Pneumatic Channel Research Articles

Modeling the loading process of pneumatic separation channels

Modeling the loading process of pneumatic separation channels

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF GRAIN MILLING PRODUCT COMPONENTS DISTRIBUTION IN A PNEUMATIC SCREW CHANNEL

The article proposes a mathematical model for the separation of wheat flour products into fractions in a radial flow, a pneumatic screw channel, and considers the problem of producing flour of the highest quality and nutritional value by dividing wheat flour into protein fractions. Differential equations for the separation of the flow of inhomogeneous flour particles under the action of centrifugal forces are given.When solving mathematical equations, geometric, physical and boundary conditions and parameters of the flow of energy carrier (air) and small particles were set. In addition, when analyzing the forces acting on heterogeneous fine flour particles, the shape of the particles in the form of a ball was considered and, due to the absence of interactions between flour particles, they are in a carrier stream, the turbulent movement of the particles does not affect their average speed of movement.Based on analytical expressions characterizing the flow of a homogeneous medium, depending on the geometric and technological parameters of the radial flow of the pneumatic screw channel, a mathematical model has been developed that allows calculating the speed and trajectory of flour particles when dividing them into fractions using a pneumatic separator, taking into account the influence of the direction of the vector of motion of a homogeneous medium with hydrodynamic parameters of wheat flour particles.The mathematical model of the separation of wheat flour into fractions in a pneumatic screw channel considered in the article serves as the basis for preliminary calculations of the division of wheat flour into fractions according to aerodynamic parameters and the development of resource-saving technologies.

Multi‐Layer LDPE Pouch Robots Enabled by Inkjet‐Printed Masking Layers

AbstractInflatable pouches are attractive as actuators and structural links in soft robots due to their low deflated profile and high deformation ratio. However, current pouch robot fabrication methods have relatively large minimum feature sizes and multi‐layer fabrication challenges, limiting the integration of mechanisms with many independent degrees of freedom (DoF). A new monolithic prototype fabrication method utilizes inkjet printing of a masking ink layer, which prevents film bonding and thus defines inflatable regions. Multi‐layer inflatable pouches of any planar geometry can be created using thermal fusing, with inter‐layer connections and a minimum feature resolution of 0.3 mm. The multi‐layer fabrication process enables the integration of pouches for bending actuation and structure, pneumatic channels, and external port connections. This high level of integration enables the fabrication of pouch robots with many independent DoFs. Specific examples using four layers of 38 micrometer thick Low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) include 1) a 38 mm‐wide 4‐fingered robot hand with 8 independent DoFs which rotates a cube within its palm and 2) a 138 mm‐long planar continuum manipulator with 10 independent DoFs for pick‐and‐place of a cylinder. These example designs demonstrate the capability of ink‐patterned masking to achieve new levels of functionality for thin‐film pouch robots.

Soft Micropneumatic Touchpad

Soft tactile sensors outputting fluidic signals have many potential applications in soft microfluidic devices and soft robots. However, existing systems have been limited to a single or a few sensors in parallel, so they are not comparable to the state‐of‐the‐art electrical resistive and capacitive touchpads, which can detect rich tactile information, including touch location, pressure, area, and even multiple touches simultaneously. This work reports a soft micropneumatic touchpad. The touchpad consists of 32 pneumatic channels inside soft elastomer, with 16 channels aligned row‐wise and 16 column‐wise. The flow resistance of each channel is measured using a pressure divider. When the pad is touched, the cross‐sectional area of the channels close to the contact location deforms, which changes the flow resistance of those channels. With 32 sensing channels, the location, depth, area of the contact, and even two simultaneous touches can be detected. Letters hand‐written on the touchpad can be reconstructed from the measured data. With the assumption of sparsity, a tactile pressure map, with a value at each 16 × 16 grid point, can also be reconstructed. This work opens a path to replace electronic tactile sensors in soft devices with all‐fluidic alternatives.

Design and Application of Duct Leak Detection Instrument in the Aircraft Pneumatic Systems

The pneumatic manifold system pipes on airplanes contain air with a pressure of approximately 45 psi and a temperature of approximately 117oC. This pipe stretches from the tip of the right wing to the tip of the left and continues to the tail area of ​​the aircraft. The total length of pipe reaches up to 300 meters. The diameter of the pipe reaches a size of up to 7 inches. Pneumatic system duct leaks are very dangerous because they affect aircraft performance and high temperatures can damage components around the leak and can even cause a fire. So far, if a leak is detected, it takes a long time to find the area because the detection method is still manual and visual. For this reason, a heat detection instrument was designed to find leak points in the pneumatic system channels. It is hoped that this instrument can help the process of finding leak points more quickly. The detection results of the instrument after testing its function using a heat sensor show more accurate results because the heat sensor can detect in areas that cannot be seen visually. This detection instrument is also able to measure the overheat temperature level at two stages, namely at 60°C and 100°C.

Pneumatic Non-Equibiaxial Cell Stretching Device With Live-Cell Imaging.

Adherent cell behavior is influenced by a complex interplay of factors, including chemical and mechanical signals. In vitro experiments that mimic the mechanical environment experienced by cells in vivo are crucial for understanding cellular behavior and the progression of disease. In this study, we developed and validated a low-cost pneumatically-controlled cell stretcher with independent control of strain in two directions of a membrane, enabling unequal biaxial stretching and real-time microscopy during actuation. The stretching was achieved by two independent pneumatic channels controlled by electrical signals. We used finite element simulations to compute the membrane's strain field and particle tracking algorithms based on image processing techniques to validate the strain fields and measure the cell orientation and morphology. The device can supply uniaxial, equibiaxial, and unequal biaxial stretching up to [Formula: see text] strain in each direction at a frequency of [Formula: see text], with a strain measurement error of less than 1%. Through live cell imaging, we determined that distinct stretching patterns elicited differing responses and alterations in cell orientation and morphology, particularly in terms of cell length and area. The device successfully provides a large, uniform, and variable strain field for cell experiments, while also enabling real-time, live cell imaging. This scalable, low-cost platform provides mechanical stimulation to cell cultures by independently controlling strains in two directions. This could contribute to a deeper understanding of cellular response to bio-realistic strains and could be useful for future in vitro drug testing platforms.

Аналіз одношарового руху зернового матеріалу у вертикальному пневмосепараційному каналі

The separation of grain and light impurities in a vertical pneumatic separation channel with an increase in its capacity occurs under rather difficult conditions, since the thickness of the grain flow increases, which leads to a redistribution of particles of grain material and reduces the probability of passing light impurities through the grain layers and their release into the sedimentation chamber. To increase the productivity of vertical pneumatic separation channels, it is necessary to create conditions for single-layer placement of grain material in the separation zone at a distance that excludes the interaction of other layers of grain input. This will allow the majority of grain particles to be in the same conditions and increase the percentage of probability of separation into the sedimentation chamber to the maximum value. Therefore, a theoretical flow analysis aimed at studying the interaction of grain mixture particles with the air flow, taking into account the single-layer arrangement of several grain layers and the contamination of the air flow with light impurities in the separation zone, is a rather important task. Theoretical dependences have been obtained that allow substantiating the main parameters of the pneumatic separation channel and determine the residence time of a grain particle in the separation zone, taking into account the clogging of the air flow. For a grain material of mass characterized by the values of the windage coefficient kз = 0.075...0.12 for full grain, kз = 0.11...0.14 for substandard grain, and kз = 0.125...0.55 for light impurities, it is possible to clearly separate the grain mixture into fractions by setting the appropriate parameters and operating modes of the pneumatic separation channel under the condition of a single-layer multilevel input. Due to the selection of rational parameters of the feeding devices for delivering the material into the separation zone and establishment of appropriate aerodynamic modes of air flow, it is possible to separate up to 96% of light impurities from the grain material, while ensuring minimal losses of full grain to waste.

Distribution of Heterogeneous, Highly Impure Soy Material in a Deep Air Channel

The paper highlights a lack of machines and equipment capable of cleaning highly impure soybean material efficiently and productively. Most of the existing grain cleaning machines are designed for the materials conforming to GOST 17109-88 that specifies weed and oilseed impurity contents of 2 and 6 percent, respectively. In reality, a typical soybean post-harvest waste often contains 20 to 60 percent of material unsuitable for extracting raw protein, that makes this type of material completely non–separable for this type of machine. (Research purpose) The research aims to determine the optimal efficiency of separating heterogeneous bulk mixtures in a vertically ascending air channel. (Materials and methods) To accomplish this, the authors employed a rotary batch classifier RBK 30 and a prototype sample of a precision air classifier PAC with column air flow accelerators. The paper defines impurity separation completeness and soybean waste separation efficiency in a novel pneumatic classifier, considering the accelerator thickness and the height above the processed material. (Results and discussion) The findings reveal that traditional pneumatic channels achieve no more than 20 percent of separation efficiency for highly impure soybean material, while the precision air classifier demonstrates approximately a 45 percent separation. (Conclusions) Typical air flow machines struggle with high impurity of material. The separation efficiency of highly impure material can be enhanced by equalizing the air flow velocity inside and above the layer of the separated material and installing a core air flow accelerator. The study indicates that the material being processed can be separated by air flow, provided a specialized pneumatic separation channel is used. Due to the ratio of the core accelerator height and the height above the material, the air flow velocity inside and above the separated layer is equalized.

Experimental investigation of neutron irradiation effects on α- alumina nanoparticles in water-based nanofluid for a light water reactor coolant

Nanoparticles offer several advantages in terms of heat transfer, stability, safety, and efficiency, making them an attractive option for reactor coolants. The feasibility of using α-alumina (α-Al2O3) nanoparticles as a component of coolant for a light water reactor was investigated under the high neutron flux conditions of a TRIGA Mark II research reactor. To achieve this, highly thermally conductive α-Al2O3 nanoparticles were synthesized using the sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction spectra analysis confirmed the crystal structure and the alpha (α) phase of the sample. The average crystal size was determined to be 55.5 nm. Transmission electron microscope analysis revealed that the nanoparticles had sizes ranging from 40 to 60 nm, although the shape of the particles was irregular. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated a weight loss of less than 0.5% over a temperature range from 30 °C to 1200 °C. Dynamic light scattering showed two intensity peaks at 129.6 nm and 623.2 nm, resulting in a Zeta average (Z) value of 474.9 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.688. In the TRIGA Mark II research reactor, the synthesized nanoparticles were exposed to a thermal neutron flux of 5.28 × 1012 n/cm2/s using a pneumatic transfer irradiation channel (rabbit system). This irradiation resulted in the formation of various activated products, including 28Al, 24Na, and 27Mg, with abundances of 50.5 ± 0.3%, 0.18 ± 0.02%, and 1.59 ± 0.06%, respectively. All of these nuclides are radioactive, with half-lives ranging from minutes to hours. The induced radioactivity in the reactor core area poses a risk of secondary radiation. The physicochemical interaction of these induced products, especially sodium (24Na), with the coolant and other components, is not safe, as sodium is a highly reactive element that can undergo an exothermic reaction with water. These findings suggest that the use of α-Al2O3 in water as a reactor coolant should be further examined from the viewpoints of neutron irradiation effects and the physicochemical interaction of activated products with core materials.

АНАЛИЗ КОНСТРУКЦИЙ ПНЕВМОСЕПАРИРУЮЩИХ СИСТЕМ

One of the main methods of separating a grain heap is pneumatic separation based on the difference in the aerodynamic resistance of the components of the grain mixture to the air flow. A classification of pneumatic separating devices is given according to the following parameters: method of air flow circulation, number of separating channels, method of using systems, direction of air flow in separating channels and chambers, method of supplying air to the pneumatic separation zone, frequency of processing, shape of pneumatic separating channels, method of feeding grain mixture into the channel , type of devices for separating light impurities, method of regulating air flow in the channel. The formulas developed by different authors for the coefficient of particle resistance to air flow are generalized. The optimal dimensions of the pneumatic channel have been established: the depth of the channel should not exceed 200 mm, and the width should not exceed 1500 mm. It has been established that the most commonly used shape of the pneumatic channel is rectangular. It is shown that various devices are used to introduce grain material into the pneumatic channel: pitched boards, support nets, corrugated rollers, spreading discs, vibration, belt, pneumatic, and combined devices. According to the direction of the air flow, separators are distinguished: vertical, inclined, horizontal. It has been established that louvered inertial dust collectors are usually used to clean the air from dust. The most modern designs of cross-flow fans are considered. Based on the analysis performed, recommendations were given to developers of aspiration systems: to ensure a margin of pneumatic channel width so that with an increase in the supply of grain material, the efficiency of air cleaning does not decrease, but at the same time the uniformity of the air flow in the pneumatic channel does not decrease.

Quantifying narrowing partition thickness in a vertical pneumatic separation channel for soybean seed cleaning

The paper highlights that the study of the soybean seed separation processes in a vertical deep aspirating channel contributes to the improvement of technical and economic indicators in grain cleaning equipment. (Research purpose) The research aims to substantiate the thickness of narrowing partitions in the vertical deep aspirating channel. (Materials and methods) A prototype of a vertical deep aspirating channel with three sections of varying height, was used for cleaning soybean seeds. The optimal thickness of the narrowing partitions in the channel has been justified. Impurity extraction completeness and seed separation efficiency within a vertical aspirating channel were assessed for soybean seed cleaning under maximum specific grain load conditions. (Results and discussion) The following parameters have been determined: the optimal thickness for the narrowing partitions is 70 millimeters under a maximum specific grain load of 5 kilograms per square centimeter per hour. Seed losses do not exceed 3 percent in the aspirating channel with narrowing partitions, with impurity extraction completeness of 74 percent for the «Waste» fraction. The efficiency of the separation process stands at 71 percent, and the purity level of the «Seeds» fraction reaches 81 percent in a single pass during the preliminary cleaning stage. (Conclusions) It has been established that the use of narrowing partitions in a vertical aspirating channel during soybean seed cleaning leads to an increase in the specific grain load up to 5 kilograms per square centimeter per hour, compared to 2 kilograms per square centimeter per hour achieved by traditional pneumatic separation channels. The proposed technical solution reduces soybean seed losses to 3 percent (compared to the initial requirements of no more than 10 percent) in a single pass and reduces machine power consumption from 4.5 to 2.25 kilowatt-hours.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ РАБОТЫ ВИХРЕВОГО ПНЕВМАТИЧЕСКОГО РАСПЫЛИТЕЛЯ ДЕЗИНФИЦИРУЮЩИХ ЖИДКОСТЕЙ

The production of high-quality livestock products is achieved not only by breeding productive livestock breeds, but also by observing zootechnical requirements and ensuring sanitary well-being in livestock buildings. To maintain the proper sanitary condition of livestock buildings, modern technologies, technical means and preparations for disinfecting surfaces are used, and non-compliance with the requirements for the operation of technical means and the consumption rates of disinfectant liquids leads to an increase in the resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobial drugs. The effectiveness of disinfection largely depends on the technical capabilities of disinfection units, and to a greater extent on spray devices. Many researchers solve complex problems of optimizing the design and technological parameters of spray devices, thereby improving their spray quality. In this regard, a vortex pneumatic liquid sprayer has been developed to perform various technologies and disinfection modes. The dispersed composition of aerosols of disinfecting liquids was obtained under various operating modes by the proposed design of the sprayer. Based on the experimental data, graphical dependencies are constructed that affect the degree of dispersion of the working pressures of the disinfectant liquid and compressed air in the channels of their supply. The values of flow rates of a vortex pneumatic atomizer during its operation in various modes are obtained. Graphic dependences of the disinfectant liquid flow rate through the sprayer are plotted at different pressure ratios in the media supply channels (disinfectant liquid and compressed air) and the angles between them. Based on the obtained technical characteristics, the rational design parameters of the new design of the vortex pneumatic atomizer were determined, namely, the angle between the pneumatic and liquid inlet channels α=90o, the diameter of the outlet d=2.0 mm.

МОДЕРНИЗАЦИЯ АППАРАТА ДЛЯ ОБМОЛОТА И ИЗМЕЛЬЧЕНИЯ ХЛЕБНОЙ МАССЫ

One of the most time-consuming operations when harvesting agricultural crops is threshing and grinding of the grain mass, performed with the help of forager FN-1.4. This machine is widely used to move the silage mass in piles to the trailer tank. The currently used technical means do not meet the requirements for them, therefore, it became necessary to create more advanced ones - the modernization of the forager. The modernization of the forager FN - 1.4 is proposed to eliminate the main drawback: the complexity of the technical device, which is the cause of frequent breakdowns. The pneumatic channel is designed with the possibility of moving the seeded material from the cavity of the bottom to the cavity of the pipeline due to its gravity. The actual bottom in its lower part is made with the formation of a pitched board in the form of a rectangle, which is fixed at such an angle to the horizontal plane, which makes it possible to freely pass the processed material over its surface due to gravity. The window switching the cavities of the pneumatic channel, as well as the pipeline, is docked by its lower surface with the lower end of the pitched board. The value of the height of the window in the front side of the pipeline does not exceed two to three times the maximum grain size of the seeded material. The pneumatic channel includes a pitched board, as well as a casing. The pitched board is closed with a casing from the top. The cross section of the casing is a U-shaped shape, changing in height upwards from its front edge to the rear, while the shape of its front end along the cut is combined with the U-shaped element of the window in the front part of the pipeline wall, and the shape of the rear end along the cut is combined with the U-shaped element of the bottom in its cross section. The front edge of the casing is docked with the window, and its rear edge - with the cavity of the bottom.

Ultrathin and Flexible Bioelectronic Arrays for Functional Measurement of iPSC-Cardiomyocytes under Cardiotropic Drug Administration and Controlled Microenvironments.

Emerging heart-on-a-chip technology is a promising tool to establish in vitro cardiac models for therapeutic testing and disease modeling. However, due to the technical complexity of integrating cell culture chambers, biosensors, and bioreactors into a single entity, a microphysiological system capable of reproducing controlled microenvironmental cues to regulate cell phenotypes, promote iPS-cardiomyocyte maturity, and simultaneously measure the dynamic changes of cardiomyocyte function in situ is not available. This paper reports an ultrathin and flexible bioelectronic array platform in 24-well format for higher-throughput contractility measurement under candidate drug administration or defined microenvironmental conditions. In the array, carbon black (CB)-PDMS flexible strain sensors were embedded for detecting iPSC-CM contractility signals. Carbon fiber electrodes and pneumatic air channels were integrated to provide electrical and mechanical stimulation to improve iPSC-CM maturation. Performed experiments validate that the bioelectronic array accurately reveals the effects of cardiotropic drugs and identifies mechanical/electrical stimulation strategies for promoting iPSC-CM maturation.

Areas of Improvement of Feeding Devices for Pneumatic Separation Channels

Despite a significant degree of improvement of modern pneumatic separators, the method of feeding grain material into the channel remains an important issue today. The article provides an overview of feeding devices, their classification, and the design which is aimed at improving the interaction of the grain mixture with the air flow in the working area of separation. Promising directions for improving feeding devices of vertical pneumatic separating channels are outlined. On the basis of the review, the importance of practical application of additional technical means that contribute to the layering of the grain mixture both before entering and in the working area of the pneumatic separation channel is determined.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF PNEUMATIC CHANNEL OF GAS PRESSURE MEASURING TRANSDUCER

The paper is devoted to the study of the impact of operational factors, particularly gas leakage through the damages of pneumatic channels of measuring transducers of gas pressure and pressure drop, on the measuring result of these parameters and, therefore, on the measured value of gas flow rate and volume using pressure differential flowmeters. During the operation of gas metering units, connecting tubes, valve blocks, and averaging chambers of the standard primary device must be hermetic. However, they may become non-tight because of operational factors, and gas leakage may occur. Such leaks distort the measured pressure drop or pressure value, which can lead to a distortion of the measurement result of the gas flow rate by the metering unit.
 The authors developed a mathematical model of a pneumatic channel of gas pressure measuring transducer with existing damage. For this purpose, a mathematical model of the connecting tube, which connects the pressure averaging chamber with the pressure transducer chamber, has been developed for the stationary gas mode. A mathematical model of gas leakage through damage like "through-hole" was also developed. Based on the mathematical model of the connecting tube and the model of the process of gas leakage through the hole, a mathematical model of the pneumatic channel with a gas leakage hole was obtained.
 Modeling and investigating the impact of gas pressure, geometric characteristics of damage, and connecting line on the measuring result of pressure or pressure drop was performed. Particularly, the value of the negative systematic error of the gas pressure measurement, which occurs as a result of gas leakage through the hole in the connecting tube, is calculated for a set of fixed values of the geometric characteristics of the pneumatic channel.
 The paper shows that an increase in the pressure in the measuring tube leads to an increase in the modulus of pressure absolute error caused by the gas leakage through the hole in the connecting tube. The gas flow rate through the hole in the connecting tube and, accordingly, the pressure measurement error depends on the diameter of the through-hole and the location of the leakage. An increase in the hole diameter leads to an increase in the modulus of the absolute error of the pressure measurement.
 As the length of the connecting tube from the connection point with the measuring pipeline to the point of gas outflow increases, the pressure measurement error increases by the modulus.

Substantiation of the Design and Layout Scheme for the Gravity-Pneumatic Soybean Seed Cleaner

It is shown that scientifi c research into the intensifi cation of soybean seed separation processes is necessary for developing new type purifi cation technologies that eliminate the shortcomings of traditional machines, as well as achieving more favorable technical and economic indicators of grain cleaning equipment. (Research purpose) To substantiate the design parameters of a cleaning and sorting plant for highly efficient separation of soybean seeds. (Materials and methods) We used a developed prototype model of the plant for cleaning soybean seeds, consisting of a gravity column and a pneumatic cleaning and sorting channel. The number of combs in the gravity column and the gap between the comb bars were substantiated. Subject to different supply of material, the completeness of separating a large impurity was determined in a gravity column, a light impurity – in the first section of the channel, soybean halves – in the second section of the channel, small and puny soybean seeds – in the third one. (Results and discussion) The optimal number of combs for the gravity column was set to 10 pieces with a gap between the comb bars of 10 millimeters, thus providing the separation effi ciency of 99.3 percent. It was obtained that the optimal ratio between the width of the narrowing partition and the 50-millimeters depth of the channel section equals 0.37. The width of the narrowing partitions was calculated to be 55.5 millimeters; the optimal supply of soybeans is 2.5 tons per hour, thus providing the separation completeness in the gravity column of no less than 95 percent, and that in the pneumatic channel of no less than 98 percent. (Conclusions) It was determined that the intensifi cation of the soybean seed separation process is possible by the combined use of a gravity column and a pneumatic separating device, which can increase the productivity and effi ciency of soybean cleaning by 20 percent or more.

To the Theory of Grain Motion in an Uneven Air Flow in a Vertical Pneumatic Separation Channel with an Annular Cross Section

The possibilities of the action of uneven air flows on the grain material in the separating channels are still not used enough. The reason for this is the insufficient knowledge of the processes of interaction of the components of the grain material with an uneven air flow. The purpose of the research is to increase the efficiency of grain material separation according to aerodynamic properties by purposefully changing the diagram of air velocities in the channel sections using the actions of lateral and aerodynamic forces. The separation efficiency of grain material components was determined by trajectory analysis. The different geometry of the pneumatic separation channel was studied. The study of the distribution of air velocity and air pressure vectors in a vertical annular channel was carried out using the FlowVision software. It has been established that a change in the air velocity diagram can be implemented both by changing the geometric parameters of the channel and by additional distributed air supply through the perforation in the side walls of the pneumatic channel. Based on the analysis of the velocity field, an improved scheme of a pneumatic gravitational separator is proposed for separating grain material into three fractions according to aerodynamic characteristics.

THEORETICAL STUDIES OF THE PROCESS OF GRAIN MATERIAL MOVEMENT ON THE SURFACE OF THE STEPPED VIBRATING FEEDER

A mathematical description of the movement of caryopses in the composition of the components of grain material (CGM) on the surface of a stepped vibrating feeder is given when CGM is introduced into the aspiration channel of the separator under the action of vibrations on the CGM. The trajectories of movement of grains on the surface of the vibrating feeder with different sizes were obtained. The obtained equation of the movement of seeds under the action of vibrations makes it possible to determine the dependence of the speed of movement of the material in the CGM layer on a number of factors: the geometric parameters of the vibrating feeder, the angle of material feeding, the initial kinematic mode of the grain material, the indicator of the kinematic mode of the vibrating feeder, and the friction coefficient of the CGM. The process of movement of grain material on the stepped surface of the vibrating feeder has been substantiated, which makes it possible to determine the rational parameters of introducing the CGM into the aspiration channel of the separator and uniform distribution in the channel with the subsequent possibility of its fractionation. The dependence of the function of the flow rate of grain material on the stepped surface of the vibrating feeder is obtained, which makes it possible to determine the parameters of the distribution of grain material over the sectional area of the aspiration channel of the separator. The estimation of the absolute speed of grain material movement on the stepped surface of the vibrating feeder is made on the basis of a mathematical model constructed by hydrodynamic analogy, which in turn predetermines the analysis of the recombination of caryopses along the thickness of the vibrated layer of grain material. According to the established mathematical models, graphical dependences of the absolute speed of movement on time, the trajectories of the array of particles, the calculated trajectories of particles of grain material, which are fed into the pneumatic channel under initial conditions, were built.

Theoretical Foundations of Construction of the Electronic System for Spatial Measuring of Air Signals Aircraft Plane’s with One Fixed Receiver of Incoming Air Flow

It is noted that it is necessary to obtain reliable information about air signals that determine the spatial movement of aircraft plane (AP), including small-sized, unmanned and manned, to ensure flight safety in the surface disturbed layer of the atmosphere. It is shown that traditional air data systems of AP implementing aerodynamic and wind cock methods for measuring the parameters of incoming air flow using air pressure receivers installed on the right and left side and distributed over the fuselage, braking temperature receiver and wind cock sensors of aerodynamic angles of incidence and gliding have a complex design, considerable weight and cost, which limits their use on small-sized, unmanned and other aircraft classes. It is noted that the developed air data system with one fixed receiver of incoming air flow, built on the basis of the vortex method for measuring the parameters of incoming air flow, can significantly simplify the design and reduce the mass of system, but provides measurement only in the azimuthal or vertical plane in a limited range of measurement of the aerodynamic angle. The air data system being developed, which implements an ion-mark method for measuring the parameters of incoming air flow, allows for panoramic measurement of the aerodynamic angle, but also only in one plane with increasing complexity of the design and increasing requirements for the identity of the channels of the multichannel measuring circuit, which also limits their use on small-sized aircraft. The known capabilities and advantages of the ultrasonic method for measuring the parameters of gas flows and a panoramic sensor of the aerodynamic angle and true airspeed with a fixed receiver of the incoming air flow have determined the possibility of using the ultrasonic method for spatial measurement of air signals. The functional scheme of the electronic system for spatial measuring air signals of aircraft plane with one (integrated) fixed receiver of incoming air flow and ultrasonic instrumentation channels connected to the input of the computer is revealed. To expand the functionality, a static pressure receiver-hole is installed on the external streamlined surface of the system’s receiving board, connected by a pneumatic channel to the input of an absolute pressure sensor with a frequency output, which is also connected to the input of a computer, at the output of which digital output signals of the air data system of aircraft plane are generated. Analytical models of informative signals and algorithms for spatial determination of air signals in instrumentation channels of the electronic system with one fixed receiver of incoming air flow are obtained. The essential advantages of the considered electronic system are revealed, which increase the competitiveness and efficiency of the system application on small-sized and other classes of aircraft planes to improve flight safety and the efficiency of solving flight tasks.