Pneumonia Of Unknown Cause Research Articles

Epidemiological linkage study of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in a small town Badnagar of Madhya Pradesh

A sudden outbreak of pneumonia of unknown cause occurred worldwide which later confirmed as the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has posed significant threats to international health and the economy. On 30 January, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared it to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Initially a large number of cases this suspected to this disease reported from a small town near to this center. A team constituted with the administration which later investigated this whole phenomenon and reported to higher authority.

Foreword: Preparedness and response to SARS-CoV-2 in South Africa

The World Health Organization’s (WHO) China Country Office was informed of cases of pneumonia of unknown cause detected in Wuhan City, Hubei Province of China on the 31st of December 2019. On 7 January 2020, the causative pathogen was identified as the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and on 11th of March 2020, the WHO declared a global pandemic. This paper serves as an introduction to a series of research articles which consider South Africa’s preparedness and response to SARS-CoV-2.

THE IMPACT OF DELAY STRATEGIES ON THE DYNAMICS OF CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC MODEL WITH NONLINEAR INCIDENCE RATE

Currently, the world is facing a devastating pandemic of a novel coronavirus, which started as an outbreak of pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan city of China in December of 2019. According to the recent report of the World Health Organization (WHO), 210 countries convicted badly 1.8 million infections and almost 200,000 causalities. Due to the non-availability of the vaccination, delay strategies such as community distancing, travel restrictions, extension in breaks, use of face-mask, and self-quarantine are the effective treatments to control the pandemic of coronavirus. So, we proposed the delayed susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered model with a nonlinear incidence rate to study the effective role of control strategies. For this analysis, we discussed three types of equilibria of the model such as trivial, coronavirus free, and coronavirus existence with delay terms. The local and global stabilities are investigated by using well-posed notations like the Lasalle invariance principle, Routh–Hurwitz criterion, and Lyapunov function. In the end, some useful replications are presented.

HRCT Pattern in COVID-19 Patients

Background: In December 2019, a group of cases of pneumonia of unknown cause was found in Wuhan, China, now known as coronavirus disease 2019, and the coronavirus was named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). High-resolution computed1tomography (HRCT) is currently regarded as a significant imaging technique for aiding in the diagnosis & management of COVID-19 patients. Objective: To find the different patterns of1manifestation in HRCT chest in COVID-19 patients. Study Design: Descriptive Cross-Sectional Setting: University of Lahore Teaching Hospital, Lahore Methodology: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in Radiology Department in University of teaching hospital, Lahore. 240 participants' medical histories were thoroughly reviewed, both directly from them and on case sheets. All patients with confirmed cases of COVID-19 pneumonia were admitted to the hospital and received a chest HRCT. Three follow-up HRCT chest scans were performed on one patient. The distribution and patterns of lung involvement were studied. Each of the five lung lobes was evaluated visually for degree of involvement and categorized as mild (26-50 percent), moderate (51-75 percent), or severe (75 percent) (76-100 percent). Data was analyzing in SPSS. Age was presented as mean + SD. Gender and other HRCT patterns were presented as frequency & percentage. Result: Total 240 COVID-19 patients included. There were 142(59.4%) male and 97(40.6%) female. The mean age was 54.0+15.71 with age range of 4 to 84 years. Large number of patients 114(47.7%) were in the age group 45-64 years. Ground glass opacity was the most common CT abnormality, with 236(99.2%) cases. Among them 49(20.5%) cases had GGO plus consolidations. Crazy paving pattern was seen in 136(56.9%) cases. Only 10(4.2%) patients with GGO pulmonary nodules and pleural effusion were involved. The majority of the patients had a fever 114(47.5%), while the least frequent symptom was a runny nose (7(2.9%). Conclusion: Pure GGO pneumonia is the most prevalent pattern of COVID-19 pneumonia seen on HRCT scans, GGO consolidation, with crazy paving with prominent distribution in the lung posterior & peripheral area. Keywords: COVID-19, HRCT, GGO, Pneumonia.

Day-Level Forecasting of COVID-19 Transmission in India Using Variants of Supervised LSTM Models

The novel Corona virus SARS-CoV-2 has started with strange new pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan city, Hubei province of China. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic. Due to this pandemic situation, the countries all over the world suffered from economic and psychological stress. To analyze the growth of this pandemic, this paper proposes a supervised LSTM model and its variants to predict the infectious cases in India using a publicly available dataset from John Hopkins University. Experimentation has been carried out using various models and window hyper-parameters to predict the infectious rate ahead of a week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks and a month. The prediction results infer that, every individual in India has to be safe at home and to follow the regulations provided by ICMR and the Indian Government to control and prevent others from this complicated epidemic.

Warning of the COVID-19 Novel Variant: Is the COVID-19 Omicron Variant a Real Danger for Cancer Patients or Not?

In late December 2019, the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first presented in the Hubei province of China as pneumonia of unknown cause, which has caused millions of deaths up to now (1). Studies indicated the most common signs and symptoms of the conventional COVID-19 variants as fever, cough, dyspnea, and fatigue. In advanced stages, this mysterious viral disease leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute cardiac damage, as well as gastrointestinal manifestations (2). In late 2021, the emergence of the new COVID-19 variant, called the Omicron variant, started a new global pandemic wave and was stated as a “version of concern (VOC)” by the World Health Organization (3). Despite our little knowledge about the COVID-19 Omicron variant, some evidence presented the milder manifestation of this new variant than the previous variants, probably due to the global vaccination effects. However, few new theories and studies indicated the life-threatening aspects of the Omicron variant (3). As indicated in our previous study, cancer patients are in danger of COVID-19 (4); however, seemingly, the Omicron variant has made a novel situation for these patients. Therefore, in the present study, the authors briefly investigated whether the COVID-19 Omicron variant is threatening cancer patients or not?

HRCT Pattern in COVID-19 Patients

Background: In December 2019, a group of cases of pneumonia of unknown cause was found in Wuhan, China, now known as coronavirus disease 2019, and the coronavirus was named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). High-resolution computed1tomography (HRCT) is currently regarded as a significant imaging technique for aiding in the diagnosis & management of COVID-19 patients. Objective: To find the different patterns of1manifestation in HRCT chest in COVID-19 patients. Study Design: Descriptive Cross-Sectional Setting: University of Lahore Teaching Hospital, Lahore Methodology: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in Radiology Department in University of teaching hospital, Lahore. 240 participants' medical histories were thoroughly reviewed, both directly from them and on case sheets. All patients with confirmed cases of COVID-19 pneumonia were admitted to the hospital and received a chest HRCT. Three follow-up HRCT chest scans were performed on one patient. The distribution and patterns of lung involvement were studied. Each of the five lung lobes was evaluated visually for degree of involvement and categorized as mild (26-50 percent), moderate (51-75 percent), or severe (75 percent) (76-100 percent). Data was analyzing in SPSS. Age was presented as mean + SD. Gender and other HRCT patterns were presented as frequency & percentage. Result: Total 240 COVID-19 patients included. There were 142(59.4%) male and 97(40.6%) female. The mean age was 54.0+15.71 with age range of 4 to 84 years. Large number of patients 114(47.7%) were in the age group 45-64 years. Ground glass opacity was the most common CT abnormality, with 236(99.2%) cases. Among them 49(20.5%) cases had GGO plus consolidations. Crazy paving pattern was seen in 136(56.9%) cases. Only 10(4.2%) patients with GGO pulmonary nodules and pleural effusion were involved. The majority of the patients had a fever 114(47.5%), while the least frequent symptom was a runny nose (7(2.9%). Conclusion: Pure GGO pneumonia is the most prevalent pattern of COVID-19 pneumonia seen on HRCT scans, GGO consolidation, with crazy paving with prominent distribution in the lung posterior & peripheral area. Keywords: COVID-19, HRCT, GGO, Pneumonia.

The ongoing Pharmacotherapy for ministration of Covid 19 disease: A Review

A completely unique coronavirus (2019-n Cov) formally reffered to as severe acute respiratory syndromes [SARS Cov 2] appeared in wuhan, china. The coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (covid 19) has speechless like a shock in fully unprepared world. Covid 19 caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS Cov 2). Covid 19 first emerged in December 2019 all in cluster of patients with the pneumonia of unknown cause was recognized in Wuhan, China. In july 2020, SARS Cov2 was affected more than 200 countries. The coronavirus fevered 79% and 50% genomic similarities with severe acute respiratory syndromes coronavirus 2 [SARS Cov 2] and middle east respiratory syndromes coronavirus [MERS Cov 2] respectively. Several drugs have been investigated for their efficacy and safety in the treatment of covid 19 disease like antiviral, antimalerials, antibiotics immunomodulators, anticoagulants.

Pre-exposure to Aerosolized Polyvalent Bacterial Lysates Protects Against Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic fibrosing interstitial pneumonia of unknown cause. No therapeutic modalities can reverse or stop its ever-deteriorating course. The stimulation of lung innate immunity using bacterial lysates was found to protect against lethal pulmonary infection. Hence, this study aimed to explore whether the immune-stimulating enhancement by pretreatment with bacterial lysates led to protection against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 4 groups with 20 mice in each group. The mice were exposed to an aerosolized mixture of polyvalent bacterial lysates (PVBL) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) three times on separate days. Twenty-four hours after the last exposure, the lungs were intratracheally infused with bleomycin (BLM) or normal saline (NS). The pulmonary morphology, Ashcroft's scale of pulmonary fibrosis, and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-4 were evaluated 14 days after the intratracheal infusion. The exposure to PVBL did not induce any discernible structural abnormalities in the lungs, while the IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio increased. BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis was associated with an overwhelming downregulation of IFN-γ and IL-4 expression. Pre-exposure to PVBL protected against BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis, which was demonstrated by a greater reduction of Ashcroft's fibrotic score and a greater decrease in the hydroxyproline level in the lungs. Although the PVBL pre-exposure did not restore the BLM-induced downregulation of IL-4 and IFN-γ levels, the IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio was still maintained greater than the animals with BLM infusion. BLM-induced murine pulmonary fibrosis is associated with downregulation of IFN-γ and IL-4 levels. Pre-exposure to the aerosolized PVBL protects against BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

ПРОГРЕСУЮЧИЙ ЛЕГЕНЕВИЙ ФІБРОЗ У СВІТЛІ ПОЛОЖЕНЬ КЛІНІЧНОЇ НАСТАНОВИ ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT 2022 РОКУ

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis – is a specific form of chronic, progressive, fibrosing interstitial pneumonia of unknown cause, which occurs primarily in 50 years and older patients, limited to the lungs, and is associated with the histopathologic and/or radiologic pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). In 2000 American thoracic society (ATS) and European respiratory society (ERS) published the first international; statement on diagnosis and treatment of IPF American Thoracic Society, European Respiratory Society. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: diagnosis and treatment. International consensus statement. In 2011 there was published a new statement on diagnosis and treatment of IPF, approved by Japan respiratory society (JTS) and Latin American thoracis society (ALTS) – An Official ATS/ERS/JRS/AL : Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Evidence-based Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management. In 2015 section “Treatment” and in 2018 section “Diagnosis” were revised. It is known that in part of patients with such interstitial lung diseases (ILD) as idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, systemic sclerosis, pneumoconiosis, chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, sarcoidosis the disease may acquire a progressive uncontrolled development with the combination of symptoms called progressive pulmonary fibrosis (PPF). At the same time the results of successful use of antifibrotic therapy have been published recently (SENSCIS, INBUILD studies). All this provided the rationale for extended indications for use of antifibrotic therapy to cover other ILDs with the features of PPF. In this connection, ATS, ERS, JRS and ALAT experts published in May 2022 An Official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT Clinical Practice Guideline. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (an Update) and Progressive Pulmonary Fibrosis in Adults, in which along with the partial changes regarding the principles of diagnosis and treatment of IPF, the definition, diagnosis criteria and management of PPF due to other fibrosing ILDs were presented. The article presents the major statements of new guideline regarding the terminology, diagnosis and treatment of PPF. Key words: progressive pulmonary fibrosis, definition, diagnosis criteria, treatment.

Prevention of Droplet and Air Born Infections w.s.r to Corona Virus Through Ayurveda –A Review

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a potentially severe acute respiratory infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was identified as the cause of an outbreak of pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan City in China in December 2019. The clinical presentation is that of a respiratory infection with a symptom severity ranging from a mild common cold like illness, to a severe viral pneumonia leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome that is potentially fatal. Nearly 2ooooo cases and approximately 9000 deaths have been reported globally (as of 20 March 2020). Global impact of Ayurveda, the Indian medical system, in field of health and medicine, carries sound background of scientific theories and applied therapies. Ayurveda explains causes and treatments of epidemiological diseases and infectious diseases in the context of Janpadodwamsa [the factors that destroys the health of the people living in a specific area due to pollution of Air (Vayu), Water (Jala), Place (Bhumi/soil) and Time (Kala). In modern science its called as epidemics/Pestilence] and Sankramikaroga (communicable/infectious diseases). Nasal therapy is one among therapy which is very helpful in prevention of entry & exit of microbes.So present paper enlightens effect of ayurveda in current COVID pandemic.

Leveraging on Rehabilitation in Long Covid Management

Several cases of pneumonia of unknown cause were reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China on 31Dec. 2019 while novel strain of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 was subsequently identified as causativefactor ofCOVID-19. It thenspread from that first cluster in Wuhan to become a public health emergencyof international concern (PHEIC) and was later recognised by WHO as a pandemic.The COVID-19pandemic has since caused unprecedented public health challenge and reorganization of the worldorder. Long term effects of COVID-19 (Long COVID) was recognized in 2020 summer. It wasinitiallydescribed as symptoms that lasted for longer than 4weeks before a better definition came up assymptoms persisting for 12weeks and beyond. The cardiopulmonary, neurological and musculoskeletalpresentations in Long COVID makes leveraging on rehabilitation in its management inevitable.

Survival of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension under therapy with nintedanib or pirfenidone.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a specific form of chronic, progressive, fibrosing interstitial pneumonia of unknown cause that leads to respiratory failure and death within few years of diagnosis. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common complication in IPF, where it is strongly associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Patients with IPF and PH have particularly poor prognosis, despite current best medical therapies and the anti-fibrotic therapy with pirfenidone or nintedanib. The aim of our study was to assess the clinical and prognostic impact of PH in patients affected by IPF, already treated with pirfenidone or nintedanib. Seventy-four consecutive outpatients with a diagnosis of IPF, in therapy with pirfenidone or nintedanib, were prospectively enrolled in the study. All patients underwent pulmonary and cardiology assessment by clinical exam, spirometry, DLCO test, chest CT, 6MWT and echocardiography performed by a cardiologist experienced in PH in an ambulatory setting under resting conditions. GAP index has been determinate for all patients. During follow-up, all patients were evaluated every 6months, or less if necessary. Data about mortality were then collected in a 3-year follow-up. Of the seventy-four patients enrolled, 38 were treated with pirfenidone and 36 with nintedanib. The two groups were comparable for age, gender, FVC, DLCO and PAPS. The patients were also divided in four groups, based on presence of mild/moderate/severe PH by echocardiography at baseline. Significant differences were found for DLCO and the GAP index. Severity of PH was significantly associated with a reduction of DLCO and with an increased GAP index. Survival was directly correlated with 6MWT (R = 0.48), DLCO (R = 0.29, p < 0.01), and reversely with tGAP index (- 0.31, p < 0.01 in all cases), while no significant correlation was found with PAsP. 36-month survival analysis showed an HR of 4.05 (95% CI 1.07-7.34, p = 0.02) for DLCO < 50% and of 1.56 (95% CI 1.02-2.39, p = 0.03) for GAP index. The development and progression of PH in patients affected by IPF reduce the survival and the severity of PH is associated with a reduction of DLCO value and an increase of the GAP index. Echocardiographic stratification based on PAsP values may be useful in stratifying prognosis in IPF patients and deciding specific PAH drugs.

SARS-CoV-2-induced autophagy dysregulation may cause neuronal dysfunction in COVID-19.

SARS-CoV-2-induced autophagy dysregulation may cause neuronal dysfunction in COVID-19.

Quo Vadis, COVID-19?

Quo Vadis, COVID-19?

Healthcare practice strategies for integrating personalized medicine: Management of COVID-19

Personalized medicine is the tailor-made clinical treatment to the individual characteristics of each patient. It may be considered an extension of traditional approaches to knowing and treating diseases. Personalized medicine has the potential to change the way of identification and management of health problems. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that primarily affects the patients’ lungs. The first case of pneumonia of unknown cause was reported in Wuhan, China on December 31, 2019. As thus, we are quickly approaching the era of personalized medicine. This review discusses the practices currently used in the management of COVID-19 and how they relate to personalized medicine.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of the CT imaging characteristics of infectious pneumonia.

Since December 2019, there have been cases of infectious pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. On January 12, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) named it COVID-19. There are few studies on the clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19, and results vary widely in sample sizes. Chinese and English databases were searched with "Infectious pneumonia", "COVID-19", "CT", "SARS-COV-2", and "Diagnose" as keywords. Rev Man 5.3 software provided by the Cochrane system was used to assess the quality of the included literature. Of the 18 included studies, ground-glass shadow was the most common computed tomography (CT) sign [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.79-0.97], followed by thickening of the blood vessels (95% CI: 0.63-0.78), and pleural thickening (95% CI: 0.02-0.15). Of the 18 studies, 12 reported that the lesions were externally subpleural (95% CI: 0.132-0.173), and 6 reported that the lesions were distributed in a single lobe (95% CI: 0.598-0.841). The heterogeneity test results showed that the morphology of the lesions was cord-like (95% CI: 0.092-0.172), grid-like (95% CI: 0.152-0.193), patchy (95% CI: 0.192-0.313), and nodular (95% CI: 0.591-0.745). Ground-glass opacity was a typical CT manifestation for patients with infectious pneumonia, and CT signs were instrumental in diagnosing this disease.

Public health fault lines in the fight against COVID-19: Lessons from Africa

On 31st December 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) was notified of a cluster of cases of pneumonia of unknown cause detected in the Wuhan, Hubei Province of China which eventually was named to be the Corona virus disease. In response to the rapid spread of the virus, WHO declared it a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) on 30th January, 2020. As per the quest to recharge the COVID-19 response power, there is seemingly little or no tangible plans to help permanently reorient Africa’s health care system. In the wake of widespread vaccine nationalism, donor countries continue to secure large quantities of vaccines from developers and manufacturers, causing global disparity in access to COVID-19 vaccines.

The phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor AA6216 suppresses activity of fibrosis-specific macrophages

BackgroundIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a form of chronic, progressive fibrosing interstitial pneumonia of unknown cause, with a poor prognosis. We previously showed the antifibrotic effects of a novel phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor, AA6216. In this study, we examined the effect of AA6216 on the pulmonary accumulation of segregated-nucleus-containing atypical monocytes (SatMs), which produce tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and are involved in murine lung fibrosis. MethodsMice were treated with bleomycin intratracheally at day 0 and either 10 mg/kg AA6216, 100 mg/kg nintedanib, or vehicle orally once daily from day 0 to 8. On day 9, we isolated the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and analyzed the SatM ratio. In addition, we evaluated the effect of AA6216 on TNF-α production from SatMs isolated from murine bone marrow. ResultsAA6216, and not the antifibrotic agent nintedanib, significantly suppressed the pulmonary accumulation of SatMs (AA6216: 68.3 ± 5.4%, Nintedanib: 129.8 ± 19.7%). Furthermore, AA6216 dose-dependently inhibited the production of TNF-α by SatMs. ConclusionsAA6216 suppresses pathogenic SatMs in the lung, which contributes to its antifibrotic effects.

A Review on the Novel Corona Virus with International and Indian Perspective

On 31 December 2019, pneumonia of unknown cause was detected in Wuhan, China, and was first reported to the WHO Country Office in China. On 30 January 2020, the outbreak was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. 1&#x0D; It was an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection that occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China and got spread across China and beyond. WHO officially named the disease - Corona virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on February 12, 2020. 2&#x0D; It has been spreading worldwide for a period of atleast a year &amp; half 3 This review article addresses the current scenario caused by the SARS- Co V along with the treatment protocols and ongoing vaccines.&#x0D; Keywords: Corona virus,COVID-19, m RNA, current therapy, vaccines, clinical symptoms, review