Pod Meal Research Articles

Mesquite pod meal in diets for lactating goats

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects inclusion of 0%, 33.3%, 66.7% and 100% natural matter (NM) of mesquite pod meal (MPM), in substitution of corn, on the intake, digestibility and feeding behavior of lactating Saanen goats. The forage:concentrate ratio in the diet was 40:60, using elephant grass silage as a forage source. Eight adult lactating goats with about 60 days in milk and weighting 50 kg were divided into two 4 × 4 latin squares and four 17-day experimental periods. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrient (TDN) intakes were not influenced by MPM levels. Ether extract (0.51; 0.34; 0.36; 0.20 kg/day) and non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) (0.54; 0.53; 0.49; 0.36 kg/day) intakes showed a linear effect with increased MPM. Organic matter (OM) and NDF intakes presented a quadratic behavior. The maximum OM intake was estimated with the replacement of 40.5%. The maximum estimated intakes for NDF were 0.665 kg/day and 14.8 g/kg body weight, with a replacement close to 60%. Nutrient digestibility coefficients and TDN levels (655.0 g/kg) were not affected, except for NFC. The time spent eating, ruminating and idle was not influenced by the addition of MPM. The feeding rate of DM had a linear decrease which reflected the intake restriction. Corn replacement with MPM should not exceed 40.5%, although its total replacement does not interfere with the intake of DM, CP and TDN on the apparent digestibility of nutrients and most ingestive behavior parameters.

Manipulation of ruminal fermentation and methane production by supplementation of rain tree pod meal containing tannins and saponins in growing dairy steers

Four rumen-fistulated dairy steers were used in a 2×2 factorial arrangement in a 4×4 Latin square design. The main factors were two roughage-to-concentrate ratios (R:C, 60:40 and 40:60) and two supplementation levels of rain tree pod meal (RPM) [0 or unsupplemented and 60g/kg of total dry matter (DM) intake]. Chopped 30g/kg of urea-treated rice straw was used as a roughage source. All animals received dietary according to respective R:C ratios at 25g/kg body weight. The RPM contained condensed tannins and crude saponins at 84 and 143g/kg of DM respectively. It was found that total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and propionate concentrations were increased (p<0.01), while acetate concentration, acetate-to-propionate ratio, CH4 production and protozoal numbers were decreased (p<0.01) when steers were supplemented with RPM and 600g/kg of concentrate. Allantoin excretion was found different by both R:C ratio and supplementation of RPM, with the highest value at R:C of 40:60 with 60g/kg RPM (123.6mmol/day) (p<0.05). Allantoin absorption and microbial crude protein were increased (p<0.05) with an increasing concentrate ratio. Moreover, efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was increased (p<0.05) by feeding a higher ratio of concentrate (R:C 40:60) and supplementation of RPM. Based on this study, it is suggested that supplementation of RPM was beneficial for dairy cows fed on high roughage ratio, which could improved rumen fermentation by reducing fermentation gas loss, thus improving VFA profiles and thus enhancing efficiency of microbial protein synthesis.

Acacia (Samanea Saman (JACK) MERR) Pods as Feeds for Broilers

This study was conducted to determine the performance of broilers fed with 0% to 35% Samanea saman (JACK) MERR pod meal in the formulated rations in terms of gain in weight, feed consumption, feed conversion efficiency, dressing percentage, per cent liver weight and profit above feed cost. Samanea saman (JACK) MERR pods were dried for 3-5 days, ground then mixed with the other feed ingredients to produce isocaloric and isonitrogenous rations. Commercial mash served as the control. Based from the results of the study, Samanea saman (JACK) MERR pod meal at 0% to 35% of the formulated rations produced comparable gain in weight, feed consumption, feed conversion efficiency, dressing percentage, liver weight and profit above feed cost of birds. Results also revealed that the performance of birds fed with the formulated rations were comparable to the performance of birds fed with commercial ration. Samanea saman (JACK) MERR pod meal could therefore substitute corn in broiler rations.

Farelo da vagem de algaroba associado a níveis de ureia na alimentação de ovinos: balanço de nitrogênio, N-ureico no plasma e parâmetros ruminais

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of including urea in diets containing mesquite pod meal on nitrogen balance, plasma urea-N and ruminal parameters. Eight gelded males, with mean weight of 33.5 kg, were divided into two 4 x 4 Latin squares. Treatments consisted of following urea levels in diet: 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of total dry matter. The diet was provided as total diet a 40:60 forage: concentrate ratio based on total diet DM. Total urine and feces were collected and nitrogen excretion was determined. Blood was collected, followed by plasma extraction and quantification of urea nitrogen. To evaluate pH and ammonia-N in rumen fluid, four rumen fistulated animals were used . Intake of N (31.68 g day-1) and losses through feces (7.94 g day-1) and urine (9.95 g day-1) did not change. The concentrations of ammonia-N and plasma urea-N increased linearly. Rumen pH was similar among treatments. The inclusion of urea does not influence the nitrogen balance, but increases the concentrations of rumen ammonia-N and urea nitrogen in plasma, which may influence energy expenditure in the body.

Agroindustrial byproducts in diets for Nile tilapia juveniles

This study was conducted to evaluate performance and body composition of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed diets containing byproducts aerial parts of cassava meal (Manihot esculenta), mesquite pod meal (Prosopis juliflora), cocoa meal (Theobroma cacao) and palm kernel cake (Elaeis guineensis) and to analyze the economic viability of the feed. A total of 1,350 juvenile males (100 g) were distributed in 15 cages (1 m3) in completely randomized design with five treatments (basal diet and four test diets) and three replicates. The following aspects were evaluated: final weight, total feed intake, total weight gain, feed conversion, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and survival rate, dry matter, crude protein, fat and ash body, the average cost of feed per kilogram of weight gain and economic efficiency rate. No differences were observed for total consumption of food or survival rate. For other variables, the inclusion of cocoa and cassava meal impaired fish performance. No differences were observed for dry matter, crude protein and body ash. The lower body fat accumulation was recorded for the tilapia fed palm kernel cake. The best economic indicators were found to diets containing palm kernel cake. The byproducts evaluated can be used up to 150 g/kg in feed formulation, providing good performance and economic rate for Nile tilapia.

Santa Inês sheep supplementation on urochloa grass pasture during the dry season: intake, nutrient digestibility and performance

This study was conducted with the objective of evaluating the effect of concentrate supplementation, formulated with different ingredients (Mesquite pod meal, sorghum meal or wheat meal and mineral supplementation) on performance, intake and digestibility of nutrients in Santa Inês lambs grazing on urochloa grass during the dry season. Twenty-four uncastrated weaned Santa Inês sheep, with average body weight (BW) 20±2 kg with an average of 120 days of age were used in the assay. The experiment lasted 75 days. The animals grazing deferred Urochloa grass (Urochloa mosambicensis (Hack) Daudy) were distributed into four treatments consisting of mineral supplementation provided ad libitum and concentrated supplements containing mesquite pod meal, sorghum meal or wheat meal, supplied 10 g /kg BW on dry matter basis. The intakes of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) were affected by the intake of concentrate supplement, regardless of the ingredients used in the supplements, compared with the mineral supplementation treatment, since the consumption of forage was reduced in 30% with mesquite pod meal supplement, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake was not affected in relation to treatments. The digestibility of DM and CP were higher for treatments with supplements, and NDF digestibility did not differ between treatments. A significant difference was observed in the values of average daily gain for the treatments with concentrate supplementation compared with the one of mineral supplementation. The supplementation with concentrate in grazing enables improvement of performance, intake and digestibility of nutrients regardless of the ingredient used in the supplement.

Influence of Rain Tree Pod Meal Supplementation on Rice Straw Based Diets Using In vitro Gas Fermentation Technique.

The objective of this study was to determine the roughage to concentrate (R:C) ratio with rain tree pod meal (RPM) supplementation on in vitro fermentation using gas production technique. The experiment design was a 6×4 factorial arrangement in a CRD. Factor A was 6 levels of R:C ratio (100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80 and 0:100) and factor B was 4 levels of RPM (0, 4, 8 and 12 mg). It was found that gas kinetic, extent rate (c) was linearly increased (p<0.01) with an increasing level of concentrate while cumulative gas production (96 h) was higher in R:C of 40:60. In addition, interaction of R:C ratio and RPM level affected NH3-N and IVDMD and were highest in R:C of 0:100 with 0, 4 mg of RPM and 40:60 with 8 mg of RPM, respectively. Moreover, interaction of R:C ratio and RPM level significantly increased total volatile fatty acids and propionate concentration whereas lower acetate, acetate to propionate ratios and CH4 production in R:C of 20:80 with 8 mg of RPM. Moreover, the two factors, R:C ratio and RPM level influenced the protozoal population and the percentage of methanogens in the total bacteria population. In addition, the use of real-time PCR found that a high level of concentrate in the diet remarkably decreased three cellulolytic bacteria numbers (F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens and R. albus). Based on this study, it is suggested that the ratio of R:C at 40:60 and RPM level at 12 mg could improve ruminal fluid fermentation in terms of reducing fermentation losses, thus improving VFA profiles and ruminal ecology.

Comportamento ingestivo de ovinos alimentados com farelo da vagem de algaroba associado a níveis de ureia

The goal of this work was to evaluate the use of urea in diets containing mesquite pod meal on the intake behavior of sheep. Treatments consisted of the following urea levels in diet: 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of total dry matter. Eight gelded males, with mean weight of 33.5 kg, were used in an experimental design with two 4 x 4 Latin squares. Evaluation occurred at the 17th and 18th experiment day, by recording feeding, rumination and resting time. Three periods were used (10 a.m. to 12 p.m., 2 to 4 p.m. and 6 to 8 p.m.) to record the number of chewing times per cud and time spent. Feeding (317.19 min.) and rumination time (468.59 min.), total chewing time (13.10h day-1), time spent for chewing per cud (47.09 s), number of chewing per cud (60.65) and per day (36,209.15), as well as feeding and rumination efficiency, were not affected by urea levels in diet. Intake behavior of sheep is not influenced by up to 1.5% urea in diets containing mesquite pod meal.

Farelo da vagem de algaroba em dietas para cabras lactantes: parâmetros ruminais e síntese de proteína microbiana

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da adição de farelo da vagem de algaroba (0; 33,3; 66,7 e 100%) em substituição ao fubá de milho sobre a excreção de derivados de purina, estimada com coleta total de urina, e sobre os parâmetros ruminais (pH, amônia e ácidos graxos voláteis) de cabras em lactação. Utilizaram-se oito cabras adultas lactantes distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos 4 × 4 e alimentadas com dietas isoproteicas, compostas de 40% de silagem de capim-elefante e 60% de concentrado. Não houve efeito significativo da adição de farelo da vagem de algaroba sobre os parâmetros ruminais. O pH manteve-se em faixa adequada, entre 6,85 e 7,03, e a concentração média de nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal foi de 6,97 mg de N/100 mL de fluido ruminal. As concentrações de acetato e propionato variaram de 9,47 a 10,54 e de 4,79 a 6,58 mM, respectivamente. As excreções (mmol/dia) de alantoína, ácido úrico, xantinahipoxantina, a quantidade (mmol/dia) de purinas absorvidas, o fluxo intestinal (g/dia) de nitrogênio microbiano e a eficiência de síntese microbiana (PM/kg NDT) apresentaram resposta linear negativa à substituição do fubá de milho pelo farelo da vagem de algaroba. A estimativa da síntese de proteína microbiana em cabras deve ser calculada pela excreção de derivados de purinas a partir de equações obtidas com caprinos.

Efeito tóxico de alimentos alternativos para abelhas Apis mellifera

Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de avaliar a existência de efeito tóxico em alimentos protéicos alternativos fornecidos para abelhas Apis mellifera. Medindo-se o tempo médio de mortalidade e o índice de mortalidade de abelhas confinadas, avaliou-se a existência de efeito tóxico do: (a) feno das folhas de mandioca (Manihot esculenta); (b) feno das folhas de leucena (Leucaena leococephala); (c) farinha de vagem de algaroba (Prosopis juliflora); (d) farinha de vagem de bordão-de-velho (Pithecellobium cf. saman); (e) farelo de babaçu (Orbygnia martiana) e (f) sucedâneo do leite para bezerros da marca Purina®. O tempo médio de mortalidade variou de 4,46 a 11,74 e o índice de mortalidade variou de 4,58 a 12,80. Durante o experimento, obsevou-se que as abelhas alimentadas com farinha de bordão-de-velho ficavam envoltas em uma crosta de alimento, morrendo asfixiadas posteriormente. Os resultados demonstraram que a farinha de bordão-de-velho não deve ser fornecida às abelhas. Não foi observado efeito tóxico nos demais alimentos estudados.

The value of Acacia brevispica and Leucaena leucocephala seedpods as dry season supplements for calves in dry areas of Kenya

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the feed value of Acacia (Acacia brevispica) andLeucaena (Leucaena leucocephala seedpods (whole fruit) during the dry season. In Experiment 1, treatment diets were Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay (control) and the hay supplemented with either Acacia or Leucaena seedpod meal. In Experiment 2, maasai lovegrass (Eragrostis superba) hay (control) was offered alone or with a supplement of Leucaena seedpod meal. In Experiment 1, calves supplemented with Leucaena meal had higher gain (486 g d-1) than the control (239 g d-1) or those receiving Acacia pod meal (250 g d-1). In Experiment 2, calves on Leucaenameal had higher gains (559 g d-1) than the control (276 g d-1) confirming the results obtained in Experiment 1. Seedpods of A. brevispica contained only 65% of their seeds, resulting in a lower digestible energy concentration than Leucaena seedpods. These data confirm that cattle productivity can be increased if pods of L. leucocephala are collected during periods of abundance, stored and used as supplements for growing calves. Key words: Acacia, Leucaena, seedpods, grass hay, calf weight gain.

Desenvolvimento de colônias de abelhas com diferentes alimentos protéicos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de produtos regionais do Nordeste na alimentação de colônias de abelhas (Apis mellifera), em um período de escassez de floradas. Foram fornecidas dietas às abelhas, contendo 20% de proteína bruta, à base de feno de mandioca (Manihot esculenta) e farinha de vagem de algaroba (Prosopis juliflora), feno de mandioca e farelo de babaçu (Orbygnia martiana), farelo de babaçu e Purilac (sucedâneo para bezerros da marca Purina) e pólen apícola de Palmae. As colônias foram analisadas quanto ao peso e às áreas de alimento e cria. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre os tratamentos em relação às áreas de cria. Apesar de a pasta com pólen ser a mais consumida, este alimento mostrou conversão alimentar menor do que as demais dietas fornecidas. As colônias que receberam pasta de feno de mandioca com farelo de babaçu tiveram maior peso final. Todos os alimentos mostraram-se eficientes na manutenção das colônias.

Energia metabolizável de ingredientes determinada com codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

O experimento um foi realizado para determinar a energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) de nove alimentos utilizando codornas japonesas em crescimento. No experimento dois, objetivou-se comparar formulações de rações utilizando EMAn do milho e do farelo de soja determinada para frangos de corte e poedeiras, com aquelas determinadas com codornas com 22 a 27 dias de idade e 65 dias de idade. No experimento um, foram utilizadas 400 codornas em crescimento recebendo uma dieta basal (DB) e nove misturas compostas por 70% da DB + 30% dos alimentos testes, totalizando dez tratamentos, cada um com quatro repetições de dez aves. No experimento dois, 160 codornas européias em postura receberam três tratamentos durante três períodos de 15 dias de duração, com doze repetições de cinco aves. Os valores de EMA e EMAn (kcal/kg) determinados para os alimentos de origem vegetal foram, respectivamente, 3.340 e 3.354 para o milho moído, 2.718 e 2.456 para o farelo de soja, 3.453 e 3.084 para a soja integral extrusada, 1.624 e 1.593 para o farelo de trigo, 4.558 e 3.992 para o farelo de glúten de milho, 3.329 e 3.378 para a farinha de mandioca e 1.238 e 1.223 para a farinha integral da vagem de algaroba e para os alimentos de origem animal, respectivamente, de 2874 e 2453 para a farinha de peixe e 3090 e 2791 para a farinha de vísceras. A EMAn do milho e do farelo de soja estimada com codornas não melhorou o consumo, produção, peso e conversão por massa de ovos, validando o uso da energia desses ingredientes determinada com frangos de corte e poedeiras para compor rações para codornas.

Valores energéticos e efeitos da inclusão da farinha integral da vagem de algaroba (Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) D.C.) em rações de poedeiras comerciais

Um ensaio de metabolismo foi realizado para determinar os valores de EMV e EMVn da farinha integral de vagem de algaroba (FVA) com galos cecectomizados, utilizando o método Sibbald. Um experimento de desempenho foi realizado para avaliar os efeitos da inclusão da FVA em níveis de 0; 5; 10; 15; 20; 25; e 30% em rações peletizada e farelada para poedeiras comerciais. No experimento 1, foram obtidos valores de EMV e EMVn de 2819 e 2806 kcal, respectivamente, enquanto a FVA apresentou cinco vezes mais celulose e quatro vezes mais lignina em comparação com o milho. No experimento 2, verificou-se que a peletização aumentou o peso vivo, peso dos ovos e da clara e a porcentagem de clara e reduziu a porcentagem de gema. O nível de 30% da FVA reduziu o peso e a massa de ovos e piorou a conversão alimentar, em comparação ao tratamento controle. Houve efeito quadrático do nível da FVA (como efeito principal) sobre o consumo de ração, a produção de ovos, massa de ovos, conversão alimentar por massa e porcentagens de casca, clara e gema. O consumo da FVA cresceu linearmente nas rações peletizada e farelada em resposta ao seu aumento na ração. A inclusão da FVA até 13,6%, em substituição ao milho, em rações isoprotéicas e isoenergéticas não afetou adversamente o desempenho de poedeiras comerciais.

Uso da Farinha Integral da Vagem de Algaroba (Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) D.C.) na Alimentação de Codornas Japonesas

Um experimento foi realizado para testar a inclusão da farinha integral de vagem de algaroba (FVA) nos níveis de 0; 5; 10; 15; 20 e 25% na alimentação de codornas japonesas. Foram utilizadas 216 codornas com 160 dias de idade e peso vivo de 189 g, distribuídas num delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. As variáveis estudadas foram obtidas em três períodos de 21 dias. O consumo e a massa de ovos do tratamento controle foram superiores aos do tratamento com 25% de FVA. Excluindo-se o controle, o consumo de ração, produção de ovos, massa de ovos e conversão por massa de ovos foram afetadas de forma quadrática pelos níveis de inclusão de FVA. Recomenda-se a inclusão de FVA em até 15% ou 150 g/kg em rações isoenergéticas e isoprotéicas sem afetar, adversamente, o desempenho de codornas.

The nutritional value of Piliostigma thonninghii (Mutukutu, Monkey bread) pods as a feed supplement for communal cattle in Zimbabwe

Piliostigma thonninghii pod samples obtained from two different communal areas of Zimbabwe (Kadoma and Gutu) throughout the 1993 dry season revealed that once mature there was no marked decline in the quality of the pod over the dry season. Chemical analyses on the P. thonninghii pod meal (PTPM) showed that it contained 919 dry matter (DM) per kg, 78.4 crude protein (CP), 230 crude fibre (CF), 446 neutral detergent fibre (NDF), 32.3 ether extract (EE), 47.9 crude ash (all expressed in g/kg DM) and 21.4 MJ gross energy (GE)/kg DM. Hence PTPM was found to be low in nitrogen but high in NDF. The in vivo DM, CP and NDF degradability patterns of PTPM and crushed maize meal (CMM; 21.3 MJ GE/kg) were assessed in four Holstein–Friesian steers (450 ± 20 kg) using the nylon bag technique. The effective degradability ( k = 0.05/h) for PTPM (33.4% DM, 29.8% CP and 18.9% NDF) were lower than those of CMM (46.1% DM, 40.8% CP and 27.7% NDF). PTPM had a much lower potential DM degradability than CMM, and will therefore, have lower nutritive value. However, PTPM could be a useful feed supplement to communal cattle grazing poor quality forage during the tropical dry season.

Proximate composition and biological activity of food plants gathered by chilean Amerindians

The proximate composition and biological activity of food plants and mushrooms gathered by Chilean Amerindians were assessed. The gathered plants served primarily as sources of carbohydrates with highest values for Dioscorea tubers, Prosopis alba pods meal and Bromus catharticus seeds. The mushrooms Clavaria coralloides and Boletus loyus proved to be the best protein sources in our survey, but deficient in the amino acids methionine and cysteine. Some extracts of the plants and mushrooms under study showed biological activity as free radical scavengers, enzyme inhibitors, hypotensive or DNA binding effect. Free radical scavenging activity was detected in Cryptocarya alba fruit extract, while Typha angustifolia showed a strong DNA binding effect at 0.50 mg/ml. Methanolic extracts of the Apiaceae species Sanicula graveolens and Apium australe were moderately active as β-glucuronidase inhibitors at 50 fig/ml.

Determination of Chemical Composition of Carob (Ceratonia siliqua): Protein, Fat, Carbohydrates, and Tannins

Carob pod, germ, and seed were analyzed for moisture, ash, protein, fat, carbohydrates, and particularly for their tannin content. Recovery of tannins as affected by various solvent extraction systems was investigated. Carob pod meal contained high levels of carbohydrates (45%), appreciable amounts of protein (3%), and low levels of fat (0.6%). Germ and seed meal contained more fat and less carbohydrates compared to the carob pod. Seventy percent acetone was the most effective solvent for the extraction and recovery of tannins. Carob pod contains a mean value of 19 mg of total polyphenols/g, 2.75 mg of condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins)/g, 0.95 mg of hydrolysable tannins (gallo- and ellagitannins)/g. Germ contained higher concentration of total polyphenols (40.8 mg/g) and tannins (16.2 mg of condensed tannins/g and 2.98 mg of hydrolysable tannins/g) while only traces of these compounds were detected in carob seed.

Apparent digestibility of crude protein and gross energy in some plant and animal-based feedstuffs by Clarias isheriensis (Siluriformes: Clariidae) (Sydenham 1980)

Apparent digestibility coefficient (ACD) of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy of white fish meal, blood meal, poultry by-product meal, hydrolysed feather meal, shrimp head meal, meat and bone meal, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, peanut meal, yellow maize, corn starch, cassava meal, sorghum, rice bran and cocoa pod meal were determined for Clarias isheriensis (47.5–51.2 g) fed to satiation with diets containing each test feedstuff in a 30:70 mixture with a reference diet, and chromium oxide as an indicator using the dissection technique. ADCprotein values ranged from 50 to 93 % while ADCenergy ranged from 42 to 98 %. Protein and energy content of animal or plant feed-stuffs were equally digestible to C. isheriensis.

Carob pod (Ceratonia siliqua) meal in geese diets.

1. The apparent and true metabolisable energy values of carob pods meal for geese were measured to be 6.1 MJ/kg and 6.6 MJ/kg respectively. 2. Performance from 5 to 12 weeks was examined in geese fed on four diets containing 0, 100, 200 and 300 g/kg of carob pods meal. 3. The inclusion of carob pods meal up to 200 g/kg in geese diets did not affect the performance. 4. At 300 g/kg performance was highly depressed. 5. The digestibility of protein in the diets decreased linearly with an increase in the level of inclusion of carob pods meal. 6. The length of small intestine, large intestine and caeca and the weight of gizzard expressed per kg of body weight increased with an increase in the level of carob pods meal, which is rich in fibre, in the diets.