officer integrity predicted satisfaction with both Kenya’s police and criminal justice system. Also, more highly educated students (sophomores, juniors, and seniors, compared to freshmen) were more satisfied with both the Kenyan police and criminal justice system. Conversely, victims of crime in the community were less satisfied with Kenyan police, and students who had a negative personal experience with police were less satisfied with the country’s criminal justice system. Although instrumental factors of policing (e.g., police effectiveness) were not tested in this study, thus precluding a comparative assessment of normative and instrumental models of policing, this study contributes to the extant literature by pointing out the salience of procedural justice and officer integrity for improving the relationship between the police and the communities they are sworn to serve. The study’s implications for policy are discussed.

Policiamento a eventos de protesto no Brasil: repertórios e modelos policiais no ciclo de protestos de Junho de 2013 na cidade de Porto Alegre

O trabalho apresenta como tema o policiamento a eventos de protesto no Brasil. Especificamente, questiona: quais os repertórios utilizados pelo aparato policial durante o ciclo de protestos de 2013? Qual(is) o(s) modelo(s) de policiamento colocados em ação? A necessidade do estudo justifica-se pela ausência de um campo de estudos consolidado no País sobre policiamento a protestos; por outro turno, há diversos estudos de âmbito internacional que tratam dessa temática. Metodologicamente, analisou o caso do policiamento aos protestos de Porto Alegre no ciclo de manifestações de 2013. Foram analisadas notícias do jornal Zero Hora e realizadas entrevistas com agentes policiais. Identificou-se a diversidade de repertórios policiais e a coexistência de dois modelos principais de policiamento, que se guiam por diferentes critérios de valor a ser protegido no protesto: um baseado na defesa da integridade física dos manifestantes e um segundo pautado pela defesa do patrimônio.

Repression After Liberalization: Organizational Embeddedness and Protest Policing in a Hybrid Context

Hybrid non-democracies may repress their civil societies less than full authoritarian regimes, but we know little about the elite strategies guiding the use of state violence against protest groups in a hybrid context. This paper develops an event-level model of protest policing centering the role of social movement organizations (SMOs) in shaping elite threat perceptions and, hence, the likelihood that affiliated protest events will face repression. More than public protest per se, I argue that elites fear the rise of independent organizations capable of initiating and sustaining mobilization. In a hybrid context, SMOs will vary widely in their level of embeddedness with state institutions, ranging from anti-system groups to newer organizations that work collaboratively with the state to legacy civil society groups that served as corporatist brokers of mass representation prior to the onset of liberalizing reforms. Unable to control ex ante which groups become active in civil society, elites apply coercive sanctions to protests by less-embedded CSOs in order to channel mass participation towards friendlier groups. I illustrate these arguments with micro-level sub-national analysis of the Morocco Contentious Event Database (MCED), a unique dataset of protest events and coercive responses collected from local Arabic-language news sources over a ten-year period. Three nested analyses exploit different scales of comparison and contextualize these findings with a sociological account of civil society in Morocco.

Guardianes del Honor. Los guardias civiles y la historia de su institución durante la Segunda República

Resumen: La Guardia Civil forma parte esencial de la vio­lencia política de la Segunda República, y quienes más han escrito sobre este tema han sido miem­bros de la propia institución dispuestos a defender su honor. En este artículo analizaré cómo estos historiadores han retratado en libros y revistas de historia desde 1968 hasta la actualidad, una serie de incidentes violentos específicos que se produje­ron durante el periodo republicano. De este modo, demostraré que incluso cuando España modificó su concepción del modelo policial durante la Transición, avanzando desde la idea de orden público a la de seguridad ciudadana, estos historiadores te­nían tan interiorizada la visión franquista de una Guardia Civil que había ganado su honor gracias a su lucha desapasionada contra el desorden de la Segunda República, que sólo la nueva generación formada durante la Transición fue capaz de elabo­rar una nueva narrativa que presentaba al cuerpo como servidor del interés público. Aun así, el deseo inquebrantable de defender el honor de la institu­ción ha hecho que esta nueva generación también represente el cuerpo como un ente apolítico.Palabras clave: Guardia Civil, Transición, orden público, seguri­dad ciudadana, violencia política, militarización.Abstract: The Civil Guard is an essential part of the story of the political violence that plagued the Second Republic, and its history has largely been written by members of the institution itself eagerly de­fending its honour. This article traces how spe­cific incidences of violence during the Second Republic were portrayed by Civil Guard histori­ans in books and history magazine articles from 1968 to the present, and in so doing it will demonstrate that, even as Spain shifted from a pub­lic order to a citizen security model of policing during the Transition, these historians remained trapped by a Francoist vision of the Civil Guard gaining honour through dispassionately fight­ing the disorder of the Second Republic. The vi­sion was so engrained that only a new generation trained after the Transition was able to find a new narrative that portrayed the Civil Guard as serv­ing the interests of the public. Still, the unwaver­ing desire to uphold the honour of the institution has meant that this new generation also depicts the corps as apolitical.Key words: Civil Guard, Transition, public order, citizen security, political violence, militarization.

Police Education in the USA

Abstract Higher education for police has a 100-year history in the USA. Initially, it incorporated both ‘education’ and much of what is now considered ‘training’, out of necessity because police occupational training had yet to be widely implemented. Since the 1960s, though, separate police training institutions and systems have been established throughout the country. In conjunction with this bifurcation of education and training, the dominant higher education model for police became ‘criminal justice’. Over the last 40 years, criminal justice has become a very popular field of study in American colleges and universities, curricula have broadened to include a wide variety of crime and justice topics, and faculty academic credentials have risen to meet and exceed higher education standards. In the process, however, policing has become a smaller and smaller part of the criminal justice educational enterprise. Today, what passes for police education in the USA has very little police in it.

Discipline and Discretionary Power in Policing Homosexuality in Late Imperial St. Petersburg

ABSTRACTThis article explores queer sexual policing in late Imperial St. Petersburg (c.1900–1917). The focus is on the street-level constables who bore the principal responsibility for policing male homosexual offenses in the city’s public and semi-public spaces. This emphasis on the street-level policing of homosexuality contrasts with other discussions of gay urban history and the oppression of queer men by the authorities. The article draws on new evidence from precinct-level police archives to complement and challenge previous discussions of queer sexual policing in the Imperial capital. By taking the fate of queer men in an autocratic city, this article refines our understanding of the ways in which homosexual practices and identities emerged in modern times. Specifically, it builds on Michel Foucault’s descriptions of constables as “arbiters of illegalities,” where the term arbiter suggests rule-based and yet discretionary coercion. Here, the influential model of disciplinary policing of sexuality is complemented by an emphasis on the role of discretionary power in the history of homosexuality.

The State of Public Security in the Reorganised Communes of the Province of Masovia After the Restoration of Police Stations

In the article one can find an analysis of the state of security in respect of the reorganised communes of the Province of Masovia province after the restoration of the police stations. The restoration of police stations is a switch towards a creative model of Policing bringing it closer to the problems of society. It is the model of functioning of the Police based on the philosophy of community policing. Therefore, the article is also an attempt to address the question as to whether the solutions applied have proved to be effective. During the period 2010–2013 in the area of the Masovian garrison 70 police stations were decommissioned in 70 communes. As a consequence of extensive public consultations and as a result of an analysis of recommendations reported concerning reconstruction of Police structures in communes, it was decided to create 9 police stations in the years 2016–2017. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the police stations created, the data analysed referred to the number of investigated crimes, the crime detection rate, the number of police officers in the patrol service and a response time in the supervised area. The statistical data dating from 2013–2016, so from the time when in the area of aforementioned communes police stations did not exist and from the first half-year of 2017 when police stations were functioning again, have been correlated and analysed. The analyses revealed that the state of security has improved. It has been demonstrated that the structural changes implemented in the functioning of Police are very effective in the communes researched. The improvement in the statistical data is not the only positive result of the changes. The most significant improvement is the increased sense of security among the local residents who have an easier access to Police.

COMMUNITY POLICING: WHAT DOES THE MODEL IMPLEMENTED IN A CITY IN THE AGRESTE OF ALAGOAS REVEAL ABOUT PUBLIC SAFETY?

The research addresses the community policing developed at the Brisa do Lago Police Base, located in the city of Arapiraca - Alagoas. Assuming that public safety is a responsibility of all (State and society), Community Policing emerges as a philosophy in which the population and the police work together to identify and seek solutions to solve community problems, with essentially preventive actions. The main objective of the study was to describe how community policing was developed by the Brisa do Lago Police Station in the period from 2012 to 2016. For this purpose, case study was adopted as a method and data was collected using an instrument for a field research which included the visits to the 3rd Military Police Battalion, to the Arapiraca City Hall and to the Brisa do Lago Set, as well as interviews with residents, police officers and community leaders who interacted directly and indirectly at the Base. As the results it was evidenced that the low effective to cover the entire area of the city of Arapiraca was determinant for the closure of the Base, as also the high turnover of police officers and the non-compliance with the guidelines established by the community policing model. Regarding community policing, it was possible to observe that its philosophy was not effectively implemented in that community, being essential a preparation of all the agents involved in this process.

Police Legitimacy and Citizen Cooperation in China: Testing an Alternative Model

Past research has identified several mechanisms of promoting citizen cooperation with the police, with Tyler’s process-based policing model being one of the most frequently tested frameworks in this line of inquiry. Using data collected from a large sample of residents in a large Chinese city, this study assesses an alternative model of Tyler’s work proposed by Tankebe (2013), positing that police legitimacy, embodied in four aspects of procedural justice, distributive justice, effectiveness, and lawfulness, affects people’s obligation to obey the police, which further influences their cooperation with the police. Results from second-order confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling analysis suggested that Tankebe’s work is supported by the Chinese data. Implications for future research and policy are discussed.

Towards Victim-oriented Police? Some Reflections on the Concept and Purpose of Policing and Their Implications for Victim-oriented Police Reform

The global policy drift towards community policing and an enhanced philosophical and practical orientation towards victims of crime has been slow but incrementally successful in some jurisdictions. This article uses a comparative approach to review the different conceptual and theoretical assumptions that underpin thinking about policing to tentatively identify the factors that support victim-oriented police reform. The article draws on evidence from India and Argentina plus England and Wales to assess how different policing models have translated victim-oriented language into practice. It is notable that while police forces across the globe often share a common understanding of police functions, there is less agreement when referring to how to engage with citizens and balancing the broader panoply of policing priorities. Conceptual understandings of policing often contain unarticulated assumptions about how policing should be done, and this partly explains why placing citizenship and victims at the core in rhetorical terms does not always translate into practice. The article concludes with a call for a concerted effort to articulate a clear philosophical and conceptual understanding of victim-oriented policing as an enabler of police reform.

Institutional procedural justice and street procedural justice in Chinese policing: The mediating role of moral alignment

Although the process-based model of policing has been widely tested, research on how procedural justice works within police agencies, particularly its impact on officer willingness to engage in procedurally fair behavior on the street, is relatively scant. Based on survey data collected from Chinese police officers, this study assessed the linkages between internal procedural justice and external procedural justice through the mechanisms of moral alignment with both supervisors and citizens and perceived citizen trustworthiness. Greater internal procedural justice was directly related to higher external procedural justice. Fair supervision helped build up moral alignment between officers and supervisors and between officers and citizens, which in turn led to stronger commitment to fair treatment of the public. Internal procedural justice and moral alignment with citizens also cultivated officers’ perceptions of public trustworthiness, which further strengthened officers’ fair treatment toward the public.

From the Persuasion of Theory to the Certainty of Law

This paper analyses the legal bases of community policing under European Union (EU) law and the national laws of England, France, Germany, Italy, Romania and Portugal. Community policing arguably helps the police achieve efficient policing while respecting the requirements of the rule of law, a founding value of the EU, and can be a form of co-operation between the EU Member States under the EU legal framework for crime prevention. Moreover, the law in the selected jurisdictions supports four elements of the community policing model: (1) the public-police partnership in establishing policing strategies and priorities; (2) the public-police partnership for crime prevention and detection; (3) proactive and preventive policing; and (4) the police as providers of high quality services tailored to improve people’s quality of life. These elements are interrelated and interdependent: their holistic legal articulation is necessary for their effective existence.

Lead unit with clear philosophy

In the 28 years Bob Roberts has been chief of police at West Virginia University, he has led the unit as it more than doubled in size, became the first university department in the state to earn accreditation, gained a K9 unit and a bike patrol, and transitioned to a community policing model.

Internal Procedural Justice, Moral Alignment, and External Procedural Justice in Democratic Policing

Notwithstanding the popularity of the process-based model of policing among social scientists, research on factors that encourage police officers to engage in procedurally fair behavior is relatively scarce. Based on the fair policing from the inside out framework and survey data collected from Taiwan police officers, this study explored the connection between internal procedural justice and external procedural justice through the mechanisms of moral alignment with both supervisors and citizens and perceived citizen trustworthiness. Fair supervision was found to build up moral alignment between officers and supervisors and between officers and citizens, which in turn led to stronger commitment to responsiveness and fair treatment of the public. Internal procedural justice and moral alignment also cultivated officers’ perceptions of public trustworthiness, which similarly strengthened officers’ response and fair treatment toward the public.

Attitudes Toward the Police in Communities Using Different Consolidation Models

Faced with continuing fiscal constraints, a growing number of communities have sought to provide police services in nontraditional ways. While a considerable amount of previous research explores community opinion about the police, no previous work, to our knowledge, focuses on what residents think of these nontraditional models. We surveyed residents in four communities with alternative models of policing: a merged department, two agencies that contracts for services, and a regional agency. We asked residents about their confidence in the police. We found that the type of police model was an important predictor of police confidence, controlling for other traditional measures of attitudes toward the police. We conclude with suggestions for research both on opinion regarding the police generally and among these types of communities specifically.

Theories of police legitimacy – its sources and effects

The review of theories on police legitimacy aims at introducing the subject with a multidisciplinary approach. It quotes criminological, sociological as well as psychological and institutional theories of legitimacy, in order to provide the reader a rich framework, in which the findings of the presented current empirical studies can be evaluated. Police legitimacy is conceived as a social phenomenon, closely related to social norms such as socially constructed police roles and models of policing. The prevailing normative model of police legitimacy in criminology is discussed in greater detail, including critical outlook on procedural fairness as the assumed main source of police empirical legitimacy. Recent findings concerning legal socialization and theories of legitimization myths are high- lighted in order to supplement the micro-level oriented criminological literature on police legitimacy. Possible future pathways of legitimacy research in criminology are discussed.

Algorithmic risk assessment policing models: lessons from the Durham HART model and ‘Experimental’ proportionality

ABSTRACTAs is common across the public sector, the UK police service is under pressure to do more with less, to target resources more efficiently and take steps to identify threats proactively; for example under risk-assessment schemes such as ‘Clare’s Law’ and ‘Sarah’s Law’. Algorithmic tools promise to improve a police force’s decision-making and prediction abilities by making better use of data (including intelligence), both from inside and outside the force. This article uses Durham Constabulary’s Harm Assessment Risk Tool (HART) as a case-study. HART is one of the first algorithmic models to be deployed by a UK police force in an operational capacity. Our article comments upon the potential benefits of such tools, explains the concept and method of HART and considers the results of the first validation of the model’s use and accuracy. The article then critiques the use of algorithmic tools within policing from a societal and legal perspective, focusing in particular upon substantive common law grounds for judicial review. It considers a concept of ‘experimental’ proportionality to permit the use of unproven algorithms in the public sector in a controlled and time-limited way, and as part of a combination of approaches to combat algorithmic opacity, proposes ‘ALGO-CARE’, a guidance framework of some of the key legal and practical concerns that should be considered in relation to the use of algorithmic risk assessment tools by the police. The article concludes that for the use of algorithmic tools in a policing context to result in a ‘better’ outcome, that is to say, a more efficient use of police resources in a landscape of more consistent, evidence-based decision-making, then an ‘experimental’ proportionality approach should be developed to ensure that new solutions from ‘big data’ can be found for criminal justice problems traditionally arising from clouded, non-augmented decision-making. Finally, this article notes that there is a sub-set of decisions around which there is too great an impact upon society and upon the welfare of individuals for them to be influenced by an emerging technology; to an extent, in fact, that they should be removed from the influence of algorithmic decision-making altogether.