Plot Configuration Research Articles

Electrochemical studies of the synergistic combination effect of thymus mastichina and illicium verum essential oil extracts on the corrosion inhibition of low carbon steel in dilute acid solution

AbstractInhibition effect of the synergistic combination of thymus mastichina and illicium verum oil extracts (TMAV) on the corrosion inhibition of low carbon steel in 0.5 M H2SO4and HCl solution was studied by weight loss analysis, potentiodynamic polarization, open circuit potential measurement, ATF-FTIR spectroscopy, and optical microscopy and macroscopic characterization. Results from weight loss shows TMAV performed more effectively in H2SO4solution compared to HCl with optimal inhibition efficiency of 81.24% and 68.33%. Effective inhibition performance was observed at all TMAV concentration in H2SO4compared to HCl where TMAV performed poorly until 5% concentration. The optimal inhibition performances from potentiodynamic polarization are 80.85% and 70.43%. The corresponding corrosion current density and polarization resistance are 7.16 × 105A/cm2and 8.01 × 105A/cm2, and 331.73 and 284 Ω. TMAV exhibited mixed type inhibition effect in both acid solutions, strongly influencing the anodic-cathodic plot configurations with respect to concentration. Open circuit potential plots without TMAV were significantly electronegative compared to the plots at 1% and 5% TMAV concentration which were relative electropositive due to decreased thermodynamic tendency of the carbon steel to corrode. The corresponding plots at 1% and 5% TMAV concentration from HCl solution were thermodynamically unstable with significant active-passive corrosion behaviour. TMAV inhibited through chemisorption adsorption according to Langmuir and Freudlich adsorption isotherms in H2SO4solution, and Frumkin and Freundlich adsorption isotherms in HCl solution with correlation coefficient values between 0.7 and 0.9. FTIR spectroscopic analysis exposed the functional groups and atomic bonds responsible for corrosion inhibition.

Poincaré Plot Image and Rhythm-Specific Atlas for Atrial Bigeminy and Atrial Fibrillation Detection.

A detector based only on RR intervals capable of classifying other tachyarrhythmias in addition to atrial fibrillation (AF) could improve cardiac monitoring. In this paper a new classification method based in a 2D non-linear RRI dynamics representation is presented. For this aim, the concepts of Poincaré Images and Atlases are introduced. Three cardiac rhythms were targeted: Normal sinus rhythm (NSR), AF and atrial bigeminy (AB). Three Physionet open source databases were used. Poincaré Images were generated for all signals using different Poincaré plot configurations: RR, dRR and RRdRR. The study was computed for different time window lengths and bin sizes. For each rhythm, the Poincaré Images of the 80% of that rhythm's patients were used to create a reference image, a Poincaré Atlas. The remaining 20% were used as test set and classified into one of the three rhythms using normalized mutual information and 2D correlation. The process was iterated in a tenfold cross-validation and patient-wise dataset division. Sensitivity results obtained for RRdRR configuration and bin size 40ms, for a 60s time window were 94.35% ±3.68, 82.07% ±9.18 and 88.86% ±12.79 with a specificity of 85.52% ±7.46, 95.91% ±3.14, 96.10% ±2.25 for AF, NSR and AB respectively. Results suggest that a rhythms general RRI pattern may be captured using Poincaré Atlases and that these can be used to classify other signal segments using Poincaré Images. In contrast with other studies, the former method could be generalized to more cardiac rhythms and does not depend on rhythm-specific thresholds.

Galactic Circos: User-friendly Circos plots within the Galaxy platform.

BackgroundCircos is a popular, highly flexible software package for the circular visualization of complex datasets. While especially popular in the field of genomic analysis, Circos enables interactive graphing of any analytical data, including alternative scientific domain data and non-scientific data. This high degree of flexibility also comes with a high degree of complexity, which may present an obstacle for researchers not trained in programming or the UNIX command line. The Galaxy platform provides a user-friendly browser-based graphical interface incorporating a broad range of “wrapped” command line tools to facilitate accessibility.FindingsWe have developed a Galaxy wrapper for Circos, thus combining the power of Circos with the accessibility and ease of use of the Galaxy platform. The combination substantially simplifies the specification and configuration of Circos plots for end users while retaining the power to produce publication-quality visualizations of complex multidimensional datasets.ConclusionsGalactic Circos enables the creation of publication-ready Circos plots using only a web browser, via the Galaxy platform. Users may download the full set of Circos configuration files of their plots for further manual customization. This version of Circos is available as an open-source installable application from the Galaxy ToolShed, with its use clarified in a training manual hosted by the Galaxy Training Network.

Designing Cluster Plots for Sampling Local Plant Species Composition for Biodiversity Management

Aim of study: Cluster plot designs are widely used in national forest inventory systems to assess current forest resources. By spreading subplots apart, a cluster plot could potentially capture a large variety of local plant species. This aspect has rarely been examined in the past. This study is conducted to understand how design factors of a cluster plot affect estimates of local plant species composition.Area of study: Two large census forest plots in Taiwan and Peninsular Malaysia over 25 ha with different species richness were used.Material and methods: Design factors of a cluster plot were plot configuration (PCONFIG), plot area (PAREA), cluster layout (CLAYOUT), and extent of ground area covered by a cluster (CEXTENT). Jaccard and Sørensen similarity indices were used to compare species compositional similarity between two cluster plot designs. A simulation study was carried out.Main results: Results were consistent among the study sites and similarity indices. PAREA, CLAYOUT, and CEXTENT notably influenced how species composition was sampled. Larger PAREA increased similarity in species composition between two cluster plot designs. Square and rectangle CLAYOUT had the most dissimilar species composition between them. Larger CEXTENT decreased similarity in species composition.Research highlights: We recommend that for CEXTENT ≤ 1000 m2 and PAREA ≤ 500 m2, a cluster plot of rectangle CLAYOUT is preferred for information gain. The study could potentially benefit forest managers designing cluster plots for plant diversity assessment.Keywords: Biodiversity assessment; composition similarity; national forest inventory; species diversity; sampling design; sampling efficiency.Abbreviation used: extent of ground area covered by a cluster (CEXTENT); cluster layout (CLAYOUT); Jaccard similarity index (JAC); plot area (PAREA); plot configuration (PCONFIG); Sørensen similarity index (SOR).

Possibilities for the Development of Building Plots with an Unfavorable Structure in the Context of Spatial Justice: A Case Study of Poland

To balance interests among local communities and increase awareness of the need to protect the environment, landscape and spatial order, there is a need for active participation, cooperation and mutual learning of participants in the planning process, including urban planners, specialists from other disciplines (among others, ecologists, landscape architects and surveyors), local authorities and residents. This article presents the problems associated with housing development in suburban areas within the context of rules for sustainable development, and spatial and social justice. It presents an assessment of the spatial configuration of plots and the possibilities for development and management of these in the selected communes located in suburban area of Warsaw, the capital city of Poland. A methodology was developed for the preparation of planning documents in the commune, allowing the minimization of the problem of spatial injustice resulting from the flawed structure of registered plots.

Effect of Potassium and Sulfur-Containing Fertilizers on some Growth Parameters, Chemical Constituents, Protein and Yield of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Binella Böhm 52 72 × Sirco Variety

An analysis was completed in the field to consider the impact of potassium (K) and sulfur (S) on potato for ideal yield, quality, and supplement use effectiveness. Medicines included four degrees of potassium (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg K ha-1) and five degrees of sulfur (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg S ha-1) in Split plot configuration having three replications in Kanipanka investigate station, Sulaimani Governorate, Iraqi Kurdistan district under inundated condition. The potassium and sulfur collaboration effectsly affected vegetative development. Leaf territory, No. of stem and secured territory per plant indicated a critical effect of potassium and sulfur application. There was noteworthy negative communication among potassium and sulfur. The all out tuber yield expanded on a normal by 17.5 and 37.63 percent at 200 kg K ha-1 and 300 kg K ha-1, individually, when contrasted with no potassium application. Sulfur application significantly affected all out tuber yield, appropriate yield for showcasing and non-reasonable yield for promoting, non-reasonable yield for advertising to add up to yield, tuber number and tuber weight. The all out tuber yield and appropriate yield for advertising are expanded with expanding sulfur application. Concerning the information of compound substance tuber of potato demonstrated that the blend of potassium and sulfur, it saw that most noteworthy percent of K, P, N, Ca and protein substance were 1.60, 0.44, 1.47, 2.84 and 9.19 % enrolled by 300 kg K ha-1 × 0 kg S ha-1, 0 kg K ha-1 × 100 kg S ha-1, 200 kg K ha-1 ×100 kg S ha-1, 300 kg K ha-1 ×100 kg S ha-1 and 200 kg K ha-1 × 200 kg S ha-1, individually.

Historia, conocimiento y narración: las “crónicas-romances” de Alexandre Herculano

Considerados por la crítica como arquetipos de la literatura romántica portuguesa, los cuentos y novelas históricos de Alexandre Herculano han sido sometidos a diversos estudios tendientes a destacar su valor estético. El presente artículo pretende, no obstante, concentrarse en el componente histórico de los mismos. Como tesis principal se plantea que, llevando hasta sus últimas consecuencias los principios poéticos del modelo de la novela histórica de Walter Scott, Herculano redactó una serie de “crónicas-romances” o reconstrucciones histórico-ficcionales del pasado medieval portugués en las cuales le importó menos la configuración de tramas que la composición de contextos históricos capaces de generar un sentimiento de nacionalidad entre las clases medias lusas. Este artículo pretende contribuir a la discusión teórica sobre las relaciones entre la literatura y la historia, destacando sobre todo que el conocimiento del pasado no ha sido patrimonio exclusivo de la historiografía y que la narrativa de ficción ha hecho importantes aportaciones en esta materia.

Effect of cluster configuration and auxiliary variables on the efficiency of local pivotal method for national forest inventory

ABSTRACTPlanning a forest inventory comprises making decisions related to the sampling strategy: cluster configuration, sample size and sample allocation within the survey area. Cluster configuration includes deciding on the number of sample plots within the cluster and distances between them. Available resources set the limit for field work in terms of man-days. If the time consumption for measurements is known, the sample size can be determined under the constraint. In this study, we simulated the second phase of inventory sampling with fixed time resources by replicating sample selection with a spatially balanced sampling utilizing local pivotal method (LPM) for different cluster configurations to find the most efficient. As a result, the temporary cluster configuration was changed from 9 to 5-sample plot configuration in a pilot inventory. Further, the sample selection was performed with LPM having total growing stock volume and broadleaf volume proportion as auxiliary information. The pilot results were aligned with the time series in respect to forest area and total growing stock volume, but in tree species groups deviations were observed in growing stock volume. A more comprehensive optimization should include the travelling routes, the plot-to-plot distances and the plot design. In any case, the result is region specific.

ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ЧИСЕЛЬНОСТІ ТА ПРОСТОРОВОГО РОЗПОДІЛУ ПОПУЛЯЦІЙ ЗЕЛЕНОЇ ЯЩІРКИ (Lacerta viridis Laurenti, 1768) НА ТЕРИТОРІЇ НПП «ДНІСТРОВСЬКИЙ КАНЬЙОН»

Reliable information about the species composition of the fauna, way of life, abundance, distribution, and breeding features is not only the initial data for in-depth zoological, evolutionary and ecological research, but also the source for nature conservation activity based on the analysis of the state of wildlife resources.
 The European green lizard (Lacerta viridis Laurenti, 1768; Reptilia, Squamata) is one of the most vulnerable species of reptiles in the domestic herpetofauna. Therefore, it is the object of ecological research aimed at studying population structure, biotopic distribution, including within the protected natural areas and areas that are undergoing significant anthropogenic transformation.
 The work is based on field studies conducted in April August 2018 and data from the regular phenological observations of the Dniester Canyon National Nature Park.
 The current status of the European green lizard population (Lacerta viridis Laurenti, 1768) within the territory of Dniester Canyon National Nature Park has been investigated. The abundance and spatial distribution of the species populations in different biotopes have been studiedon the basis of long-term phenological observations according to the program of the Chronicle of Nature of the National Nature Park and the authors’ research. The data of the species occurrence on the territory of the Park for the last six years is given. The abundance of the European green lizard populations under different biotopical conditions and the main factors influencing the studied parameters have been analyzed.
 The European green lizard has been found to be a stenotopic species that favors only 2-3 biotopes, so it is highly vulnerable due to distortion of specific stations. Besides, L. viridis is the dominant species of reptiles on the Dniester slopes, its tributaries, streams, gullies and ravines.
 The biotopes inhabited by this species can be grouped into three main types:
 1) slopes of hills and ravines with thick-growing grassand bushes of hawthorn and dog rose (settlement density 30-50 inhabitants/km);
 2) areas related to broad-leaved forests and mixed forests glades, outskirts of forests, forest roads (20-50 inhabitants/km);
 3) steep slopes of gullies, steep bank slopes with limestone outcrops with herbaceous and shrubby vegetation (6-11 inhabitants/km).
 The spatial distribution of L. viridis communities in the region is predominantly aggregative and exists in several different forms, which is related to the configuration of favorable plots, the nutritive base and interspecies relationships.

Reconciling the conservation of the purple swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio) and its damage in Mediterranean rice fields through sustainable non-lethal techniques.

Resolving human–wildlife conflicts requires the assessment and implementation of appropriate technical measures that minimize negative impacts on socio-economic uses, including agriculture, and ensure the adequate protection of biological diversity. Rice paddies are widely distributed in the western Mediterranean region. Because of their high productivity, they can be a good habitat for waterbirds, including the purple swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio, particularly in areas where natural wetlands have been removed or reduced. As a result of its population growth, there have been increasing levels of damage caused by this species in rice fields due to stem-cutting and opening of bald patches in rice fields. With the aim of reducing damage, we evaluated the effectiveness of passive and active measures that would limit access to rice fields and deter/scare away purple swamphens in affected areas of the Ebro Delta (NE Spain). We selected the techniques according to the growth phase of rice and the activity of birds in the rice fields (perimeter fences and clearing vegetation around the rice plots during sprouting and growing phases, and falconry at maturation). There were positive results during the sprouting and growing phases thanks to fences and clearing vegetation, reducing the affected area by 37.8% between treatment and control plots. This would mean an economic savings of 18,550 €/year in compensation payments by regional administrations including the investment in implementing and maintaining passive protection measures. Active deterrence through falconry did not reduce the level of damage. The analysis of purple swamphen home range, activity centers (centroids), and the proportion of locations in and outside of rice fields showed no differences before and after dissuasive practices. These results were influenced by multiple concurrent factors including weather, the structural configuration of the rice plots and their location. In summary, we recommend the establishment of protection measures (perimeter fences + clearing vegetation around the rice plots) to reduce the level of damage.

Yield and Yield Attributes Responses of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) to Elevated CO2 and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation in the Humid Transitory Rainforest

Variations in yield components and grain yield of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculated soybean varieties (Glycine max L. Merrill) grown in CO2 enriched environment in the humid rainforest were tested. A screen house trial was established with soybean varieties (‘TGx 1448-2E’, ‘TGx 1440-1E’ and ‘TGx 1740-2F’), AMF inoculation (with and without) and CO2 enrichment (350±50 ppm and 550±50 ppm) in open top chamber, arranged in completely randomised design, replicated three times. A field trial was also conducted; the treatments were arranged in a split-split plot configuration fitted into randomised complete block design. In the main plot the variant was CO2 enrichment, the sub-plot consisted of AMF inoculation (with and without), while the sub-sub plot consisted of soybean varieties, replicated three times. Both trials had significantly higher grain yield at elevated CO2 than ambient. This could be attributed to improved yield attributes, more spore count and root colonisation. In both trials, inoculated soybean had significantly higher dry pod weight than un-inoculated, which could suggest the increased grain yield observed on the field. AMF inoculated soybean varieties outperformed un-inoculated in both CO2 enriched and ambient concentrations. AMF inoculated soybean variety ‘TGx 1740-2F’ is most preferable in CO2 enriched environment, while variety ‘TGx 1448-2E’ had the most stable grain yield in all growth environments.

Effects of field plot configurations on the uncertainties of ALS-assisted forest resource estimates

ABSTRACTThe effects of field plot configurations on the uncertainties of plot-level forest resource estimates were analyzed using airborne laser scanner data, aerial photographs and field measurements. The aim was to select a field sample plot configuration that can be used for both large area and management inventories. Error estimates were evaluated at the plot level using six different training plot configurations. Additionally, separate plots with two different sizes were used for evaluation. Stem volume and five other forest resource characteristics were considered. The field measurement costs of the different plot configurations were also studied. RMSEs and mean deviations for airborne laser scanning ALS-assisted estimates were practically the same for the fixed radius plot, the two concentric plots and the angle count plot with a basal area factor of q = 1 for all three evaluation plot sizes. Angle count plots with basal area factors of q = 1.5 and 2 increased the RMSEs. For the former plot configurations, the RMSEs for the ALS-assisted estimates could be attributed to inaccuracy in the predicted relationships between the field data and ALS data, not to the training plot configuration. Tree measurements and costs can, therefore, be reduced from those of the Finnish management inventories without increasing RMSEs.

Early Growth and Stand Volume Productivity of Selected Clones of Eucalyptus pellita

Using current technologies, several forest plantation companies in Indonesia are pursuing clonal forestry program with E. pellita to increase plantation productivity using selected clones. This paper evaluates the early growth and stand volume productivity of selected clones of E. pellita as part of a breeding program for pulpwood. Two clonal trials of E. pellita were established in Central Java with two different plot configurations: single tree-plot and multiple tree-plot. Trial evaluation was done at two years age involving tree height, diameter, stem volume and stand volume. Result show that among the clones there were significant differences for all traits assessed. All of the tested clones exceeded the control seedling of F-1 generation by 9-50% for height, 10-36% for diameter and 22-137% for stem volume, respectively. Clonal repeatability ranged from 0.7-0.9, with corresponding individual ramet repeatability ranged from 0.2-0.4. Overall stand volume productivity at given age reached 15 m³/ha.

The eagle owl Bubo bubo (Aves: Strigidae) in the Eastern Adriatic (Croatia): the study case of a high-density insular population

The Croatian population of the eagle owl Bubo bubo (Linnaeus, 1758) is estimated at 800–1200 breeding pairs with the majority of population breeding in the Mediterranean region, along the eastern Adriatic coast. The main aims of this work were two-fold: (1) to determine the eagle owl territorial densities in the central part of Mediterranean Croatia; and (2) to examine landscape composition and configuration of the study plots and consider possible reasons for differences in recorded densities. The abundance of the eagle owl was surveyed from 2001 to 2006 within three plots of similar size (a total survey area of 246 km2): two plots were on the mainland and one on the archipelago at about 16 km from the coast. The playback method was used to stimulate eagle owl territorial behaviour and to determine the locations of their territories. Territorial densities ranged from 4.5 to 26.2 pairs/100 km2, with the highest density being recorded on islands. We suggest that this high density is a result of good foraging conditions, especially year-round availability and high abundance of the yellow-legged gull Larus michahellis J. F. Naumann, 1840 and the brown rat Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758), together with low risk of human-induced mortality.

Negotiating the Paranoia Narrative: The Critical Reception ofBleeding Edge(2013) by Thomas Pynchon

Traditionally, narratology has studied the production and interpretation of narratives as a process of communication involving a sender, a message, and a receiver. This article argues that the complexity of narrative creation and understanding needs a wider perspective. Taking our cue from socionarratology (esp. Arthur W. Frank, more generally Pierre Bourdieu) and cultural narratology (esp. Ansgar Nünning, more generally Stephen Greenblatt), we suggest that the creation and interpretation of narratives be studied as a process of circulation (of cultural materials such as narrative templates) and negotiation (basically between narrative habitus and literary field). As an example we zoom in on the circulation and negotiation of paranoia narratives in the critical reception of Thomas Pynchon’s most recent novel Bleeding Edge. In the analysis of some 100 reviews we specify the process of circulation and negotiation as the prefiguration, configuration, and refiguration of prototypical paranoia narratives. The decisive steering factor (prefiguration) in the reviews turns out to be the authorial image; Pynchon’s configuration of the paranoia plot is typically approached from the gendered perspective of characterization; and the novel’s transformation (refiguration) is said to reside in Pynchon’s power to force us to reinterpret reality in the light of his own brand of paranoia narrative.

Linguistic and Cognitive Characteristics of the Composition of the Text of J.K. Rowling's English Tales

This article focuses on linguistic and cognitive characteristics inherent in the composition of the English postmodern tales written by J.K. Rowling. The composition of the text is viewed as linguistic and cognitive construal that integrates compositional plot structure, compositional meaning structure, linguistic and stylistic means of their actualization in the text. The content of the text is organized as a specific configuration of compositional plot blocks reflecting similar topics of textual situations. The coherence and cohesion of compositional plot blocks are provided by the compositional devices which perform text building and text forming functions. Compositional meaning structure is revealed via reconstruction of the conceptual metaphoric and metonymic schemas embodied in compositional plot blocks. The key meaning is represented by the megametaphor LIFE IS THE CHOICE OF A PATH, which in the text unfolds into a number of conceptual metaphors and metonymies. The peculiarities of representation of compositional plot structure and compositional meaning structure are explained through the analysis of corresponding linguistic and stylistic means and types of narration. Keywords : Composition, Linguo-cognitive construal, Compositional plot structure, Compositional meaning structure, Compositional plot blocks, Conceptual megametaphor

Through the Camera's Eye: The Making of The Harder They Come

In 2013, the University Archives, Mona, took over the collection of the Library of the Spoken Word originally housed by the university's Radio Education Unit. The collection dates back to the 1950s. Our Archive Gems feature seeks to showcase some of the gems in this collection.In this issue we present the edited transcript of an address delivered by Franklyn Chappie St Juste at the University of the West Indies, Mona, on 23 April 1999, as the seventh presentation in the Reggae Studies Unit Film Seminar Series.in youR MinD, whAt is it thAt we tALk ABout when we say film, what is it we talk about when we say cinema, what is it we talk about when we talk about the motion picture? . . . The cinema to some people is a little darkened place where they can go and sit in the back row and do things that they wouldn't do in bright light. There are other people who will go into that darkened chamber and use it as an escape route and fantasise. To some people the cinema is a style - a style of presenting a series of events in pictures to an audience or to a group of people that reflects a human condition . . . and to other people . . . those uninitiated, the motion picture is really TV - you sit in front of a little box and you're entertained and at any given moment you can get up and head off to the fridge, the bathroom, or to make a phone call.So what I'm going to do first of all is to put you right on the spot and take me off the spot. I'll just deal a little bit about the history of film in Jamaica because a lot of people have a misconception about what is happening. Film production really started in [19]51 with the establishment of the Jamaica Film Unit by the Government of Jamaica, under the direction of Martin Rennalls, and in actual fact they produced the first feature film . . . an hour-and-fifteenminutes-long film called Too Late. They were using a little technique - a little plot configuration - [comparing] the good with the bad . . . And they used that technique - two brothers, one careful and sensible and the other one reckless, and one make a whole lot of children and the other one just got married and have . . . only two. And that was the first feature film, the first time in Jamaica that we used synchronised sound, which meant that they sync the sound with the picture and you can actually speak and see your lips move in time with the sound. They followed that up with a film on education called Builders of the Nation in which they looked at the problem of teachers at that time - the height of migration to England - and they made this feature film where they wanted to keep the people here to stay in the schools rather than migrate to England and go and get jobs as firemen or bus drivers or something like that, and Builders of the Nation was seeking to sensitise the public and the teachers and to motivate the teachers to some kind of course of action. So those were two major feature productions.And we don't know about them - we forget very quickly - so we started doing a whole lot of films. The Jamaica Film Unit did lots of little films - fifteen minutes, half an hour. They examined the conditions within the society - if it is not teenage pregnancy, it is birth control, family planning . . . motivating farmers to stay on the land instead of going off to England. Again, old programmes that are now resurfacing in the form of RADA and that sort of thing, but way back in '56 and '57, they were doing . . . the same thing - Eat What We Grow and so on . . . long films, trying to motivate people, but they couldn't get a showing in the cinemas. They got one showing and that was it. And because the cinema exhibitors and distributors who were one and the same person felt that it was too long and he couldn't show that long film in the cinema and people wouldn't be interested - I don't know who told him that, but yet still, while he's telling us that he couldn't show a ten-minute reel about the growing of coffee in Jamaica, he was showing a one-hour documentary on Eisenhower's trip to India in addition to the feature programme. …

Dispersal of butterflies in a New Guinea rainforest: using mark–recapture methods in a large, homogeneous habitat

In an intensive mark‐release‐recapture study of all butterfly species in a tropical rainforest understory, 5903 individuals from 90 butterfly species (from the estimated total of 104 ± 9 species present in understory habitat) were marked, and 1308 recaptured at least once. The study proved that mark‐recapture methods are feasible in tropical rainforests, but also showed its limitations, as after 232 person‐days of sampling we could only characterise dispersal for one‐third of the species present. The mean dispersal distance was 184 ± 46.1 m per species, while for six of the 14 species studied >1% of individuals were estimated to disperse 1 km or more. These parameters are, however, strongly dependent on the size and spatial configuration of the study plots, particularly in large homogeneous habitats. A new method proposed here to correct this bias revised the mean distance between two captures from 135 ± 33.6 to 325 ± 87.0 m per species. These results, in combination with data from large permanent rainforest plots, suggest that most woody plant species in tropical forests are sufficiently abundant to serve as host plant species even to monophagous Lepidoptera species.

Design considerations for tropical forest inventories

Forests contribute substantially to maintaining the global greenhouse gas balance, primarily because among the five economic sectors identified by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, only the forestry sector has the potential to remove greenhouse gas emissions from the atmosphere. In this context, development of national forest carbon accounting systems, particularly in countries with tropical forests, has emerged as an international priority. Because these systems are often developed as components of or in parallel with national forest inventories, a brief review of statistical issues related to the development of forest ground sampling designs is provided. This overview addresses not only the primary issues of plot configurations and sampling designs, but also to a lesser extent the emerging roles of remote sensing and uncertainty assessment. Basic inventory principles are illustrated for two case studies, the national forest inventory of Brazil with special emphasis on the state of Santa Catarina, and an inventory for Tanzania.

シナリオの設定情報分析に基づくプロット構成手法の提案(ポスター(ゲーム・VR),映像表現・芸術科学フォーラム2013)

シナリオの設定情報分析に基づくプロット構成手法の提案(ポスター(ゲーム・VR),映像表現・芸術科学フォーラム2013)