POC Concentrations Research Articles

KAJIAN PEMBERIAN SISA PENGGILINGAN PADI DAN PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN VEGETATIF TANAMAN SAWI HIJAU (Brassica juncea L.)

<p>Green mustard plants (Brassica rapa var. Parachinensis L.) are plants that have a source of vitamins and minerals. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the concentration of rice grinder and liquid organic fertilizer on the vegetative growth of mustard greens (Brassica juncea L.), to determine the effect of a mixture of Giving POC with plant growth on mustard plants and to determine the effect of a combination of POC and planting media mixture on the growth of mustard plants. This research was conducted in February to May 2020, Jalan Ekarasmi gg. ekanusa in the Kelurahan Gedung Johor, Medan Johor District, Medan City with a height of ± 30 m above sea level using a Random Factorial design consisting of 2 factors and 3 replications. The results showed that the POC concentration did not show a significant effect on plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, wet weight and chlorophyll of mustard plants, but visually the highest results were obtained at P2 treatment (30 cc / L water ) followed by P1 (15 cc / L water) and the lowest in P0 treatment (without POC), the planting media mixture showed a very significant effect on plant height at 7 and 14 HST and had no significant effect on all other observation variables. The highest yield was obtained in the treatment of M0 (Top Soil Soil) followed by M1 (Top Soil and Rice Husk Mixture) and M3 (Top Soil and Rice bran Mixture) and the lowest in M2 (Top Soil and Bran Soil) mixture, POC and the planting media mixture showed a very significant effect on the plant height variable at 14 HST and the amount of chlorophyll at harvest and had no significant effect on other variables. The best results were obtained on M3 P2 (Top Soil and Rice bran Mixture; P2 (POC concentration of 30 cc / L water).)</p><pre><em>Keywords: leftover rice mill, liquid organic fertilizer, mustard plant, vegetable pesticide.</em></pre>

Short-term variations of platinum concentrations in contrasting coastal environments: The role of primary producers

Short-term variations of Pt concentrations and primary production indicators were compared in three contrasting coastal sites during spring bloom: (i) the Gironde Estuary mouth (SW France), (ii) the semi-enclosed Arcachon Bay (SW France), and (iii) the urbanized Genoa Harbor (NW Italy). At each site, surface seawater sampling and physical-chemical measurements were combined to study diel cycles (over 25 h) of dissolved Pt concentrations in seawater (PtD) and master variables reflecting primary production activity (chlorophyll-a, phaeopigments, and particulate organic carbon, POC concentrations). Plankton nets were used in all sites, providing for the first time plankton Pt concentrations (PtPK) over a whole diel cycle (Gironde Estuary mouth) and spot sampling (Arcachon Bay and Genoa Harbor) in the coastal zone. Bivalves (wild oysters or mussels), reflecting organisms at higher trophic levels, were also collected at all sites. The POC/Chl-a ratios in the collected particulate material suggested high contribution of phytoplankton to the particulate matter in the productive Gironde Estuary mouth. At this site, phytoplankton activity partly controlled Pt cycling and particle/dissolved Pt partitioning during daytime. During the night, zooplankton grazing may release Pt into the dissolved phase. These processes are partly masked by external factors such as tide or local Pt sources, especially in more confined and/or urbanized coastal water bodies such as the Arcachon Bay and the Genoa Harbor. Platinum levels in plankton and bivalves from these contrasting sites along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts tended to reflect the general Pt levels in seawater. These results clearly suggest that (i) Pt contamination of coastal waters and marine organisms has become a common feature in urbanized sites and (ii) Pt transfer to the marine food chain starts at the basic level of primary producers. By concentrating Pt (Bioconcentration Factor: BCF ~ 104), phytoplankton may serve as a biomonitor to assess Pt contamination in coastal environments.

Deriving Particulate Organic Carbon in Coastal Waters from Remote Sensing: Inter-Comparison Exercise and Development of a Maximum Band-Ratio Approach

Recently, different algorithms have been developed to assess near-surface particulate organic matter (POC) concentration over coastal waters. In this study, we gathered an extensive in situ dataset representing various contrasted bio-optical coastal environments at low, medium, and high latitudes, with various bulk particulate matter chemical compositions (mineral-dominated, 50% of the data set, mixed, 40%, or organic-dominated, 10%). The dataset includes 606 coincident measurements of POC concentration and remote-sensing reflectance, Rrs, with POC concentrations covering three orders of magnitude. Twelve existing algorithms have then been tested on this data set, and a new one was proposed. The results show that the performance of historical algorithms depends on the type of water, with an overall low performance observed for mineral-dominated waters. Furthermore, none of the tested algorithms provided satisfactory results over the whole POC range. A novel approach was thus developed based on a maximum band ratio of Rrs (red/blue, red/yellow or red/green ratio). Based on the standard statistical metric for the evaluation of inverse models, the new algorithm presents the best performance. The root-mean square deviation for log-transformed data (RMSDlog) is 0.25. The mean absolute percentage difference (MAPD) is 37.48%. The mean bias (MB) and median ratio (MR) values are 0.54 μg L−1 and 1.02, respectively. This algorithm replicates quite well the distribution of in situ data. The new algorithm was also tested on a matchup dataset gathering 154 coincident MERIS (MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) Rrs and in situ POC concentration sampled along the French coast. The matchup analysis showed that the performance of the new algorithm is satisfactory (RMSDlog = 0.24, MAPD = 34.16%, MR = 0.92). A regional illustration of the model performance for the Louisiana continental shelf shows that monthly mean POC concentrations derived from MERIS with the new algorithm are consistent with those derived from the 2016 algorithm of Le et al. which was specifically developed for this region.

Tidally resolved observations of organic carbon exchange through Eastern Long Island Sound

Long Island Sound (LIS), is an urban estuary on the US east coast that undergoes seasonal hypoxia in its western and central regions. Approximately 90% of the water exchange between LIS and the adjacent continental shelf, the Mid Atlantic Bight, occurs through its eastern boundary. Recent estimates of organic carbon (OC) export from LIS have shown that this value varies appreciably, both seasonally and inter-annually. In this study, the spatial, tidal, and seasonal variability were resolved by measuring dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC) concentrations and currents at a cross-section in eastern LIS near the estuary mouth. Fluxes were extrapolated from these high-resolution observations collected in May, August, and November 2016, and August 2017. In August of 2016 (a low flow year), an OC flux of 41 × 106 kg C month−1 resulted from a net import of DOC and an export of POC. In August of 2017 (an average flow year), there was an OC flux of 30 × 106 kg C month −1 due to both DOC and POC export, indicating significant seasonal and inter-annual variability. The seasonally weighted-average total OC flux for 2016 was −41 × 106 ± 9 kg C yr−1 (net import). Results show that spot sampling in tidal estuaries can lead to spatial and tidal bias in concentrations of DOC (6–15%) and POC (31–18%) under high and low river flow conditions, respectively. This uncertainty is recommended for spot sampling in future OC studies and flux estimates in LIS.

Ecological agriculture intensification through crop-pasture rotations does improve aggregation of Southeastern-Pampas Mollisols

Soil physical health is strongly dependent on aggregate stability (AS) given it determines most soil physical properties. Aggregate stability is associated with total (SOC) and particulate (POC) soil organic carbon and all of them are very sensitive to management practices. Crop-pasture rotations and tillage systems could be combined pursuing ecological agriculture intensification (EAI) to manage soil manipulation and carbon input to improve or maintain AS and SOC and POC. We hypothesized that 1) EAI through rotating pasture periods with cropping improves AS through macroaggregate (MA) formation and stabilization regardless of the tillage system, and 2) reduced disturbance due to no-tillage (NT) during cropping periods allow reducing pasture period frequency without affecting MA formation and stabilization. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of different crop-pasture rotations and tillage systems (NT and conventional tillage (CT)) on soil AS and MA proportion and stability, and SOC and POC content of a mollisol of the Southeastern Argentinean Pampas (37° 45' 09’’ S, 58° 18' 48’’ W). Soil samples were taken at 0–5 and 5–20 cm in a long-term experiment (since 1976) to determine aggregate size distribution and stability and SOC and POC content. The sequence intensification index on a monthly basis (SIIm) was calculated and carbon input through crops and pastures was estimated. The increase of SIIm due to crop-pasture rotations led to higher AS and MA stability in the arable layer and especially in the surface 5 cm. This was due to the greater aboveground and root carbon input and lower frequency of tillage associated with pastures respect to cash crops. Cropping systems under NT failed to sequester organic carbon as compared to CT except for the uppermost soil layer, but they successfully improved AS and MA stability. Anyway, regardless of the tillage system, two years of pasture after a cropping period were not enough to take AS up to the level shown by permanent pasture, except under NT at 0–5 cm. The results suggest that despite carbon sequestration failure, cropping periods under NT could be extended (<SIIm) without compromising soil physical health. Contrarily, under CT soil health decreases sharply with the decrease of SIIm. Therefore, the only way to grant better soil functioning under CT is through increasing SIIm with more frequent or longer pasture periods and/or introducing other crops between cash crops. Evidence collected in this loam high-organic-matter soil was not enough to reject the hypotheses.

Hydro-ecological controls on riverine organic carbon dynamics in the tropical monsoon region

Transport fluxes and properties of riverine organic carbon in the tropical monsoon region were the vital parameters in the global riverine organic carbon fluxes budget. The study focused on the riverine organic carbon in the Changhuajiang River (CHJR), locating at the mid-west of the Hainan Island, China. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in the CHJR ranged from 0.22 mg/L to 11.75 mg/L with an average of 1.75 mg/L, which was lower than the average of global rivers and had a significantly temporal and spatial variation. Output flux of riverine DOC was calculated as 0.55 t/km2/y, which could be revised up to 1.03 t/km2/y, considering that the riverine discharge before dam construction. A linear model of riverine DOC flux suitable in CHJR basin was established, which involved the factors, such as soil organic carbon, runoff depth and slope, etc. There was a large variation of POC concentrations in the CHJR where the average POC concentration in the dry season was 2.41 times of the wet season. Riverine POC flux in CHJR basin was calculated as 1.78 t/km2/y, higher than the average of global rivers and far lower than those in other domestic larger rivers. About 8.28 × 103 t POC were exported yearly in CHJR, of which, 7.15 × 103 t originated from terrestrial ecosystem and 1.13 × 103 t stemmed from aquatic ecosystem. Meanwhile, about 87.74% of terrestrial source happened in the wet season and 12.26% in the dry season. This research revealed that the riverine organic carbon mainly stemmed from the surface erosion processes in the drainage basin during the wet season.

Growth and production response of plant pakcoy (brassica rapa l) on use of nasa light organic fertilizer

Pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.) or commonly called mustard spoon includes vegetable plants that are heat resistant, so that they can be planted in the lowlands to highlands The production of packcoy plants experiencing ups and downs in 2010 is the peak production of 141.25 quality / ha and continues to decline to 2014 became 114.35 quality / ha. Efforts to increase packcoy production can be done by using organic fertilizers from agricultural waste, manure, green manure, human waste, and compost instead of nutrient sources. This study aims to determine the response of growth and production of Pakcoy plants to the provision of NASA POC organic fertilizer. This study uses factorial randomized block design consisting of 2 treatment factors, namely: Chicken Cage Organic Fertilizer (A) which consists of 3 levels, namely: A0 = 0 tons / ha, A1 = 15 tons / ha (158 g / polybag), A2 = 30 tons / ha (316 g / polybag). NASA POC concentration (N) consists of 4 levels, namely: N0 = 0% (control), N1 = 1 cc / liter of water, N2 = 2 cc / liter of water, N3 = 3 cc / liter of water. The results showed that NASA's POC showed a significant effect on pakcoy plant height, the use of liquid organic fertilizer dosage (2cc / ltr) had a significant effect on plant height. The highest pakcoy plant height is found in the treatment of N2 (2 cc / ltr) of 25.50 cm. The net weight per plot was obtained at the N2 treatment of 262.92 grams

Role of ENSO Conditions on Particulate Organic Matter Concentrations and Elemental Ratios in the Southern California Bight

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influences multi-year variation in sea-surface temperature and the intensity of upwelling in many Pacific regions. However, it is currently unknown how El Niño conditions will affect the concentration and elemental ratios of particulate organic matter (POM). To test this, we have been quantifying POM weekly for six years (2012 to 2017) at the MICRO time-series station in the Southern California Bight. We found a strong influence of the 2015 El Niño on sea-surface temperature and phosphate concentration but to a lesser extent on nitrate availability. The 2015 El Niño also resulted in low POC and POP concentrations, whereas PON concentrations declined by 26% during the whole sampling period. The changes in POM concentrations led to high C:P and N:P ratios. Following the changes in PON, C:N continued to climb reaching ~9.4 at the end of the sampling. We suggest that an Eastern Pacific- vs. a Central Pacific-type El Niño as well as a switch in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation phase influenced the local response in POM concentrations and ratios.

PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR DARI AIR LIMBAH LELE SISTEM BIOFLOK HASIL FERMENTASI AEROB DAN AN AEROB

Air limbah budidaya lele sistem bioflok di dalamnya berupa akumulasi residu organik yang berasal dari sisa pakan, kotoran lele, partikel-partikel pakan serta bakteri dan alga, karna itu air limbah budidaya ikan lele sistem bioflok dapat diolah menjadi pupuk organik khususnya pupuk organik cair. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap faktor tunggal dengan perlakuan adalah proses fermentasi secara Aerob (A) dan proses fermentasi secara Anaerob (B). Tiap perlakuan diulang sebanyak 8 kali sehingga diperoleh 16 unit percobaan. Selanjutnya Data hasil penelitian dianalisis dengan sidik ragam pada taraf 5 persen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa laju pertumbuhan ikan lele sangat baik. Di mana pertumbuhan terus meningkat sekat pengamatan hari ke-10 hingga akhir penelitian. Sedangkan kandungan N, P dan K didalam POC yang dihasilkan tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata antara POC yang difermentasi dengan cara Aerob dan Anaerob. Kandungan POC yang difermentasi dengan cara Aerob ; N = 1,645, P = 0,326 dan K = 1,143 sedangkan yang difermentasi secara Anaerob; N = 2,189, P = 0,278 dan K = 1,165.

Inter-Annual Variability of Organic Carbon Concentration in the Eastern Fram Strait During Summer (2009–2017)

The Arctic Ocean plays a key role in regulating the global climate, while being highly sensitive to climate change. Temperature in the Arctic increases faster than the global average, causing a loss of multiyear sea-ice and affecting marine ecosystem structure and functioning. As a result, Arctic primary production and biogeochemical cycling are changing. Here, we investigated inter-annual changes in the concentrations of particulate and dissolved organic carbon (POC, DOC) together with biological drivers, such as phyto- and bacterioplankton abundance in the Fram Strait, the Atlantic gateway to the Central Arctic Ocean. Data have been collected in summer at the Long-Term Ecological Research observatory HAUSGARTEN during eight cruises from 2009 to 2017. Our results suggest that the dynamic physical system of the Fram Strait induces strong heterogeneity of the ecosystem that displays considerable intra-seasonal as well as inter-annual variability. Over the observational period, DOC concentrations were significantly negatively related to temperature and salinity, suggesting that outflow of Central Arctic waters carrying a high DOC load is the main control of DOC concentration in this region. POC concentration was not linked to temperature or salinity but tightly related to phytoplankton biomass as estimated from chlorophyll-a concentrations (Chl-a). For the years 2009–2017, no temporal trends in the depth-integrated (0–100 m) amounts of DOC and Chl-a were observed. In contrast, depth-integrated (0–100 m) amounts of POC, as well as the ratio [POC]:[TOC], decreased significantly over time. This suggests a higher partitioning of organic carbon into the dissolved phase. Potential causes and consequences of the observed changes in organic carbon stocks for food-web structure and CO2 sequestration are discussed.

Protective properties of Myrtus communis extract against oxidative effects of extremely low-frequency magnetic fields on rat plasma and hemoglobin

Purpose: This study investigates the protective properties of Myrtus communis extract against the oxidative effects of extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELFMF). Also, this study is aimed to analyze the conformational changes of hemoglobin, oxidative damages to plasma proteins and antioxidant power of plasma following exposure to ELFMF.Materials and methods: Adult male rats were divided into 3 groups: (1) control, (2) ELFMF exposure, and (3) ELFMF exposure after M. communis extract administration. The magnetic field (0.7 mT, 50 Hz) was produced by a Helmholtz coil for one month, 2 hours a day. The M. communis extract was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg before exposure to ELFMF. The oxidative effects of ELFMF were studied by evaluating the hemoglobin, methemoglobin (metHb) and hemichrome levels, absorption spectrum of hemoglobin (200–700 nm), oxidative damage to plasma proteins by measuring protein carbonyl (PCO) levels and plasma antioxidant power according to the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP). The mean and standard errors of the mean were determined for each group. One-way ANOVA analysis was used to compare the means of groups. The significance level was considered to be p < .05. Moreover, artificial neural network (ANN) analysis was used to identify the predictive parameters for estimating the oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) concentration.Results: Exposure to ELFMF decreased the FRAP which was in concomitant with a significant increase in plasma PCO, metHb and hemichrome concentrations (p < .001). Oxidative modifications of Hb were shown by reduction in optical density at 340 nm (globin-heme interaction) and 420 nm (heme-heme interaction). Administration of M. communis extract increased FRAP values and decreased plasma POC, metHb, and hemichrome concentrations. Also, a significant increase in Hb absorbance at 340, 420, 542, and 577 nm showed the protective properties of M. communis extract against ELFMF-induced oxidative stress in erythrocytes. ANN analysis showed that optical absorption of hemoglobin at 520, 577, 542, and 630 nm and concentration of metHb and hemichrome were the most important parameters in predicting the oxyHb concentration.Conclusions: Myrtus communis extract enhances the ability of erythrocytes and plasma to deal with oxidative conditions during exposure to ELFMF. Also, ANN analysis can predict the most important parameters in relation to Hb structure during oxidative stress.

Composition and settling properties of suspended particulate matter in estuaries of the Chesapeake Bay and Baltic Sea regions

Our goal was to understand how differences in source material (allochthonous vs. autochthonous) and phytoplankton communities (diatoms vs. cyanobacteria) influence composition and settling properties of suspended particulate matter. We characterized the composition and settling properties of suspended particulate matter in two systems—one which has a high hydrologic loading factor (watershed to surface area ratio), and a diatom-dominated phytoplankton community (James River Estuary, USA), and a second, where hydrologic inputs are proportionally smaller, and the summer phytoplankton community is dominated by cyanobacteria (Curonian Lagoon, Lithuania). In the James, we found that TSS concentrations were positively related to discharge, whereas POC concentrations were negatively correlated with discharge and positively correlated with Chl-a. We infer that suspended particulate matter in this system was largely derived from allochthonous inputs, but that the organic matter fraction was derived from autochthonous production. In the Curonian Lagoon, TSS concentrations were correlated with Chl-a, but not discharge, indicating that suspended particulate matter was largely of autochthonous origin. In the James, the proportion of settleable materials was greater during high TSS concentrations, indicating that high discharge events delivered heavier particulates. In the Curonian Lagoon, we observed a seasonal decline in settling rates associated with the shift from mixed (diatoms and chlorophytes) to cyanobacteria-dominated phytoplankton, which we attribute to the presence of positively buoyant cyanobacteria. We found that a comparative approach yielded useful insights regarding sources, composition, and settling properties of suspended particulate matter in two estuaries that differ in hydrologic loading and phytoplankton community composition. Our findings suggest that the presence of positively buoyant cyanobacteria favors export losses of particulate C, N, and P to marine waters over retention through sedimentation in transitional zones.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR NIRA AREN (Arenga pinnata MERR) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN KANGKUNG DARAT (Ipomea reptans POIR)

This study aims to determine to determine the effect of land spinach plant growth due to the provision of liquid organic fertilizer palm sugar and to determine the right concentration of palm sugar palm POC to the growth of land spinach plants. This experiment used a single factor randomized block design consisting of 4 replications of 4 treatments. The best experimental results on plant height and number of leaves, leaf length and leaf width aged 14 and 24 HST were influenced by the use of palm juice 40 ml / L water with a height of 19.59 cm and 32.13 cm number of leaves 6.34 and 12.25 strands, leaf length 13.71 and 15.75 while leaf widths are 1.74 and 3.48 cm.

PEMBERIAN POC GAMAL TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI PADI SAWAH (Oryza sativa L.) DENGAN METODE SALIBU

ABSTRACT The purpose of the research was to studied the application of gliricidia MOL on the growth and yield of lowland rice in the salibu method, and to get the best concentration of gliricidia liquid organic fertilizer (POC) on the growth and production of lowland rice. Field research has been conducted in Tababo Village, Subdistrict of Belang, district of Southeast Minahasa. The treatment in the experiment consists of one treatment factor, that were concentrations of gliricidia POC, ie : 0, 50 , 100, 150, and 200 ml/litre. The results showed that gliricidia POC have an effect on plant height, the number of grain/panicle, and the dry grain yield (GKP) / plot, but not affect the number of productive tillers and weight of 1,000 grain. The best results were achieved in gliricidia POC concentration 200 ml/litre with the highest values were: plant height was 98.93 cm; 116.420 grain/panicle; and 8.300 kg dry grain yield or equivalent to 6.92 ton/ha.Keywords : gliricidia POC, production, lowland rice, salibu method

RESPON BERBAGAI AKTIVATOR DALAM PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR DARI LIMBAH BUAH DI PASAR DAN KONSENTRASINYA TERHADAP HASIL SELADA KROP

The aim of the study is to obtain POC which is one of activator and concentrate to increase the growth of krop lettuce. This study used RAK with 2 handling factors was repeated 3 times. Factor 1 (A): activator, namely: A1 = EM4, A2 = JB3, A3 = EMOL, A4 = ISO and A5 = BK Water; factor 2 (B): POC concentration (B), namely: B1 = 5, B2 = 10, B3 = 15, B4 = 20 and B5 = 25 ml / l water. Then the variance of analyzed and if it is proven to be real, it will be completed with a BNJ Test of 5%. The results of the study: 1) The concentrate of POC which is able to give the best lettuce yield JB3 10 ml / l water (wet weight 289.82 g / plant and dry weight 11,100 g / plant). 2) The results of activator interactions and POC concentrations are able to give the best lettuce yield of JB3 10 ml / l water.

Organic carbon transfers in the subtropical Red River system (Viet Nam): insights on CO2 sources and sinks

The Red River, draining a 169,000 km2 watershed, is the second largest river in Viet Nam and constitutes the main source of water for a large percentage of the population of North Viet Nam. Here we present the results of an investigation into the spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of particulate and dissolved organic carbon (POC and DOC, respectively) in the Red River Basin. POC concentrations ranged from 0.24 to 5.80 mg C L−1 and DOC concentrations ranged from 0.26 to 5.39 mg C L−1. The application of the Seneque/Riverstrahler model to monthly POC and DOC measurements showed that, in general, the model simulations of the temporal variations and spatial distribution of organic carbon (OC) concentration followed the observed trends. They also show the impact of high population densities (up to 994 inhab km−2 in the delta area) on OC inputs in surface runoff from the different land use classes and from urban point sources. A budget of the main fluxes of OC in the whole river network, including diffuse inputs from soil leaching and runoff and point sources from urban centers, as well as algal net primary production and heterotrophic respiration was established using the model results. It shows the predominantly heterotrophic character of the river system and provides an estimate of CO2 emissions from the river of 330 Gg C year−1. This value is in reasonable agreement with the few available direct measurements of CO2 fluxes in the downstream part of the river network.

PENETAPAN KONSENTRASI PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR UNITAS SUPER YANG TEPAT PADA TANAMAN CABAI RAWIT LOKAL (Capsicum frutescens L.)

The objective of the study was to obtain the proper concentration of POC Unitas Super on the optimal growth and yield of local cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.). The experiment was conducted at Kanagarian Toboh Gadang, Padang Pariaman, from July to October 2017. The location is at 20 m asl, and is 10 km from the district capital, in the dry land of latosol soil type. The tools used are the hoe, stand, rope, bucket, analytical scale, meter, rake, and stationery. Materials needed include; local cayenne pepper seedlings result from propagation of local cayenne pepper seeds, POC Unitas Super (US) obtained from Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Tamansiswa Padang. NPK Compound Fertilizers (15-15-15) are given 50% recommendation, and manure as much as 5 ton ha-1. The experiment was conducted using Completely Randomized Design, with 5 treatment of POC concentration ie; P0 (0 ml L-1); P1 (25 ml L-1); P2 (50 ml L-1) and P3 (75 ml L-1), replicate 4 times, so there were 20 experimental units. The data obtained were analyzed statistically by using F (ANOVA) test of 5% real level if the treatment had the significant effect on BNT further test (smallest real difference) at 5% level. The parameters observed were; plant height, number of branches, the diameter of plant canopy, the age of flowering, the yield of cayenne pepper. The giving of 50 ml of L-1 POC Unitas Super every 2 weeks is the optimum concentration to increase the growth and yield of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.). The production of cayenne pepper produced reached 5.55 kg plot-1 or equal to 55.50 tons ha-1.

Riverine input of organic carbon and nitrogen in water-sediment system from the Yellow River estuary reach to the coastal zone of Bohai Sea, China

The temporal-spatial distribution of the carbon and nitrogen contents and their isotopic compositions of suspended matter and sediments from the Yellow River estuary reach (YRER), the estuary to the offshore area were measured to identify the source of organic matter. The higher relative abundances of suspended and sedimentary carbon and nitrogen (POC, TOC, PN and TN) in the offshore marine area compared to those of the riverine and estuarine areas may be due to the cumulative and biological activity impact. The organic matter in surface sediments of YRER, the estuary and offshore area of Bohai Sea is basically the mixture of continental derived material and marine material. The values of δ13Csed fluctuate from values indicative of a land source (− 22.50‰ ± 0.31) to those indicative of a sea source (− 22.80‰ ± 0.38), which can be attributed to the fine particle size and decrease in terrigenous inputs to the offshore marine area. Contrary to the slight increase of POC and PN during the dry season, TOC and TN contents of the surface sediments during the flood season (October) were higher than those during the dry season (April). The seasonal differences in water discharge and suspended sediment discharge of the Yellow River Estuary may result in seasonal variability in TOC, POC, TN and PN concentrations in some degree. Overall, the surface sediments in the offshore area of Bohai Sea are dominated by marine derived organic carbon, which on average, accounts for 58–82% of TOC when a two end-member mixing model is applied to the isotopic data.

SEDIMENT AND SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER OF JAKARTA BAY, INDONESIA

Jakarta Bay is a semi enclosed bay located in the northern coast of Jakarta Metropolitan City. Hydrologically 13 rivers flowing in the Jakarta region and there are three big rivers with significant discharge to the Jakarta Bay namely Citarum, Ciliwung, and Cisadane Rivers. Jakarta, as Indonesian capital city with population of 8.725.630 inhabitants, and another 15 million people live in the surrounded suburban of Jakarta, creates a significant anthropogenic impact to the environmental system. Limited infrastructures, such as no sewerage system and lack of industrial waste management, cause the rivers in this region have over their carrying capacity.Seventeen sampling stations were determined in the Jakarta Bay, consisting of 5 stations at the river mouths (estuaries) and other 12 stations in the bay spreading from the coastal to offshore areas. Water and sediment samples were taken during 2 monsoonal or seasonal variations, August 2006 for dry season and February 2007 for rainy season respectively. Additionally, samples were also taken in May 2007.Sediment distribution in the estuary consists mostly of black clay. The sediments clays were bad smell. In the coastal region and in the dry season, the sediments consists of black clay and at one sampling site (station S3) the sediment was bad smell. However, all sampling sites became bad smell in the rainy season. In the inner bay area, sediments were greyish green sandy clay with some shell fragments. In the outer bay, the sediments were dominated by greyish green clayey sand with some shell fragments. The black clay with bad smell is indicative of anthropogenic influence from Jakarta River Basin. C/N ratio of the sediments in the dry season ranged from 1 to about 4.2 where in the estuaries (at stations M1, M2 and M4) the ratio were higher compared to the inner and outer bays. The C/N ratio of suspended particulate matter ranged from the lowest ratio of 0.7 to the highest ratio of 17.7 at the bottom layer and lesser ranged of 0.7 to 9.8 at surface layer. POC concentrations ranged between 50-650 µM and 50-900 µM, in February and May, respectively. High concentrations of POC exists along the coastline or estuaries then decreasing toward the sea. POC is distributed widely in February than that in May due to higher discharge from the rivers. The average TOC concentrations in February is lower than that in May, but the TOC load in February was much higher than that in May due to the big differences of river discharge and because the samples were taken a week after the big flood in Jakarta area (February 4th - 6th, 2007). Total organic carbon fluxes from the river to the bay in February and May 2007 were 107.6 T /day C and 42.7 T /day C, respectively. Key words : sediment, anthropogenic influence, C/N Ratio, POC, TOC, flux

Stable Isotopic Composition of Particulate Organic Carbon in the Caspian Sea

The data on the isotopic composition of particulate organic carbon (δ13CPOC) in the Caspian Sea water in summer–autumn 2008, 2010, 2012, and 2013 are discussed in the paper. These data allowed as to reveal the predominant genesis of organic carbon in suspended particulate matter of the active seawater layer (from 0 to 40 m). The δ13CPOC =–27‰ (PDB) and δ13CPOC =–20.5‰ (PDB) values were taken as the reference data for terrigenous and planktonogenic organic matter, respectively. Seasonal (early summer, late summer, and autumn) variations in the composition of suspended particulate matter in the active sea layer were revealed. A shift of δ13CPOC towards greater values was seen in autumn (with a slight outburst in the development (bloom) of phytoplankton) in comparison with summer (with large accumulations and an extraordinary phytoplankton bloom confined to the thermocline area). The seasonal dynamics of autochthonous and allochthonous components in the suspended particulate matter of the Middle and Southern Caspian Sea was studied with the use of data on the concentration of particulate matter and chlorophyll a, the phytoplankton biomass and the POC content.