Plural Research Articles

Evolution of the dative, instrumental and locative plural forms in *ŏ/*jŏ-declension based on Old Russian monuments of business writing

The article examines one of the morphological innovations in Old Russian noun declension system, so-called the a-expansion, as a result of which the words of all declensions acquired inflections with the formant -a- (-амъ, -ами, -ахъ) in the dative, instrumental and locative plural forms. An analysis of the relevant *ŏ/*jŏ-stem noun forms, which were found in the five studied corpora of Old Russian business writing monuments of different geographical origin, made it possible to reveal several patterns in the development of this process that are significant for historical morphology. Thus, the data show that the a-expansion either was evolving more slowly in the instrumental case than in the dative and locative cases or was less often reflected in writing. Based on the studied material, the article concludes that neuter nouns could succumb to the a-expansion faster than masculine words. In addition, the data of the studied texts allowed assuming that the a-expansion began earlier and was evolving faster in the northwest, while in the central zone this process proceeded slower.

Mathematical pluralism

AbstractMathematical pluralism can take one of three forms: (1) every consistent mathematical theory consists of truths about its own domain of individuals and relations; (2) every mathematical theory, consistent or inconsistent, consists of truths about its own (possibly uninteresting) domain of individuals and relations; and (3) the principal philosophies of mathematics are each based upon an insight or truth about the nature of mathematics that can be validated. (1) includes the multiverse approach to set theory. (2) helps us to understand the significance of the distinguished non‐logical individual and relation terms of even inconsistent theories. (3) is a metaphilosophical form of mathematical pluralism and hasn't been discussed in the literature. In what follows, I show how the analysis of theoretical mathematics in object theory exhibits all three forms of mathematical pluralism.

The Study of the Plural Form in English and Siin Seereer

The present work refers to a descriptive study of the plural in English and Siin Seereer. In other words, it is devoted to the formation, the structure, the semantics, etc. of words or forms denoting more than one element in both languages. Thus, the work aims to analyze this class of grammatical forms usually used to denote more than one, or in some languages more than two elements. Thus, the study of the plural in the noun phrase is in the heart of the current study. However, to collect data, in order to have a corpus, we have done some research, organized interviews with English and Siin Seereer native speakers. The collection of data has conducted us to have a clear presentation, analysis and interpretation of our corpus. The work provides new and authentic data drawn from a variety of documents, interviews, etc. that enable us to implement a descriptive approach. This approach of descriptive analysis of the plural has helped us to point out that there are differences and some similarities in these languages. In other words, the formation, the semantics, the structure, etc. of the different types of nouns in both languages are different. Furthermore, we have noticed that there are differences as far as the determiners, used with these types of nouns, are concerned.

Two approaches to naturalistic social ontology

Social ontological inquiry has been pursued in analytic philosophy as well as in the social scientific tradition of critical realism. These traditions have remained largely separate despite partly overlapping concerns and similar underlying strategies of argumentation. They have also both been the subject of similar criticisms based on naturalistic approaches to the philosophy of science, which have addressed their apparent reliance on a transcendental mode of reasoning, their seeming distance from social scientific practice, and their (erroneous?) tendency to advocate global solutions to local and pragmatic problems. Two approaches aiming to naturalize these two traditions of social ontology have been proposed in recent years: one drawing on a Gierean, model-based approach to scientific practice, the other drawing on inference to the best explanation. In our paper, we compare and contrast these naturalistic approaches to social ontology in terms of their capacity to respond to the aforementioned challenges. We also defend a form of methodological pluralism, according to which there are multiple different naturalistically acceptable approaches to social ontology, which emphasize contrasting procedural continuities between social scientific research and philosophical practice.

Exploring the referential range of etymologically-related lexical pairs in the language of the Qur’an: A cognitive-semantic approach

The present study conducts a cognitive-semantic analysis of etymologically-related lexical pairs in the language of the Qur’an. Based on objective selection criteria, the lexical pair rīĥ (a singular form literally meaning wind) and riyāĥ (a plural form literally meaning winds) has been claimed to be representative of the final data set, which includes 20 lexical pairs. Building on the theoretical underpinnings of descriptive semantics and frame semantics, the analysis sought to fulfill three main objectives: (a) identifying the referential range of the pair rīĥ and riyāĥ and its central reference point; (b) explaining the way the historical and theological context helps to mark the connotations associated with each sense in the referential range; and (c) sorting the discourse functions communicated through the cognitive frame(s) evoked by such a lexical pair. Findings showed that the central cognitive frame of both lexical items is that of moving air. However, rīĥ has developed, through metaphorical extension, two other senses that are not applicable to riyāĥ: power/predominance and smell. Finally, both lexical items have been proven to have positive, negative, and neutral connotations that have been divinely manipulated to perform various discourse functions.

В каком смысле можно говорить о национальной философии?

In recent years, the term “national philosophy” has become very common in scientific circles. One can speak of “national philosophy” in connection with the task of building “sovereignty in the sphere of ideas” in countries that gained independence in the second half of the 20th century and striving to strengthen their national cultural identity, and in countries with a long political history, looking for a way to build a picture of the history of philosophy from the positions of their own country, not only as the history of Western philoso­phy. The article attempts to clarify in what sense one speaks of national philo­sophy? For this reason, the paper distinguishes between the concept of national philosophy in the sense of political science and the concept of national philo­sophy in the sense of anthropology, and also shows the difference between the meanings of the word “philosophy” in the singular and plural forms. It is argued that “national philosophy” is essentially a term of philosophy and poli­tics, and the emphasis is on “nation” rather than “philosophy”. In addition increased attention paid to the concept of “national philosophy” is the hall­mark of the intelligentsia of some countries of “catching up” development. The question “Do we have a philosophy?” cannot be reconstructed from with­in philosophy itself; “National philosophy” is a concept both necessary and superfluous.

Ecologies, One and All

AbstractThis essay considers ecology in its singular and plural forms. It asks whether and how the knowledge forms generated by practitioners of the singular science of ecology might weave more fully into a robust plural analytic that is grounded in the acknowledgment of multiple ways of knowing, experiencing, and attributing meaning to consequential connections between the human and the more-than-human world. Although Western science, with singular ecology as one of its many descendants, leaves an undeniable imprint, the essay aims to ask whether the contemporary, lived life of ecological science as postpositivist practice might be working in ways that, while imperfect, may be more legible and shared with scholars in the environmental humanities than is usually noted. It describes the knowledge base of the singular science of ecology, which in contemporary theory and practice consists of collections of disparate, complementary, or contradictory models—ecologies—in the plural, thus holding generality and infinite particularity in constant dialogue. The authors, two natural scientists and one social scientist, aim to provoke fresh discussions about the ways ecological analytics circulate in contemporary research and scholarly practice. The authors’ goal is to further the essential work of more direct and clear conversation, translation, and mutual learning between scholars in the environmental humanities and biophysical ecology. They hold this to be essential as transdisciplinary initiatives endeavor to study, and better understand, how social and environmental change coproduce one another.

An Uneasy Alliance in the Battle of the Absolute: William James and George Holmes Howison

Abstract: The closing section of James's "Philosophical Conceptions and Practical Results" contains a surprisingly abrupt dismissal of Kant's philosophy. This paper suggests that James's real target is his host, George Holmes Howison, whose Philosophical Union had invited James to speak at Berkeley. James and Howison shared a common commitment to pluralism in opposition to the Absolute monism such as Josiah Royce was developing. Howison relies on Kant's account of the a priori as well as his moral ideal of a Kingdom of Ends in order to fashion a pluralistic form of |idealism that would avoid the errors he found in Absolute monism while also countering the influential evolutionary philosophy of Herbert Spencer. While James shared Howison's opposition to monism, as well as his critical view of Spencer, he did not share his aversion to evolutionary ideas. Ultimately, the pragmatism that he announced at Berkeley would reply to Howison's Kantian approach by retaining a pluralism while building on the modern psychology growing out of evolution. James's position would test the alliance that they had forged against monism. In time, it would prove too fragile to withstand their growing differences until a final break came in the year before James's death.

An Uneasy Alliance in the Battle of the Absolute: William James and George Holmes Howison

Abstract: The closing section of James's "Philosophical Conceptions and Practical Results" contains a surprisingly abrupt dismissal of Kant's philosophy. This paper suggests that James's real target is his host, George Holmes Howison, whose Philosophical Union had invited James to speak at Berkeley. James and Howison shared a common commitment to pluralism in opposition to the Absolute monism such as Josiah Royce was developing. Howison relies on Kant's account of the a priori as well as his moral ideal of a Kingdom of Ends in order to fashion a pluralistic form of |idealism that would avoid the errors he found in Absolute monism while also countering the influential evolutionary philosophy of Herbert Spencer. While James shared Howison's opposition to monism, as well as his critical view of Spencer, he did not share his aversion to evolutionary ideas. Ultimately, the pragmatism that he announced at Berkeley would reply to Howison's Kantian approach by retaining a pluralism while building on the modern psychology growing out of evolution. James's position would test the alliance that they had forged against monism. In time, it would prove too fragile to withstand their growing differences until a final break came in the year before James's death.

现代汉语与印尼语人称代词对比研究

摘要 本文研究的对象是现汉印尼语的人称代词的三类，包括第一人称代词、第二人称代词和第三人称代词。本文对现汉印尼语人称代词的研究方法运用语言对比分析理论、语义和语用分析理论来进行分析。本文对比研究的结果指出不仅从词语方面也从使用功能方面现代汉语和印尼语人称代词都有异同点。现汉印尼语人称代词的相同点：有排除式和包括式，有人称代词单复数转换形式，没有男女性别的区别，有敬称式。而现汉印尼语人称代词的不同点：复数形式，感情色彩，语法上功能，定语语序。 关键词: 现代汉语、印尼语、人称代词、对比分析. ABSTRACT The object of this paper is the three types of personal pronouns in modern Chinese Indonesian, including first-person pronouns, second-person pronouns and third-person pronouns. This paper analyzes the research methods of personal pronouns in Chinese and Indonesian by using the theory of linguistic contrastive analysis, semantic and pragmatic analysis. The results of the comparative study in this paper point out that there are similarities and differences between modern Chinese and Indonesian personal pronouns not only in terms of words but also in terms of usage functions. The similarities between Chinese and Indonesian personal pronouns: there are exclusionary and inclusive forms, personal pronouns can be converted into plural and singular, there is no distinction between male and female, and there are respectful forms. However, the differences between personal pronouns in Chinese and Indonesian languages are: plural form, emotional color, grammatical function, attributive word order. Key words: modern Chinese, Indonesian language, Personal pronouns, Contrastive analysis

Is Italian a Sexist Language? “Nomina Agentis” and the So-called Overextended Masculine

Italian is often accused of being a sexist language because the masculine form always prevails; feminine names are always a minority (compared to the masculine ones); very often, one word, used in the masculine form, has a positive connotation, but the same word, in the feminine, has a negative one. There are many kinds of sexism (linguistic, behavioural, political, implicit, and criminal) as well as many ways it can be conveyed in the real world. This paper will focus on the linguistic form. The Italian language makes extensive use of the so-called “maschile sovraesteso” or “universale” (overextended or universal masculine). In sentences where the nouns are all masculine or all feminine, the adjective keeps the same gender in the plural form. However, if nouns have different genders, the adjective follows the masculine plural form. For example: “Ho fatto amicizia con un ragazzo ed una ragazza spagnoli” (I made friends with a guy and a girl, both Spanish). “Spagnoli” is the Italian adjective for Spanish used in the plural masculine form. The gender does not change even if there are five girls and only one guy. The choice for the masculine plural form does not depend on the numerical majority. To prefer the masculine plural form in case of the coexistence of masculine and feminine singular nouns is discriminatory. Using the so-called universal masculine is a sexist way to write Italian.

Milton in China

Milton in China

ANALISIS KESALAHAN BERBAHASA PADA TATARAN FRASA DALAM PUTUSAN PENGADILAN KASUS TINDAK PIDANA KEJAHATAN TERHADAP NYAWA

Court order are a scientific product of the legal process, so there should be no mistakes in writing court order because this can have fatal consequences for the legal process that has been carried out. Phrases as the smallest level in the syntax used to form sentences must be written correctly in a court order to avoid misinterpretation of a court order. This study will describe the various language errors at the phrase level that can be found in court order on homicide act of criminal. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The data in this study are sentences containing language errors at the phrase level contained in a court order of homicide act of criminal in North Sumatra in 2020. The conclusions in this study are made inductively. Based on the analysis in this study, it can be concluded that there are six types of language errors, namely the influence of regional languages, inappropriate use of prepositions, wording errors, excessive use of elements, errors in the use of superlative forms, and pluralization of plural forms.

Pendidikan Karakter Pada Tari Kupu- Kupu Sebagai Falsafah Hidup Masyarakat Jawa

Budaya (culture) derived from Sanskrit word “budddayah”, the plural form of word buddhi, meaning anything related to human character and mind. In English, the word culture derived from Latin word cultural. The method used was descriptive qualitative one using data obtained through in-depth interview, library study, and documentation (photograph, online magazine, research journal). Culture in the form of dance is an art product resulting from people’s creativity to fulfill material and spiritual needs. Human being has two types of needs to have balanced life. Spiritual need relates to belief and religion, while immaterial need relates to art and recreation so that life will run harmoniously. One of art forms adapting to its community is butterfly dance. Butterfly dance in its development relates to community life and art. Culture will develop and adapt to human development. Human development follows time and human need development. Butterfly dance provides human life philosophy, particularly to Javanese people. Life is gratitude, life always rotates and so does the fate. To live, an individual will need others’ help so that he should always remember Allah because life can be happy, sad, and comfortable. The one who does good deed will get goodness, and vice versa. Always respecting each other, having good mindset, and remembering death are the keys to a nice harmonious life.

Breaking the Republican mold: French independent schools and agonistic pluralism amidst Franco-conformity

The modern French school system was established in the late nineteenth century upon an acculturating, assimilationist, and secular ideology of making “French people French” and emphasizing unity over cultural diversity. Thus, most scholarship on the French education system aptly highlights the system's French Republican “mold” characteristics—hyper-centralization, Franco-conformity, and “Republican sanctuary”—even if adherence to the mold is not always achieved. However, French hors contrat or independent schools are afforded significant freedoms in terms of curriculum, pedagogy, admittance criteria, and the incorporation of religion. These independent schools represent a veritable rainbow of ethical and educational perspectives that break from the French Republican schooling mold. Drawing upon seven months of ethnographic research in a variety of French independent schools, I suggest that these schools’ existence illustrate flexibility and plasticity within the otherwise monolithic French education system, collectively pointing to a surprising form of agonistic pluralism on the margins of French Republicanism.

A Morphophonological Analysis of the Applicability of Nasalisation Principles in Lungu, Mambwe and Namwanga Languages

The paper explores the similarities and variations in the applicability of nasalisation principles in Lungu, Mambwe and Namwanga (LuMaNa) languages. LuMaNa languages are spoken in Northern and Muchinga provinces of Zambia. Lungu is classified as M14, Mambwe as M15 and Namwanga as M22. The study used CV phonology and comparative Bantu morphophonological theories and qualitative methods. Results reveal that nasal homorganic assimilation depends on the consonant which follows the nasal, such as, a voiceless cluster /nk/ when a voiceless velar /k/ follows /n/ and a voiced cluster /ng/ when a voiced velar /g/ follows /n/. Nasal deletion before fricatives from singular to plural forms of nouns are not attested, instead the languages undergo nasal maintenance where /n/→/n/. Nasal deletion before fricatives is only possible during the reverse formation from plural to singular nouns where /m/→/l/ and /n/→/l/. The post-nasal stop voicing happens when converting singular to plural nouns where /l/→/n/. Post-nasal consonant hardening occurs when converting nouns from singular to plural using /l/→/d/, /n/→/m/ and /w/→/b/. Post-nasal stop aspiration only occurs in Namwanga when the voiceless consonant follows a nasal as in; /p/→/ph/. There are more similarities than variations during nasalisation which shows that LuMaNa languages are at dialectal continuum.

The Mother Herb: Plant Storywork, Grief & More-Than-Human Care in Compromised Times

Herbalists and plants have healing relationships that shape cultures throughout collapse and regeneration. Indeed, the herbalist was once a highly esteemed role in communities, working-with plants to facilitate relational care and healing of human and non-human kin alike. This article explores the ethics of mothering and kinship, as experienced through the lens of a herbalist, by disrupting standardized notions of mothering as a human-to-human biological reality and embracing an understanding of mothering as an interspecies and multi-generational practice. To do so, we engage in an animist and ecofeminist auto-ethnographic process of thinking-with Mugwort (Artemisia Vulgaris) to re-story our own relationships with mothering without biologically being mothers and how this shapes our relationships with grief, loss, and love in contemporary times. We look to Mugwort as an important ancestral ‘plant mother’ in each of our cultural lineages and draw on herbal folklore and practices to think through the complexities of more-than-human care. We argue that mothering is a subjective and contextual practice of kin-making, and how herbalists have ritually engaged in this since time immemorial. Herbalism can thus be framed as an ecological praxis that takes seriously multispecies mothering and gestures toward future(s) where mutual flourishing can be enacted in plural forms.

(Mis)versioning as a quality assurance compromise in the development of numeracy curriculum in African languages

Along with literacy, numeracy is considered a critical skill that impacts on the success or failure of learners in the formative stages of the schooling system. In the context of the Language in Education Policy, which accords every learner in every public school the right to use the language of their choice in the process of being educated, the numeracy learning area should be taught and learnt in Sepedi. To operationalise this policy provision, curriculum policymakers generally subject learning materials available in English to a translation process and make them available in the various official African languages. This paper discusses the challenges encountered in translating numerical word expressions from English into Sepedi and offers, from a linguistic point of view, solutions to deal with the challenges encountered. Data were collected from existing Sepedi literature, and an analysis was conducted of how numerical word expressions are used and treated relative to how they were translated. To validate the literature’s authenticity in the use of the concepts under discussion, a survey was conducted amongst mature and home-language users of Sepedi. The findings show that there are contradictions in how plural forms of numerical word expressions are used by Sepedi language professionals, as is the case in other literature. This creates a problem for the teaching and assessment of these concepts in the foundation phase of the schooling system. Based on the available evidence, the paper makes an argument against the use of bo- when pluralising cardinal numbers in the context of numeracy. The paper concludes with a call for Umalusi to implement systems to quality-assure learning materials translated from English into African languages.

О традициях изучения правового плюрализма, его формах и значении (часть 2)

The interests and values of different subjects (state (society), social groups, individuals) are reflected in law and legal activity, and a balance of such interests (values) is being sought. Philosophy, political science, and sociology are characterized by the tradition of defining the order associated with the organization and reproduction of social differences of different subjects as social pluralism. In this regard, widely understood legal pluralism cannot be reduced only to the external multiplicity of legal systems (subsystems), which, of course, does not reflect the entire social pluralism of modern society. Methodology. In the process of work the following methods were used dialectics, comparative method, formal-logical method, system approach, analysis, synthesis. Results. Various traditions of studying the reflection of the plurality of subjects, their interests and values in law are presented, studied and classified. It is concluded that the internal legal pluralism characteristic of a particular system (subsystem) of law (pluralism in law) is that law reflects the interests and values of different subjects, and not just the state as a whole or representatives of one group. The ideas about possible forms of pluralism in law, its significance for society, social groups, and individuals are systematized. The correlation of the plurality of systems (subsystems) of law (pluralism of law) and pluralism in law is analyzed. Conclusion. It is concluded that pluralism in law should be assessed as a largely positive phenomenon for society, social groups and individuals, but its extremes should be limited. Taking into account the 1st part of the work, legal pluralism as a whole is defined as forms of pluralism of law and pluralism in law that combine with each other and replace each other.

Paul of Venice and the Plurality of Forms and Souls

In this paper, I focus on Paul of Venice’s plurality of forms and souls, i.e., his “two total souls” theory. I argue that this specific theory is a result of Paul’s reception of various positions originating from fourteenth-century Parisian philosophers like John of Jandun, the Anonymous Patar, Nicole Oresme, John Duns Scotus, and Walter Burley. By receiving these positions and by making use of merely parts of their doctrines, Paul creates a theory of the hylomorphic compound that fits well within an Aristotelian framework of an Averroistic flavor. Although his position is not Averroistic in any strict sense, it mirrors quite well the growing interest in an Averroistic interpretation of Aristotle in Padua at his time. By looking at some of his successors, such as Gaetano da Thiene, Nicoletto Vernia, and Agostino Nifo, I show that Paul is on the borderline between a traditional, scholastic philosophical psychology or hylomorphism of Parisian origin and an Averroist reading of philosophical psychology or hylomorphism, which had its promoters in fifteenth-century Padua.