Plumeria Alba Research Articles

Phytochemicals of Different Medicinal Herbs as Potential Inhibitors Against Dengue Serotype 2 Virus: A Computational Approach.

Dengue is one of the major mosquito-borne infectious diseases of the present century, reported to affect about 100-400 million people globally. The lack of effective therapeutic options has inspired several in vitro and in silico studies for the search of antivirals. Our previous study revealed the anti-dengue activity of different plant extracts from Plumeria alba, Bacopa monnieri, Vitex negundo, and Ancistrocladus heyneanus. Therefore, the current in silico study was designed to identify the phytochemicals present in the aforementioned plants, which are possibly responsible for the anti-dengue activity. Different plant databases as well as relevant literature were explored to find out the major compounds present in the above-stated plants followed by screening of the retrieved phytochemicals for the assessment of their binding affinity against different dengue viral proteins via molecular docking. The best poses of protein-ligand complexes obtained after molecular docking were selected for the calculation of binding free energy via MM-GBSA method. Based on the highest docking score and binding energy, six complexes were considered for further analysis. To analyze the stability of the complex, 100ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out using Desmond module in the Schrodinger suite. The MD simulation analysis showed that four compounds viz. liriodendrin, bacopaside VII, isoorientin, and cynaroside exhibited stability with viral targets including the RdRp, NS3 helicase, and E protein indicating their potential as novel anti-dengue antivirals.

Identification of urban street trees for green belt development for optimizing pollution mitigation in Delhi, India.

The current study evaluated the effects of air pollution on selected street trees in the National Capital Territory during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons to identify the optimally suitable tree for green belt development in Delhi. The identification was performed by measuring the air pollution tolerance index (APTI), anticipated performance index (API), dust-capturing capacity (DCC) and proline content on the trees. The APTI of street trees of Delhi varied significantly among different tree species (F11,88.91 = 47.18, p < 0.05), experimental sites (F3,12.52 = 6.65, p < 0.001) and between seasons (F1,31.12 = 16.51, p < 0.001), emphasizing the relationships between trees and other types of variables such as the climate and level of pollution, among other factors. This variability emphasizes the need to choose trees to use for urban greening in the improvement of air quality in different environments within cities. Ascorbic acid (AA) concentration and relative water content (RWC) had a strong influence on APTI with an extremely significant moderate positive correlation between AA concentration and APTI (r = 0.65, p < 0.001) along with RWC and APTI (r = 0.52, p < 0.001), indicating that higher levels of AA concentration and RWC are linked to increased air pollution tolerance. The PCA bi-plot indicates AA has poor positive loading coefficients with PC1 explaining 29.49% of the total variance in the dataset. The highest APTI was recorded in Azadirachta indica (22.01), Leucaena leucocephala (20.65), Morus alba (20.62), Ficus religiosa (20.61) and Ficus benghalensis (19.61), irrespective of sites and seasons. Similarly, based on API grading, F. religiosa and F. benghalensis were identified as excellent API grade 6 (81-90%), A. indica and Alstonia scholaris as very good API grade 5 (71-80%), M. alba, Pongamia pinnata and Monoon longifolium as good API grade 4 (61-70%) and Plumeria alba as moderate API grade 3 (51-60%) in different streets of Delhi. As these plants are indigenous to the region and hold significant socio-economic and aesthetic significance in Indian societies, they are advisable for avenue plantations as part of various government initiatives to support environmental sustainability.

Essential oils of Plumeria alba L. and Plumeria rubra L. growing in Egypt: GC/MS analysis, molecular dynamics and in-vitro anti-cholinesterase activity

AimEssential oils (EOs) from Plumeria species exhibit noteworthy chemical compositions and diverse biological activities, rendering them valuable constituents for use in medicine, cosmetics, and perfumery. Our aim is to investigate the chemical profiles of P. alba L. and P. rubra L. cultivated in Egypt as biologically active crops. MethodsThe EOs of the flowers of P. alba and P. rubra cultivated in Egypt were prepared by steam distillation and headspace and analyzed by GC/MS. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to assess the correlation between the chemical composition of the EOs and those reported for EOs of Plumeria species in other countries. ResultsThe score plot revealed a notable difference in the components of EOs prepared by steam distillated and headspace. Geranyl benzoate (27.55 %) was the major compound identified in steam distillated sample of P. alba and linalool (32.52 %) was the major in that prepared by headspace. On the other hand, 1-heptacosanol (23.86 %) was the major compound in the steam distillated sample of P. rubra and 2-methyl-butyl aldoxime (36.38 %) was the major compound in that prepared by headspace. Both EOs demonstrated in-vitro inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes. Docking study revealed that aromatic compounds have better fitting, while aliphatic compounds have better stability with lower docking interaction energy, and geranyl benzoate showed docking results and binding mode similar to that of the ligands of both enzymes; its stability after docking was confirmed by molecular dynamics. ConclusionEOs from Plumeria species are highly recommended for developing natural and effective aromatherapy products for Alzheimer’s disease.

Development of Plumeria alba extract supplemented biodegradable films containing chitosan and cellulose derived from bagasse and corn cob waste for antimicrobial food packaging

With the increase in global plastic pollution due to conventional plastic packaging (petroleum-derived), bioplastics have emerged as an alternative green source for practising a circular economy. This research aimed to extract cellulose from bagasse and corn cob waste and utilized in mixed form to prepare bioplastic film. The mixed cellulose was further reinforced with natural substances such as chitosan, bentonite, and P. alba extract. These newly developed bioplastics films were characterized by various physical tests like film thickness, moisture content, water solubility and spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopic (SEM-EDX), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy for opacity testing. The results revealed the enhanced bioplastic thermal and mechanical characteristics through robust interactions between cellulose and bentonite molecules. Moreover, incorporating chitosan solution as reinforcements in bio-composite films resulted in improved water barrier properties. The results indicated lower absorption in the UV range of 250–400 nm, attributed to the absence of UV-absorbing groups. Finally, their biodegradability was tested in soil, and 85.3 % weight loss of bioplastic films was observed after 50 days of the experiment which is the main task of this research. The antimicrobial properties of bioplastic films have been evaluated, and showed an inhibition zone of 16 mm against E. coli. After 12 days of incubation of sherbet berries, complete spoilage is identified in the control group compared to those covered with the bioplastic film. This outcome is attributed to the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities provided by chitosan and P. alba extract in the bioplastic film. The comprehensive outcomes of this study suggest the potential future adoption of these entirely bio-derived, environmentally sustainable and biodegradable bioplastic films as a viable substitute for the plastic packaging currently present in the market.

Bioactive 5/5/5/6 Four-Ring System Iridoids from Plumeria alba L.

Two rare 5/5/5/6 four-ring system iridoids, allamancins A and B (1 and 2) together with one known biogenetically related iridoid derivative, 3-O-methyallamancin (3) were isolated from the flowers of Plumeria alba L. The structures of these iridoid derivatives were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses. The absolute configuration of 1 was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The inhibitory activities of compounds 1-3 against nitric oxide (NO) production induced and three cancer cell lines were evaluated in vitro. Compounds 1 and 3 showed inhibitory activities on NO production with IC50 values of 18.3±0.12 and 22.1±0.14 μM, respectively. Compounds 1-3 showed moderate inhibitory activities against cancer cell lines of A549, Hela and MCF-7.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dye Pollutants Using ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized from Plumeria alba L. Leaf Extract

Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dye Pollutants Using ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized from Plumeria alba L. Leaf Extract

The Molecular Docking, MD Simulations and ADME studies of Phytoconstituents of Plumeria alba as potential antidiabetics

The Molecular Docking, MD Simulations and ADME studies of Phytoconstituents of Plumeria alba as potential antidiabetics

Plumeriaalba flower extract-mediated synthesis of recyclable chitosan-coated cadmium nanoparticles for pest control and dye degradation.

In the current scenario, many synthetic chemicals have used long-term to control pests and mosquitoes, leading to the resistance of strains and toxicity effect on human beings. To overcome the adverse problem in recent advances, the scientific community is looking into nanofabricated pesticides and mosquitoes. This study aims to synthesize the recyclable chitosan-coated cadmium nanoparticles (Ch-CdNps) using Plumeria alba flower extract, which was further applied for insecticidal and mosquitocidal activities. The synthesized Ch-CdNps were confirmed by UV spectroscopy and FTIR analysis. The XRD, TEM, and DLS results confirmed the crystallinity with a spherical shape at 80-100nm. The insecticidal activity proves that Ch-CdNps inhibitedHelicoverpa armigeraandSpodoptera lituraat 100ppm. In mosquitocidal, LC50 values of larvicidal of 1st instar were 4.116, 4.33, and 4.564µg/mL, and the remaining three stages of instars, pupicidal, adulticidal, longevity, fecundity, and ovicidal assays inhibit theAnopheles stephensifollowed byAedes aegyptiandCulex quinquefasciatus. Further, the first-order kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and methyl orange was confirmed. Based on the obtained results, Ch-CdNps can inhibit the pest, mosquitoes, and photocatalytic degradation.

Ethnomedicinal knowledge used by Mullukurumbas of Nilgiris, Western Ghats, India

Abstract. Sanu C, Jeevith S, Sheeba TC. 2023. Ethnomedicinal knowledge used by Mullukurumbas of Nilgiris, Western Ghats, India. Asian J Ethnobiol 6: 118-129. Nilgiris is one of the biodiversity-rich areas in the Western Ghats, India, with six major groups of indigenous tribes, and Mullukuruba is one of the subtribes of Kurumbas. The present study aimed to document the ethnomedicinal knowledge among the Mullukurumba Tribe of Kallical, Cherangode Village of Nilgiris, Western Ghats. Most of the tribes in Nilgiris follow a close cultural ritual and traditional knowledge, including food and medicine. The field data were collected through interviews, observation, and documentation. The tribal people utilized 152 plant species belonging to 60 families. The life forms of the collected plants revealed that herbs constitute 53 species, followed by shrubs 44 species, trees 35 species, and climbers 20 species. Family-wise, Fabaceae dominated with 13 species, followed by Asteraceae 10 species, and Solanaceae included 8 species. The use category made by the tribal community were medicinal plants (70%), edible fruits (19%), and miscellaneous uses (11%). The plant species treat various illnesses, including piles, rheumatism, gynecological issues, dermatitis, and antidiarrheal and anti-diabetic conditions. Argyreia cuneata (Willd.) Ker Gawl., Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold, Coix lacryma-jobi L., Ixora coccinea L., Gloriosa superba L., Melastoma malabathricum L., and Plumeria alba L. were the most common plants used for rituals. Also, this study presented an updated checklist of medicinal plants used by the Mullukurumba Tribe.

The Effect of Long Exposure Reed Diffuser Essential Oil Plumeria alba on Cortisol Levels of Male Wistar Rats

Stress can occur due to a person's inability to respond to a stressor, resulting in bodily or mental disorders. Anxiety can be characterized by increased levels of cortisol, which is regulated by the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenaline (HPA-axis). Aromatherapy is a therapy using essential oils that give a distinctive aroma to plant parts such as flowers, roots, leaves, and stems. Aromatherapy can be done through a reed diffuser. The frangipani (Plumeria alba) is one of the plants in Indonesia that has a particular scent in its flowers. This study aims to determine the effect of prolonged exposure to P. alba essential oil reed diffuser on cortisol levels in rats. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups: the control group without exposure to a reed diffuser for 5 and 10 days and the other group with exposure for 5 and 10 days. Each blood was drawn through the retro-orbital, centrifuged to obtain serum, and tested using LC-MS to determine cortisol levels. The group with ten days of essential oil exposure showed lower cortisol levels. It can be concluded that the duration of aromatherapy exposure is connected to cortisol levels and that aromatherapy can be utilized as a stress-reduction therapy.

Screening for In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Leaves Extracts of Certain Selected Plants against Rhodococcus equi

In the present study, the research work was carried out during June 2018 to March 2019 at ICAR-NRCE-EPC (Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Research Centre on Equines, Equine Production Campus), Jorbeer, Bikaner (Rajasthan), India. The study was conducted to investigate in vitro antibacterial activity of ethanolic, chloroformic and Sequentially Extracted Water Extract (SEWE) leaves extracts of Aegle marmelos, Morus alba, Nerium indicum, Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold, Plumeria alba L. and Azadirachta indica against Vap A and Vap C positive Rhodococcus equi. Fresh leaves of these plants were collected manually from campus of ICAR-NRCE-EPC, Jorbeer, Bikaner (Rajasthan). In initial screening ethanolic leaves extract of these plants except Azadirachta indica, were found non-active against Rhodococcus equi. Chloroformic leaves extracts of Azadirachta indica did not showed in vitro antibacterial activity against Rhodococcus equi. While ethanolic and Sequentially Extracted Water Extract (SEWE) leaves extracts of Azadirachta indica showed good in vitro antibacterial activity against Rhodococcus equi. Further, solvent based fractionation, Ethanol Soluble Fraction (ESF), Methanol Soluble Fraction (MSF) and Water Soluble Fraction (WSF) of polar compounds of SEWE did not showed in vitro antibacterial activity against Rhodococcus equi. On comparison with currently used antibiotics (azithromycin and rifampicin), required concentration of the leaves extract of Azadirachta indica was too high for their possibilities of in vivo use, so abundant availability of Azadirachta indica leaves and their activity against Rhodococcus equi suggests their potential for use as disinfectant against Rhodococcus equi.

Assessment of Cytotoxic Effects of Latex from &lt;i&gt;Cascabela thevetia&lt;/i&gt; (L.) Lippold and &lt;i&gt;Plumeria alba&lt;/i&gt; L. via &lt;i&gt;In vitro&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;In silico&lt;/i&gt; Approaches

Plant latex has been found to occur in more than 40 families and among them, Apocynaceae is one. Two plants of this family i.e., Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold and Plumeria alba L. had been chosen for the current experimental work. The aqueous and methanolic latex extracts were evaluated for their phytochemical constituents and cytotoxic activities. To determine the cytotoxic effects of the latex extracts, MTT [3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay was performed by using cell lines A549 Human Lung Cancer and MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer. Further, for confirmation of the cytotoxic effects apoptosis assay was conducted. The richness of the latex extracts was determined by GC-MS and HPTLC methods. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the latex extracts was conducted using GC-MS methodology. The presence of cardiac glycosides was analyzed using High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography. Here, Digoxin was used as the standard. Studies have revealed that Na+ K+-ATPase can serve as a powerful target for developing anticancer drugs and cardiac glycosides have exhibited anticancer effects via inhibition of the Na+ K+-ATPase. Hence, molecular docking studies were conducted in which 6KPX served as the target and the compounds evaluated by the NIST library in GC-MS served as the ligands. Further, Molecular docking studies confirmed the best among the compounds based on their RF score, binding affinity, and as a binder whether these compounds were good or bad. These methodologies altogether helped in evaluating the richness of the plant latex extracts, and the potent cytotoxic molecules present in them.

Antihyperglycemic Avtivity of Plumeria alba Linn. Leaves Extracts in Streptozotocin-nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Rats

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic condition wherein the body's blood sugar levels are elevated. Plant-based treatments are less toxic than allopathic pharmaceuticals. Plumeria alba Linn (Apocynaceae) is a popular medicinal plant that contains flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, and antioxidants. The antihyperglycemic action of Plumeria alba Linn. leaves, on the other hand, has yet to be determined. A Streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced Type II diabetes model was used to elaborate on the hypoglycemic activity of ethanolic and aqueous leaf extractives of Plumeria alba, which were compared to the diabetic control group. Anti-diabetic activity was tested on albino Wistar rats. Normal and experimental rats were given ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts at 250 mg/kg b.w. and 500 mg/kg b.w. for 21 days, and the effect on blood sugar levels was measured. In comparison to the diabetic control group, the ethanolic extract at a dose of 500 mg/kg b.w. exhibits a highly significant (p&lt;0.001) reduction in blood glucose levels.

Potential antimicrobial compounds in flower extract of Plumeria alba

This study was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial activity of methanolic flower extract of Plumeria alba and identification of the possible antimicrobial compounds through GC–MS analysis. Antimicrobial efficacy of the methanolic extract of 5 ppm to 1000 ppm concentrations was assessed against five fungal (Trichoderma viride, T. reesei, T. harzianum, T. hamatum and T. koningii) and five bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp. and Staphylococcus sp.). In general, all the concentrations of the extract significantly reduced growth of all the fungal and bacterial species. However, there was a significant variation in susceptibility of different fungal and bacterial species to the applied concentrations of the extract. The extract was the most effective against T. reesii followed by T. viride, T. harzianum, T. hamatum and T. koningii causing 11–97%, 36–90%, 24–86%, 7–77% and 9–76% reduction in their growth. Similarly, there was 23–93%, 12–92%, 36–90%, 19–90% and 8–84% reduction in growth of Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus sp., E. coli, Pseudomonas sp., and Salmonella sp., respectively, due to different concentrations of methanolic extract. GC–MS analysis of the extract showed the presence of 21 constituents. The most abundant compound was benzofuran, 2,3-dihydro- (27.95%). Other important compounds included cyclononanone (14.59%), 9-octadecyne (14.29%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- (10.28%), benzyl alcohol (5.57%), 1-decanol, 2-hexyl- (5.44%), 2,6-octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acetate, (Z)- (3.76%), 4H-pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl- (2.48%) and heptadecane (2.43%). It is concluded that methanolic extract of P. alba flowers has the potential to control both fungal as well as bacterial growth.

Chemical Characterization, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antibiofilm Activities of Essential Oils of Plumeria alba (Forget-Me-Not).

Essential oils are known to possess many biological properties such as antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Plumeria alba flowers are used in traditional remedies for diarrhea, cough, fever, and asthma treatment. This work evaluated the chemical composition and the biological activities of essential oils obtained from the flowers and leaves of Plumeria alba. The essential oils were extracted using the Clevenger-type apparatus and characterized using GC-MS. In the flower essential oil, a total of 17 compounds were identified, with linalool (23.91%), α-terpineol (10.97%), geraniol (10.47%), and phenyl ethyl alcohol (8.65%) being abundant. In the leaf essential oil, a total of 24 compounds were identified, with benzofuran, 2,3-di, hydro-(3.24%), and muurolol (1.40%) being present. Antioxidant activities were assessed using hydrogen peroxide scavenging, phosphomolybdenum, and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging assays. Antimicrobial activities were assessed through a microdilution assay. The essential oil showed antimicrobial activity against test microorganisms with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 25.0 to 50.0 mg/mL. Biofilm inhibition ranged from 27.14 ± 1.0 to 58.99 ± 0.6 mg/mL. The essential oil exhibited total antioxidant capacities which ranged from 17.5 μg/g AAE to 83 μg/g AAE in the phosphomolybdenum assay. The IC50 values in the DPPH and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assays for both flowers and leaves ranged from 18.66 μg/mL to 38.28 μg/mL. Both essential oils also displayed good antibiofilm activities, with the concentration required for half-maximal inhibition of biofilm formation being ∼60 mg/mL for both oils. This study shows that essential oils of Plumeria alba possess good antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and could be used as a source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents.

Phytochemical Characterization and Antioxidant Potential of Latex Extracts of Cardiotoxic Plants - &lt;I&gt;Cascabela thevetia&lt;/I&gt; (L.) Lippold and &lt;I&gt;Plumeria alba&lt;/I&gt; L.

The Apocynaceae family has been noted for their traditional and conventional medicinal properties for ages. The characteristic feature of this family is the milky sap or latex that is present in almost all the species. Many of the plants belonging to this family are a rich source of important drugs and are known for their pharmacological properties. Among the pharmacological properties, the antioxidant property is one that is known to protect against many chronic diseases including heart diseases and cancer. Two plants of the family i.e., Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold and Plumeria alba L. have been considered in the present experiment. Globally much research work has been conducted based on the different parts of these plants but, very little data is available on the latex portion. Hence in the present study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the phytochemical constituents present in the plants. Further, the total phenolic and flavonoid content and their correlation with the antioxidant potential have been evaluated.

One-step green synthesis of carbon dots derived fromPlumeria albaflowers for sensing and bioimaging

Green luminescent carbon dots prepared fromPlumeria albaflowers have promise for applications in the fields of sensing and bioimaging.

Methylene blue removal using raw and modified biomass Plumeria alba (white frangipani) in batch mode: isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies.

Hazardous dyes used in textile industries are considered high-risk pollutants to the environment. The raw as well as acid-treated Plumeria alba (white frangipani) leaf powder (WFLP and SWFLP) were used for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) that is available in industrial wastewaters following the batch adsorption technique. The characterizations of adsorbents were done by FTIR, SEM, EDX, TGA, and zeta potential parameters. The adsorption was considered for the effects of temperature, initial dye concentration, solution pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. The experimental results obtained in the adsorption of MB were examined by nonlinear error functions like chi-square (χ2), ARE, and MPSD for three isotherm models: Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity, qmax (mg/g), was 45.45mg/g for raw WFLP and 250mg/g for SWFLP. The adsorbents fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.99) using the experimental data of batch adsorption. The thermodynamic studies explained the spontaneity and nature of adsorption for raw and acid-treated adsorbents. The batch experimental results and characterizations of the adsorbents revealed that the selected adsorbents would be the best adsorbents for the removal of MB from the wastewater solution.

Urban dust pollution tolerance indices of selected plant species for development of urban greenery in Delhi.

The rise in urbanization has led to an increase in dust pollution which is hazardous to the health of living beings. The role of roadside plant species in intercepting particulate matter and improving air quality is well reported. Hence, this study was carried out to determine the ability of various plant species to intercept atmospheric dust and withstand the abiotic stress triggered by dust deposition. In the present investigation, three sites (viz., control, commercial, and industrial) differing in anthropogenic activities and vegetation were selected. Sixteen plant species entailing both trees and shrubs that are commonly occurring at all three sites were selected to estimate their dust interception capacity (DIC). The impact of dust pollution on foliage biochemistry and their tolerance in winter and summer seasons were analyzed. Based on biochemical, biological, and socio-economic parameters, air pollution tolerance index (APTI) and anticipated performance index (API) were evaluated. Both dust load and DIC were found to be two times higher in winter than in the summer season. Terminalia arjuna, Ficus benghalensis, and Plumeria alba were the best dust accumulators, while Prosopis juliflora accumulated least. The highest DIC was observed at the industrial site, for Terminalia arjuna (0.025mg/cm2/d) in winter and Plumeria alba (0.023mg/cm2/d) in the summer season. Photosynthetic pigments showed a negative correlation with dust load, while pH, ascorbic acid, electrolytic leakage (E.L.), and proline content showed a positive correlation. In the present study, APTI and API values were highest for Ficus religiosa, Ficus benghalensis, Alstonia scholaris, Dalbergia sissoo, and Terminalia arjuna. Such plant species with wide canopy, large and rough leaf surface area with perforated veins are found to be more suitable and, hence, recommended for the development of greenery to improve air quality in urban areas like Delhi.

Evaluation of synthesized inorganic nanomaterials Plumeria alba against Aedes aegypti and in vivo toxicity

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were fabricated using Plumeria alba leaf extracts to control the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Synthesized AgNPs and AuNPs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-Transform Infrared Radiation (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis. Susceptibility levels of Ae. aegypti mosquito larvae to the plant extract P. alba and its silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles were determined. The AgNPs and AuNPs spectra displayed their maximum absorption at 300 nm and 500 nm, respectively. The larval mortality of AgNPs and AuNPs were highly effective LC50 were 69.9592 ppm and 88.2635 ppm compared to the aqueous leaf extract of P. alba LC50 was 178.4713 ppm. Furthermore, no significant effects of nanoparticle preparations of P. alba extract 10,000 ppm dose up to one week revealed neither toxic signs nor death within seven days of administration. However, there were no apparent signs of delayed toxicity when the rats were observed for an additional seven days. Current studies revealed that the P. alba leaf extract, AgNPs and AuNPs are biologically safe on animals and eco-friendly for control of Aedes aegypti mosquito.