Pluralistic Structure Research Articles

Group-Based Affect and the Canadian Party System

Abstract In terms of party systems, Canada's system is an outlier. In our present work, we develop Richard Johnston's account of Canada's polarized pluralism in three ways. First, we link the literature on party systems to social identity theory. Second, we make an empirical contribution by directly testing Johnston's claim that intergroup affect plays a central role in shaping the dynamics of the party system. Using Canadian Election Study data from seven elections, we offer strong empirical support for the theory of polarized pluralism. Congruent with existing research, we find that the most important feature summarizing group-based affect in Canadian politics corresponds with the ideological left/right divide, but we also find that feelings toward groups on a second, uncorrelated axis (feelings toward Quebec and minority groups) shape vote choice. Yet our results show that fault lines in the polarized pluralist structure of the Canadian party system are emerging.

Diferentes organizações de extensão na Turquia: exemplo da região do Egeu

ABSTRACT: This study assessed different extension actors in the Aegean region in terms of key indicators that influence the success of extension activities. Along with the primary goal, factors affecting extensionists’ satisfaction with their working conditions were investigated. The data were collected through questionnaires from 966 extensionists working in public, private firms, farmer organizations, input dealers and consultancy in eight provinces in the region. According to the results, 80% of the farmers received extension services from public organizations in the region. While those who work in the public sector are more satisfied economically, their professional satisfaction is the lowest. Extension workers’ personal skills, sharing ideas, creativity, and authority-responsibility harmony, working freedom, staff availability and support are increasing satisfaction with working conditions in organizations. While female farmers are targeting more by the public and consultants, educated farmers are more prioritized in firms, dealers, and consultations. The internalization of innovative values is lower in the public organizations compared to the others. It is foreseen that; the public will carry out extension in developing countries for a long time. The success in extension organizations, the innovation process and pluralistic structure became quite more dependent on the relations with the private sector, domestic and international market mechanisms, demand driven giving advice and government policies on social, economic, and environmental.

Uluslararası Güvenlik Açısından Hegemonik İstikrar Teorisinin Başarısızlığına İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme (Soğuk Savaş Dönemindeki 725 Güvenlik Konseyi Kararının Gösterdikleri)

This study aims to evaluate the success of the hegemonic stability theory within the framework of the Cold War era Security Council resolutions. In this direction, 725 resolutions of the Security Council between 1946 and 1991 have been examined and converted into numerical values in terms of content. It is seen that the decisions focused on a limited number of problems in the said period. The results show that the being of a single hegemonic power is not the main factor in providing stability. In addition, when looked at the post-Cold War period, it is possible to assert that the Security Council’s burden has increased. It is seen that the problems increase and diversify in the unipolar world, and international terrorism comes to the fore as the main actor. Hegemonic stability theory has not been successful in terms of international security. For international security, it is necessary to seek stability in a pluralistic structure, not in a single hegemonic power, because it does not seem possible to achieve success by ignoring national interests and the ethnicity and culture on which these national interests are built. Although the bipolar order offers a relatively stable security environment, the high threat perception prevents countries from revealing their potential for development.

Caz Müziğinin Farklı Grafik Yorumları: İzmir Avrupa Caz Festivali Afişleri

Bu çalışmada İzmir Kültür Sanat ve Eğitim Vakfı’nın düzenlediği İzmir Avrupa Caz Festivali afiş yarışmasında derece alan tasarımların caz müziğinin doğası ile bağlantıları araştırılmaktadır. İçeriği itibariyle caz müziğinin, afiş tasarımının ve uzun soluklu ulusal bir tasarım etkinliğinin yollarının kesiştiği bu araştırmada caz müziğinde öne çıkan doğaçlama, deneysellik, ifade, yorum, üslup gibi kavramların afişlerde kendine nasıl yer bulduğu incelenmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, derece alan afişlerin tekil değerlendirmelerini yapmanın ötesinde, uzun yıllara yayılan yarışma aracılığıyla oluşan kümülatif bilgiyi ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaçla; caz müziğinin doğaçlama ve deneysellikten beslenen köklerine işaret eden giriş bölümünün ardından, etkinliğe dair bir fikir sunması adına İzmir Kültür Sanat ve Eğitim Vakfı ve Avrupa Caz Festivali’nin kısa tarihçesine değinilmektedir. Yirmi yıla yaklaşan tarihinde 600’den fazla caz afişi barındıran bu etkinliğe dair çalışmaya dâhil edilen örnekler, makalede görsel sayısının on iki ile sınırlı olması nedeniyle son dört yılda ilk üçe giren afişten oluşmaktadır. Bu etkinlik serisinin caz müziğinin özgürleştirici doğası ile afiş tasarımını buluşturarak genç kuşak tasarımcılara doğaçlama, deneysellik ve ifadeye dayanan bir üretim alanı yarattığını; sadece İzmir’in kimliğine değil aynı zamanda çağdaş Türk grafik tasarım dağarcığına da katkı sunmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, farklı sanat dalları arasındaki geçişliliğin doğurduğu potansiyellerin gözlemlenmesi adına güzel bir örnek oluşturan bu gibi platformların sayısının artması, uzun yıllar boyunca düzenli periyodlarla sürdürülmesi, gelenekselleşirken güncelliğini koruması, sistemli şekilde arşivlenmesi, akademik incelemelere konu edilmesi, çeşitli iş birlikleri ve katılımlar yoluyla desteklenmesi ulusal kültür tarihinin inşasında önemli bir rol üstlenmektedir.

New Image Painters within the Context of the Pluralist Character of the 1970s

Bu makale, 1970’li yılların plüralist ortamında var olan Yeni İmge Ressamları’nın eserlerindeki dönemine göre yeni etkileri postmodernizm bağlamında ele almaktadır. Bu sanatçılar, 1978 yılında açtıkları sergi ile gündeme gelmişlerdir. Makalede, bir nevi geçiş döneminde yer alan sanatçıların, modernden tam olarak kopamayan ama postmodernden de izler taşıyan yönlerinin eserlerine yansımaları incelenmektedir. 60’lardan itibaren sanatta kavramsal temelli yaklaşımlar artmış, figüratif resmin ve anlatının küçümsenmesiyle birlikte sanatın sergilenebilen, alınıp satılabilen meta olma özelliği de sekteye uğramıştır. 70’lerle birlikte bu durum değişmeye başlamış ve özellikle 80’lerin gelişiyle figüratif resim ve anlatı geri dönmüştür. 70’lerin karakteri plüralizmdir. Birçok yazar ve düşünür dönemin bu çoğulcu-plüralist yapısını ‘postmodern’ olarak tanımlamışlardır. Çalışmalarında figüre, gerçekçilikten çok soyutlamacı, indirgemeci bir anlayışla yaklaşan, karikatür estetiğini yadsımayan bu sanatçılar; ‘yeni’ye yaklaşımdaki farklılıkları, sanatta ‘kötü’yü aşağı bir form görmemeleri ve ‘başarıyla tamamlanmış eser’ fikrinden uzaklaşmaya başlamalarıyla 70’lerden 80’lere geçişteki zemin kaymalarını da işaret etmişlerdir. Yeni imajcıların bir yandan da ‘usta sanatçı’, ‘deha’ anlatısının tükenişini haber verdikleri söylenebilir.

Education and the Public

Democracy and education depend on a well-functioning public sphere and adequately informed, educated, participating citizens. There is consensus that the relationship between education and the public sphere can be seen as a fundamental question of educational reflection, which is constantly changing. It is still an open question which effects the digitalization or the pluralistic structure of societies have on education and the public sphere. The 14th edition of On Education takes up these debates with contributions which explore understandings of 'the public sphere', and further the understanding of the relationship between the public sphere and education in different historical, cultural, and pedagogical contexts.

“APPROPRIATION” AS A FORM OF PRODUCTION IN POSTMODERN ART: THE YASUMASA MORIMURA CASE

Although "appropriation", in other words "appropriation/adaptation", is a production approach that originates the productions of modern period artists, it has been one of the artistic orientations that form the roof of the Postmodern artistic pluralist structure, which basically has an eclectic body. Artists, who adopt and defend this mode of production, have reinterpreted and circulated existing or previously produced works/images/forms, contrary to the new production approach. At the same time, these artists, who consciously use the symbolic importance of the works they appropriate, while creating the cultural framework of their own production, seek a construction of meaning based on concepts such as reference, citation, irony, parody and incongruity, as well as a structure that tries to draw attention to the richness of meaning in contemporary art. have been placed on their agenda. This concept, which has developed an attitude against the notion of "originality" of modernism, has developed new arguments on the concepts of gender and racial discrimination, social language and discourse, identity, culture and representation, especially after the 1980s, examining the social codes that took shape through certain power relations. It has been shaped even more by the production practices of the artists. In this study, the "appropriation" approach, which is the source of many productions of postmodern art, is mentioned and a quick introduction to the sanctuary of art in the name of the interpretation and analysis of this concept and bringing the "authenticity/originality" discussions in art to the agenda again; The works of Japanese artist Yasumasa Morimura, who revived the masterpieces of art history and popular culture icons in his own body, in order to find himself again in other bodies, to experience and learn, are mentioned. Keywords: Postmodern art, appropriation, reproduction, Yasumasa Morimura

Protected area management in a post-natural world: negotiated governance at the Danish Wadden Sea

National parks and other large protected areas play an increasingly important role in the context of global social and environmental challenges. Nevertheless, they continue to be rooted in local places and cannot be separated out from their socio-cultural and historical context. Protected areas furthermore are increasingly understood to constitute critical sites of struggle whereby the very meanings of nature, landscape, and nature-society relations are up for debate. This paper examines governance arrangements and discursive practices pertaining to the management of the Danish Wadden Sea National Park and reflects on the relationship between pluralist institutional structures and pluralist, relational understandings of nature and landscape.

Political Theology of International Law: Methodological Facets and Borders

The article investigates the possibility of applying political theology as a specific methodological approach to international law. As the key theses of political theology were originally formulated by C. Schmitt in the context of national law acting in a homogeneous environment, political theology discourse in the modern philosophy of international law is mainly related to the universalist projects of global law based on an analogy with national law. The first of such strategies, the expansionist strategy, presupposes the construction of global order by the world hegemon. The second, the cosmopolitan strategy, assumes that international law can be built on the basis of an ongoing process of discussion of the global order foundations by the widest possible range of actors. Both of these strategies charm “eternal peace” and are nourished by a common messianic spirit and, therefore, are utopian. However, Schmitt’s international law legacy offers an atypical non-universalist and anti-messianic view on international law as a heterogeneous global legal order based on spatial concepts. Despite the fact that the application of political theology to this kind of order is difficult, it shall not be excluded for several reasons. The pluralistic structure of the heterogeneous order can be seen as a katechon that holds back the end of history. Finally, the political theology of international law can be applied to analyze the historical transformations of the international legal order.

Nudging the Opportunity Structure: A Modest and Ambitious Aim for Teacher Education

Background/Context Teacher candidates are being educated in a political and economic context that calls the value of their professional preparation into question. What is more, a rising generation of teacher candidates has only experienced education during the Era of Corporate School Reform, meaning, the political aims of public education were systematically neglected during their upbringing due to an intensive focus on high-stakes competitions, consumer preferences, and the privatization of public schools. This essay asks how teacher candidates, raised to value a narrow and reductive form of academic success, can be prepared to attend to their students’ flourishing and collectively work towards social justice. Focus of Study Stressing the indispensable role of teacher education, with a focus on the importance of educational foundations courses, we argue that teacher candidates should learn in such courses to nudge students towards a pluralistic opportunity structure, defined by political philosopher Joseph Fishkin, as a structure of opportunity comprised of many less harshly competitive and therefore more accessible paths to diverse forms of flourishing and economic opportunity. Research Design The proposed aim seeks to reconcile the social ambitions of early progressive theorists with the method of reflective equilibrium used by contemporary educational ethicists. It is developed using a case study method. Cases are drawn from the reflections of three academically successful teacher candidates. Each candidate, for distinct reasons, critiques the conception of academic success they were habituated to value during their P–12 schooling and each urges their peers to not reproduce its harms by teaching differently. The argument proceeds by exploring how their critiques are reflected in the value of equality of opportunity and how their advice for teaching differently is continuous with the work of pluralizing the opportunity structure. Conclusion The teacher candidates’ critiques of academic success are not simply private reflections, but nascent expressions of a principle of social justice, a new theory of equality of opportunity, that can be realized by attending to the wellbeing of all students, including advantaged students attending independent schools.

Does the extended evolutionary synthesis entail extended explanatory power?

Biologists and philosophers of science have recently called for an extension of evolutionary theory. This so-called ‘extended evolutionary synthesis’ (EES) seeks to integrate developmental processes, extra-genetic forms of inheritance, and niche construction into evolutionary theory in a central way. While there is often agreement in evolutionary biology over the existence of these phenomena, their explanatory relevance is questioned. Advocates of EES posit that their perspective offers better explanations than those provided by ‘standard evolutionary theory’ (SET). Still, why this would be the case is unclear. Usually, such claims assume that EES’s superior explanatory status arises from the pluralist structure of EES, its different problem agenda, and a growing body of evidence for the evolutionary relevance of developmental phenomena (including developmental bias, inclusive inheritance, and niche construction). However, what is usually neglected in this debate is a discussion of what the explanatory standards of EES actually are, and how they differ from prevailing standards in SET. In other words, what is considered to be a good explanation in EES versus SET? To answer this question, we present a theoretical framework that evaluates the explanatory power of different evolutionary explanations of the same phenomena. This account is able to identify criteria for why and when evolutionary explanations of EES are better than those of SET. Such evaluations will enable evolutionary biology to find potential grounds for theoretical integration.

Transforming relationship between neopatrimonial state and business for the sustainable development: Cluster Governance model

Transforming relationship between neopatrimonial state and business in Russia are examined from the perspectives of sustainable development and “networkisation” of the business. We consider it on the basis of the innovation clusters formation as regional collaborative communities, the transition to Cluster Governance model as a new advanced form of the innovation process organisation, and environment factors of this transition. As a factor holding back this transition in Russia, the dominance of the “technocratic” approach to digitalisation of public administration is noted with an underestimation of the environment and human factors and the mechanisms of informal correction of power- bureaucratic decisions. In the context of ensuring the economic development sustainability the following effect is important: reducing cluster governance to traditional management due to the fact that the cluster is transformed into a vertically integrated holding, which is a reduction of the pluralistic and heterogeneous structure to a monistic and homogeneous one. The relevance of these risks to sustainable development of Russia is associated with the neopatrimonial nature of the current model of government with the high role of its informal component. The paper raises the question of measuring the influence of informal relations on the decision-making processes performing by government bodies.

The Internationalization of Judicial Review in the Colombian High Courts

The internationalization of adjudication in the Colombian high court refers to the growing importance that the American Convention on Human Rights has gained among the judicial forums of this country, but especially to the phenomenon that occurs when national judiciaries implement and appropriate the doctrine of the control of conventionality. The Convention has claimed a high ground in the Colombian constitutional system due to the appropriation of international law by national courts decisions, and to the process of the internationalization of the law. By consistently applying the control of conventionality doctrine, courts like the State Council have reaffirmed the binding nature and the effectiveness of the decisions of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights for the Colombian legal system. In contrast to a much more regressive posture assumed by the Constitutional Court in recent decisions, the State Council, drawing on the legal contents of international law, has broadened the range of legal sources for rights interpretation in Colombia. By this action, as it will be further stated in this article, the State Council has contributed to a move away from a paradigm of a legalism based solely on the state sovereignty and national constitutionalism, towards one that endorses the pluralist structure of post-national law. Against this background, this article aims to discuss how the relationship of national judiciaries with international law is best understood as reflecting the development of a pluralist legal dynamic, sometimes referred to as jurisprudential dialogue, that involves the broadening of the normative horizon and the internationalization of the sources available for national judges in their reasoning; particularly in the cases that involve human rights violations.

Role of Sufi Saints in North –Western India

The eighteenth century in Indian History is characterized as an epoch of political anarchy and social chaos that spread unchecked in the wake of the collapse of the Mughal empire. But disintegration of the imperial center and its administrative institutions did not produce any profound effect on the pre-existing pluralistic socio-cultural structure, which was distinguished by widespread Hindu-Muslim unity and culture syncretism in northern India.

External shocks and policy change in different coalition opportunity structures

ABSTRACTSince its introduction in the late 1980s, the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) has undergone three revisions in 1993, 1998, and 2007. The 2007 revision has contributed to expanding the applicability of the ACF to policy processes in both pluralistic and nonpluralistic political systems by creating a new category of variables called the coalition opportunity structure. Using a case study of nuclear energy in South Korea, which experienced a transition of the coalition opportunity structure from authoritarian to pluralist in the late 1980s, this study explores the mediating role of coalition opportunity structures in the relationship between an external shock and policy change. The findings indicate that contrary to what the ACF predicts, external shocks are exploited by a dominant coalition to further strengthen its power in the policy process in an authoritarian structure. External shocks do not have the same effect on policy subsystems in different coalition opportunity structures, and the relationship between an external shock and policy change is not a simple stimulus-response reaction. In addition, by contrasting the effect of an external shock in an authoritarian structure with that in a pluralist structure, this study explores how an external shock can function as a pathway to policy change as the ACF predicts.

Progressing Together: Buddhism Localization and Ancient Chinese Legal Resources

During the process of localization in China, Buddhism collided with the ancient Chinese legal resources such as "courtesy", "virtue" and "law". However, Buddhism eventually became "localized" Buddhism in China. This shows that Buddhism actively absorbs the core of Confucianism, and does not hesitate to "explain the doctrine again and hence the sublimation spirit of the root of traditional Chinese thought, which embodies the broad feelings of the inclusiveness of traditional Chinese culture, and shows the mutual respect, mutual tolerance, and mutual restraint between foreign culture and local culture. In this process, Buddhism always transformed itself from a pluralist and pluralistic structure to a dual structure of Buddhism and China. Ancient Chinese legal resources also use Buddhist motivation and access to new vitality, with a new value system, to solve the reality of social problems and spiritual contradictions. The guiding significance of this process and result to the current legalization of religion in our country is to embody cultural integration and institutional progress by embracing religious culture and making full use of its positive value function.

Debunking Deference: The Delusions of Unmediated Reality in the Contemporary Public Sphere

To compensate for the lack of realism of the participatory models of the public sphere, this paper proposes a more minimalist conceptualisation, which emphasises the ontological necessity of representation and deference in the constitution of imagined communities. In the contemporary public spheres, permeated with distrust, representation and deference are becoming synonymous with deception and estrangement. Debunking institutional mediations and political representation, both the “hacktivist” movement Anonymous and the populist leadership of D. Trump yearn to erase any lingering traces of deference. In doing so, I will argue, they endanger the democratic construction of a common world between strangers and erode the pluralist structure of the public sphere.

The role of communication in tolerance education

The idea of tolerance, which has a long historical background, has become a necessity rather than a choice for today’s multicultural, pluralistic and democratic society structures. The idea of tolerance in today’s societies is transferred to individuals of the society through family, school as well as the elements of both society and social structure. The way in which the idea of tolerance is transferred to individuals at all three levels is communication. Communication processes are entering the various forms in the family, in the school system and in the social structure and are developing individuals’ understanding of tolerance. This study focuses on the way how communication works at family, school and society levels as a path in the education process and how the communication process can be utilised effectively in order to develop the democratic community. The role and significance of communication in the process of tolerance education was investigated by the literature review method in the case study pattern as one of the qualitative research methods and the findings were evaluated comparatively.

Government-npo Relations in Service Procurement

The government’s delivery of public services through non-profit organizations (npos) has become a hot subject of current research aboutnpos. Because of neglecting the fact that Chinesenpos feature a pluralistic structure and they organize activities at multiple administrative levels, the explanation framework of pluralism and corporatism greatly simplifies the complexity of the Chinese society. Through the matrix of four dimensions, i.e., competition, non-competition, high organizational legitimacy and low organizational legitimacy, we may find that some cases are similar to pluralistic buying. And other cases are similar to corporatist buying. The reason why pluralism and corporatism are not sufficient to explain the current practice of service procurement in China is that both theories are based on Western liberalism. In whichever way services may be procured in the future, we must be on high alert in particularistic trading currently between the government andnpos in the procurement of services.

Sustainable Development in Energy Policy: A Governance Assessment of Environmental Stakeholder Inclusion in Waste‐to‐Energy

AbstractThe inclusion of environmental interest groups in policy‐making is said to provide greater legitimacy (Bernauer and Gampfer, 2013), accountability (Feldman and Blokov, 2009), new policy preferences (Bunea, 2013) and, ultimately, pro‐environmental outcomes (Bohmelt and Betzold, 2013). This paper focuses on the development of inclusive governance structures and processes (with regard to environmental interests) in waste‐to‐energy policy designed to facilitate pro‐environmental outcomes in the generation of 'clean' renewable energy within the national context of France. Empirically, the paper argues that change in long‐term exclusionary patterns in energy policy remains enduringly weak. Normatively, environmental 'inclusivity' (i.e. the construction of meaningful pluralistic structures and processes) as a mechanism for achieving the prioritization of environmental concerns should become a central objective for energy policy, and more generally in the environmental policy integration literature. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment