Pole Theory Research Articles

De la théorie de la polarisation aux technopoles. Actualité de François Perroux et critique de la Théorie de la localisation

This article deals with a theory elaborated by the french François Perroux in the fifties, the theory of growth poles. In an integrated framework formed by industrial economics and spatial economics, the purpose is to underline two topics : the birth and development of Perroux concept ; the attempt of the english speaking school of growth centers to take over the french theory. We emphasize too that the making of technopoles can be viewed as a partial updating of growth poles. Finally, we find a theoretical link between growth poles and technopoles : the criticism of weberian location theory.

Recent theoretical advances in small-angle electron scattering

Two recently developed methodologies for small-angle, including zero, electron scattering are presented briefly and applied to various atomic and molecular transitions. The first is the momentum dispersion method of Haffad et al. (1996) which is based on Regge pole theory; it uses the analytical continuation of the generalized oscillator strength (GOS) function to obtain the small angle, including zero, data from their more reliably determined larger angular measurements. The second method is the forward scattering function of Avdonina et al. (1997) which employs only the optical oscillator strength as input; it describes a unique path to reach the Lassettre limit without traversing the nonphysical region and provides a stringent test of both theory and measurement at zero scattering angles. Combined, these methods are also effective in normalizing the measured relative electron differential cross-sections (DCSs). Electron impact excitation DCSs for H, He, Na, Xe, F 2, SF 6 and N 2 are investigated through the GOSs to demonstrate the power and versatility of the methods to analyze small-angle electron impact data and identify spurious behavior. The results cover the energy range from near threshold to the first Born Approximation limit; in particular, for He 1 1S–2 1P 0 the most recent measurements are compatible with the forward scattering function.

Computation of the effective dielectric constant of two-component, three-dimensional mixtures using a simple pole expansion method

Bergman and Milton proved that the effective dielectric constant or conductivity of a two-component composite material is a function of the ratio of the dielectric constants or conductivities of the components which can be described by a series of simple poles and residues. These poles and residues are determined only by the microgeometry of the composite. In this study, we use a simplified three-dimensional Fourier series expansion method to locate the poles and residues for simple cubic, body-centered, and face-centered lattices in different concentrations. Comparison between the simple pole theory and the Fourier series expansion method shows a good agreement.

The Role of Petrochemical Industries in Regional Development in Eastern and Medina Districts in Saudi Arabia, An Evaluated Study of Yanbu and Jubail Project on Light of Growth Pole Theory

The Role of Petrochemical Industries in Regional Development in Eastern and Medina Districts in Saudi Arabia, An Evaluated Study of Yanbu and Jubail Project on Light of Growth Pole Theory

Technology policies and the growth of regions: Evidence from four countries

Since the 1980s, industrialized governments have established policies at the national level to increase economic growth through technology development. This approach is problematic because most high-tech industrial development is regional. There is little consideration of the relationship between technology policy and the growth and development of high-tech regions. This study evaluates the influence of government technology policies on the development of selected high-tech regions in four leading industrialized nations - the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and Japan. Government policy is shown to affect high-tech regions in various ways. In general, technology policy is directed to technological competencies, which hinders effort to achieve regional balance. Policies can have spatial or aspatial effects. Several theories for regional growth and development are identified: the milieu approach, growth pole theory, product-cycle hypothesis, flexible production and specialization theory, location factor, long-wave theory of development, and industrial district approach. Each approach has strengths and weaknesses, but none take sufficient consideration of government influence on development of high-tech regions. With this background, the analysis uses a combination of case studies and cross-sectional analysis to investigate the specific causes of creation and development of high-tech regions and to evaluate the role of technology policies. Seven case studies were conducted for the U.S., U.K., Germany, and Japan -- countries characterized by above-average growth. Fourteen determinants of high-tech employment were used to find determinants of the high-tech endowment of regions of a country in terms of jobs and businesses. Found that no single determinant is universally important, although government R&D activity does considerably affect regions. The main factors are a nation's technology policy and its R&D infrastructure. There is a positive correlation between high-tech employment and federal R&D expenditures, as well as between city size and high-tech employment. Publicly influenced high-tech regions can be government-led, government-facilitated, or government-dependent. Finally, a regional model was developed that resembled Michael Porter's system of determinants of national competitiveness. Concluded that a specific set of determinants account for high-tech regional development. Importantly, found that the regional impact of R&D policies are often unintended, and may actually contradict the explicit policy goals (for example, aiding backward regions) behind them. Implications for future policy are suggested. (TNM)

On the non-radial oscillations of a star. IV An application of the theory of Regge poles

It is shown how the flow of energy in the form of gravitational radiation, through a star in non-radial oscillations, can be determined by a suitable adaptation of Regge’s theory of potential scattering in the quantum theory. While the resonant scattering of axial gravitational waves can be treated by Regge’s theory, essentially, in its original form, the treatment of the resonant scattering of polar gravitational waves requires a generalization of the theory beyond its standard range and the incorporation of a ‘flux integral’ derived from independent considerations. Illustrative examples of the applications of the theory are provided.

Urban Systems Theory and Third World Development: A Review

: Spatial planning has played a role in third world development since the 1960s. During most of the 1970s, the dominant spatial development strategy was drawn from growth pole and growth centers theory. By the end of the decade, agropolitan development concepts, such as USAID's integrated rural development strategy, became influential. In the last several years, small and midsized cities or market centers have become the focus of attention. This paper reviews the spatial systems logic drawn upon to legitimize each of these strategies. It is argued that development models based on the hypothetical relationships posited to exist in a mature capitalist urban economic system are inappropriate in most third world countries.

Growth pole policy in Poland and the Lenin steel-works

Post-war Polish development has been based, in effect, on a growth pole theory. Rooted in neoclassical economic thought, this theory has been remarkably stable. Despite successive political and economic reforms, regional economic theory and development practice remain essentially unchanged. The Lenin Steel-works in Kraków-Nowa Huta is testimony to this. The plant was located, built, staffed and operated with Soviet assistance, using technology imported from the U.S.S.R. Its operation and expansion appears to have followed Soviet practice. Intended to transform the economy and social structure of the city of Kraków, the steel-works has failed to achieve more than the most basic of the original development goals. Instead, it has spawned many local economic, social and ecological problems. Despite this, the steel-works' management and central authorities still adhere to a traditional socialist development model. Local town planners and researchers have criticized post-war development theory and practice, but have yet to develop theoretical or practical alternatives. In the short term, current reforms are unlikely to generate major changes. Up to now, the steel-works' management and municipal authorities have lacked self-determination, and have been obliged to meet centrally-determined directives under severe constraints. They have competed for the same limited funds and resources. However, they are natural allies. If they combined their forces, they could become a powerful instrument for local change.

Growth determinants in the core-periphery of Korea.

"This article describes the emergent spatial dispersion pattern of the urban system of the Republic of Korea, where the government has instituted a strong decentralization policy. Intraregional decentralization is underway within the core area, while intraregional polarization towards larger regional centers is evident in periphery areas. Through the use of step-wise regression analysis, determinants of the differential growth rates of urban centers in the core and periphery are identified. The different spatial development processes operating in the core and periphery have implications for growth pole theory and regional development planning."

An Inquiry into the Causes of Increasing Regional Income Inequality in the United States

This paper explores alternative theoretical explanations of empirical evidence of increasing regional income inequality in the United States since the mid-1970s. Analysis indicates that conventional regional growth theories, including the neoclassical, export base, cumulative causation, and growth pole theories, explain increasing regional inequality by resorting to exogenous forces. Although each of the theories contains key relationships that provide a partial explanation of unbalanced growth and regional inequality, none of them is complete. The theory of long waves, long used in the study of economic cycles, then is examined. Key relationships contained in each of the regional growth theories are synthesized with the long wave explanation to generate a more complete theory of unbalanced regional growth and an endogenous explanation of increasing regional inequality.

Accurate evaluation of quantal saddles and Regge pole positions and residues for calculation of elastic differential cross section by the Prüfer phase function method

The Prüfer phase function method for calculation of differential cross section by Regge pole theory is described and tested. The approach provides a procedure for exact quantal calculation of Regge pole positions and residues, quantum saddles and other quantities required for evaluation of the differential cross section to virtually any desired accuracy and with realistic error control. Applications to a complex optical potential and to rainbow scattering are presented.

Loca1 Development Policy in the 1980s

Mainstream local development policy in the 1980s is moving towards practices that are undemocratic and rest on an inadequate theoretical base. The increasingly popular concept of a public-private partnership is institutionalizing corporate domination over local government policy. This corporate domination is reflected in local policy trends towards reduced government regulation of business, antiunion practices, and efforts to transform the urban environment to meet the needs of corporate accumulation. These problems are compounded by the inadequate theoretical basis of mainstream policies, which are based on neoclassical theories of location and comparative advantage and on a revival of uneven development and growth pole theories of the 1 950s and 1960s. These theories, and the policies they inform, are ill-suited to deal with the new forms of spatial and internal organization being adopted by corporations in response to a new international division of labor. These deficiencies in theory and policy suggest that there are areas where leftist or alternative policies that promote a more democratically controlled local economy might be applied.

Substate and SMSA Personal Income Inequality and Regional Development

The growth pole theory offers one explanation for observable patterns of regional development, including income inequality. This paper examines income inequality within a growth pole context testing whether growth poles are a necessary or merely sufficient condition for regional development.

Gain and bandwidth characteristics of a variable-gain, actively neutralized bipolar differential pair

The gain and bandwidth characteristics of a neutralized bipolar differential pair are analyzed, and results are compared with measurements performed on three integrated circuit test cells. A simple two-port model of the neutralized pair is derived through application of signal flow and dominant pole theories. This model is fully capable of predicting gain and 3-dB bandwidth as a function of a bias current applied to control gain magnitude.

Polos de crecimiento: ¿están muertos?

In the essay Growth Poles: are they dead?, Sergio Boisier points out the decreasing interest observed -in international seminars as well as in the english and spanish specialized literature- on growth pole theory as the basis for regional development strategies. In spite of this, the author sustains that this theory is still strongly influencing both, current regional development strategies and academic discussion in the field. In the light og these observations the purpose of the article is to present a synthesized review of the state of the art on growth pole theory and to inquire about today's relevance for the theory. In relation to the later question his conclusion is that growth pole theory in practice is not dead but that undoubtedly has experimented deep metamorphosis. The review of the theory lead to raise the following conclusions: a) as far as present development styles continue alive it seems that there are no clear alternatives to formulate regional development strategies based on other foundations than polarized development; b) polarized development theory contains ideological elements which are congruent with such styles. However, from the point of view of its translation to policies or strategies, those elements have only a relative weight; c) the implementation of classical versions of polarized development strategies -based in a sole activity- can only be applied in regions with diversified economic structures; d) in all other cases a strategy of polarized development should involve the introduction of an activities-matrix in the region; and e) in all cases the confrontation between the inductive effects of the pole and the inter-industrial regional structure constitutes a key element of both theory and strategy.

A CATASTROPHE MODEL OF REGIONAL DYNAMICS∗

Shifts of population and jobs out of the snow belt and into the sun belt are currently in progress in the United States. Many aspects of these shifts constitute a reversal of long-run trends conventionally explained in terms of “growth inertia’ concepts, such as the ones incorporated in cumulative causation and growth pole theories. The model discussed in this paper focuses upon the switch of regional economies from growth to deeline, or vice-versa, that are exemplified by these shifts. Catastrophe theory concepts and formalisms account for sudden transitions between growth and decline produced by smooth transitions of systemic variables past critical thresholds.

Urban-Regional Development Diffusion and Personal Income Inequality

Previous research has proposed an inverted U-shaped of income inequality in the development process. The argument is that income inequality follows an increasing, decreasing, then increasing again pattern during the development process. The objective of this paper is to investigate the inverted U-shaped hypothesis within the context of growth poles. Growth pole theory, which emphasizes the importance of urban areas in regional development, offers one explanation for this phenomenon.

Complex angular momentum analysis of diffraction scattering in atomic collisions

The application of complex angular momentum techniques to diffraction scattering in elastic atom–atom collisions is investigated. Two different semiclassical methods have been used. In the first method, complex saddle points associated with the semiclassical integral representation for the scattering amplitude are employed. The second method is the Regge pole approach to elastic scattering. The first calculations are reported in which the semiclassical uniform Airy approximation using complex angular momenta has been applied to the dark side of a rainbow. Good agreement with partial wave results is obtained for the uniform Airy and Regge pole theories, with the Regge pole approach the easier to apply. The accuracy of the transitional Airy and primitive semiclassical approximations has also been studied. The effect of neglecting the scattering from the repulsive core of the potential is investigated. This case arises in the elastic scattering of chemically reactive systems when strong absorption is present. In addition, the effect on diffraction scattering of damping out the attractive part of a Lennard-Jones potential has ben studied until just the repulsive core remains.

Regional inequality in the development of Pakistan

This study evaluates the impact of Pakistan's development policies on regional development, using multi-variate statistical techniques of analysis. Regional economic development policies were inspired by the growth pole theory, but the centralized sectoral planning processes, relying on the market mechanism on the one hand and controlled fiscal and monetary policies on the other, have increased interregional development inequalities. The growth pole planning strategies have stimulated very little development in the lagging areas, especially agricultural development. Future planning strategies need to be divised that will assure development advances in Pakistan's backward regions.

A one-potential formulation of the quantum field theory of magnetic poles

We formulate a new approach to the quantum field theory of electric and magnetic charges. Its advantages relative to existing formulations are that (a) it is a one-potential lagrangian one, (b) it has a canonical structure and (c) it representys a natural generalization of Dirac's quantum mechanical theory to field theory. Our formulation is non-local in coordinate space, but yields Feynman rules that are local in momentum space.