Types Of Players Research Articles

Gender and Age Differences in Preferences on Game Elements and Platforms

This paper analyzes different player type models and game elements in the literature, particularly focusing on the case of online games. Research based on an exploratory study is presented; it aims to explore the different types of interaction with gameful digital applications. The study is based on a survey and provides findings from the literature review and empirical insights about users’ differences and preferences regarding game elements. The results reveal demographics regarding player profiles and the relationships between gender, age, culture, and the influence of different game design elements and platforms. The main contribution of this study fulfills the need for knowledge about the relationship between game element design, platforms/devices, and players (types and preferences).

Why do We Play? Towards a Comprehensive Player Typology

The video games industry has been growing constantly for the past several decades, but there is no empirically validated industry standard for measuring motivation of play. Although there have been a number of player typologies, they display sizable deviations in the player types described, many of which are insufficiently supported by validation studies. The literature thus far lacks an attempt to test these deviations by bringing differences in the specifics on the same scale. A survey ( n = 1090) across 440 different games using an 80-item questionnaire found eleven motivations of play: Social, Social Competition, Challenge, Escapism, Role-Playing, Power Fantasy, Creation, Exploration, Completion, Griefing, and Competitive Team-Play. These results map onto some established types, add some new ones that are not as embedded in the literature, and re-contextualize others such as immersion which, while highly present in the literature, were not found to be distinct motivations of play.

A REWARD MECHANISM FOR MOBILE CROWD-SENSING BASED ON BLOCK CHAIN TECHNOLOGY

MCS stands for "mobile crowd sensing" and is a new sensor situation for cyber-physical social systems. Smart cities, personal healthcare, and environmental monitoring all use MCS. By recruiting people and offering prizes, the MCS programme obtains sensory data from the target area. Participants must be encouraged to participate and sensory data must be provided through reward methods. While MCS apps provide Mechanisms of reward, sensory data, and personal data are vulnerable to malevolent task initiators/participants and hackers. This paper models the MCS situation as a sensory data market with two types of participants: monthly and instant payment participants, in order to offer a fair incentive mechanism. By evaluating two different types of players and task initiators, this research presents an incentive mechanism backed by a three-level Stackelberg game. Evaluation handles two issues through theoretical analysis and simulation. The MCS performance and reward scheme is based on block chain.

Effects of the Off-Season on Muscular Power in Professional Rugby League.

Periods away from training and competition are necessary for physical and mental restoration in sport. There is limited research investigating changes to physical qualities in rugby league following prolonged breaks. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the off-season on muscular power in rugby league. In addition, this study aimed to determine whether the type and volume of training players chose to complete had any relationship to feelings of restoration and/or readiness to return to training. Twenty professional rugby league players participated in this study. Lower-body muscular power was evaluated using a countermovement jump prior to the off-season and at the recommencement of training. Players completed a questionnaire to identify training and activities completed during the break and to assess feelings of restoration and readiness to commence training. Linear regression was used to estimate the effects of the number of days off on muscular power. One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was conducted to examine differences in lower-body power throughout the study. Spearman rank order correlation was calculated to determine the relationship between off-season activities and feelings of restoration and readiness. Peak velocity and peak force significantly increased following the off-season break. There were significant relationships between mental restoration and upper-body resistance training, as well as physical restoration and full-body resistance training. The off-season has a positive effect on a player's ability to generate muscular power. Coaches may want to encourage players to complete resistance training sessions with the aim simply to maintain training load and potentially help players to feel rested.

The Relationship between Individual Characteristics and Player Type in Gamified Learning Environment Design

The Relationship between Individual Characteristics and Player Type in Gamified Learning Environment Design

‘Died from Debeeration’: the Case of the First Belarusian Political Game

Early computer games of the ‘Eastern bloc’ have been studied as important artefacts of early digital media, but their significance is usually limited to the historical context. In this article, I present a case study of the first popular computer game made in Belarus, which political relevance has persisted through over two decades. In order to achieve multi-sided description and interpretation of the case, three methods are combined: semantic analysis of the game itself, a survey of its typical players, and comparison to similar cases in Czechoslovakia, Poland and Russia. The proposed explanation of the game’s origins highlights the importance of ‘shared commons’, relics of socialism reused for a variety of purposes during the brief period of ideological liberalism. This allows situating this particular form of subversive media in the process of transition from socialism to capitalism in Eastern Europe – the process that has never been concluded in contemporary Belarus, contributing to the totalitarian situation of 2020–2021.

Relevance of Arbitrage in the Indian Derivatives Market

The Futures contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future for certain agreed price. Since its introduction in the Indian market, futures are on the rise, attracting the three types of players i.e., hedgers, speculators & arbitrageurs. These players are able to book their profit only if there is any mis-match between spot-future relationship. The objective of this paper is to find out whether the spot-futures relationship holds in case of Index Futures in the Indian stock market which results in the arbitrage opportunity. This paper also aims at finding out different factors responsible for the violation of spot-futures relationship thereby determining the extent of arbitrage profits earned by the players in the Indian stock market.

Analysis of body type, dietary intake, and cardiorespiratory function in college soccer players

This study aims to analyze body type, dietary intake, and cardiorespiratory function of college soccer players. A total of 32 players (20 players from Yogyakarta State University and 12 players from Gadjah Mada University) were involved in this study. The study was carried out in April - June 2014. Body type, or somatotype, was calculated based on anthropometric measurements (weight, height, epicondylar humerus and epicondylar femur width, arm and calf circumference, and subcutaneous fat thickness). 24-hour food recall was used to measure the athlete's dietary intake. VO2max was used to describe the athlete's cardiorespiratory function, and it was measured by yo-yo intermittent recovery test level 2. The data were analyzed descriptively using statistical software. More than three-quarter of the players had normal nutritional status with body mass index=21.54±1.84. The majority player's body type was balanced mesomorph (2.6-4.4-2.7). Balanced mesomorph players and ectomorphic mesomorph players had adequate energy and protein intake (2,623.83 kcal energy and 75.82 g protein for balanced mesomorph players; 2.724.68 kcal energy and 84.83 g protein for ectomorphic mesomorph players). Ectomorphic mesomorph players had the highest VO2max level (52.37±2.61 ml/kg/min). Soccer players with a mesomorph component supported by good energy and protein intake have the most optimal VO2max level.

A Mixed-Method Approach Towards Identifying Students Game-playing Characteristics, Styles and Motivational Drives Behind Them

Gamification is a motivational tool that is designed to improve an already existing process and, for an educational gamified system to deliver the intended goal, it is of greatest importance to identify users learning and gaming background and their behaviour in related situations, but also, their expectations from gamified interaction that is intended for specific purposes. As a part of Malta College of Arts Science and Technology (MCAST) pre-implementation strategy, this study employs a mixed methods approach. The study was conducted in the March-July of 2019 period, and it involved 74 Level 2-3 MCAST, chosen by convenience sampling. The findings show that participants prefer playing in cooperative digital game contexts, and, generally play more than 3 times a week. 64.38% of respondents like the idea of learning via games, while the majority of students (48.65%) has a habit of replaying a game once they have finished it. In the classroom, students would like to see more lecturers who adapt to their level, have more interaction both between themselves and the lecturer, and more activities integrated. In addition, students suggested involving more practical aspects within the more abstract theoretical modules in order to help them assimilate their knowledge. Among those students, in the sample, who play digital games, explorers and socializers are the prevalent player types, with a few strong killers. With this in mind, the following rounds of research will explore in more details students a) learning and gaming patterns, b) and factors leading to student satisfaction in order to adequatlly incorporate in the system those game mechanisms that prevalent player types find the most stimulating.Highlights:The majority of participants prefer playing digital games.The majority of participants prefer playing in cooperative mode.The majority of participants play digital games more than 3 times a week.The majority of participants likes the idea of learning through games.The participants call lecturers to adapt to their level; involve more interaction both between themselves and the lecturer in the classroom, and have more activities integrated. Participants call for blending more practical aspects within the more abstract theoretical modules in order to help them assimilate their knowledge. Among the participants who play digital games prevalent player types are explorers and socializers.

Identifying Player Types to Tailor Game-Based Learning Design to Learners: Cross-sectional Survey using Q Methodology.

BackgroundGame-based learning appears to be a promising instructional method because of its engaging properties and positive effects on motivation and learning. There are numerous options to design game-based learning; however, there is little data-informed knowledge to guide the choice of the most effective game-based learning design for a given educational context. The effectiveness of game-based learning appears to be dependent on the degree to which players like the game. Hence, individual differences in game preferences should be taken into account when selecting a specific game-based learning design.ObjectiveWe aimed to identify patterns in students’ perceptions of play and games—player types and their most important characteristics.MethodsWe used Q methodology to identify patterns in opinions on game preferences. We recruited undergraduate medical and dental students to participate in our study and asked participants to sort and rank 49 statements on game preferences. These statements were derived from a prior focus group study and literature on game preferences. We used by-person factor analysis and varimax rotation to identify common viewpoints. Both factors and participants’ comments were used to interpret and describe patterns in game preferences.ResultsFrom participants’ (n=102) responses, we identified 5 distinct patterns in game preferences: the social achiever, the explorer, the socializer, the competitor, and the troll. These patterns revolved around 2 salient themes: sociability and achievement. The 5 patterns differed regarding cheating, playing alone, story-telling, and the complexity of winning.ConclusionsThe patterns were clearly interpretable, distinct, and showed that medical and dental students ranged widely in how they perceive play. Such patterns may suggest that it is important to take students’ game preferences into account when designing game-based learning and demonstrate that not every game-based learning-strategy fits all students. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to use a scientifically sound approach to identify player types. This can help future researchers and educators select effective game-based learning game elements purposefully and in a student-centered way.

Measuring Video Game Dedication: The Development and Validation of Casual Hardcore Assortment Scale

Gaming literature has noticed for a long-time the existence of two distinct types of video game players. In the current paper, we are proposing a scale that aims to differentiate gamers between two types: hardcore and casual. Casual players invest limited time and resources in video games and are not taking the games too seriously. Their counterparts, hardcore gamers, do the opposite, such as investing substantial monetary and emotional resources in video games, personalizing their private objects in line with their hobbies, spending more in-game time, and taking games more seriously. Based on the characteristics mentioned above, we propose in this paper a 5-item scale called Casual Hardcore Assortment Scale (CHG). The items of the scale look at the following characteristics that distinguish the hardcore player: monetary investments, cultural investments, emotional investments, and time spent in the game. The answers are on a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5, a higher score indicating a more pronounced presence of the previously mentioned characteristics. That would suggest a high match of the respondent in the typology of the hardcore player. The scale has been tested on a sample of 492 respondents and it showed acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = .75).

Incomplete Information Stochastic Game Theoretic Vulnerability Management for Wide-Area Damping Control Against Cyber Attacks

While securing wide-area damping controllers (WADCs) against cyber attacks becomes critical, most existing efforts deal with model-based attacks. A smart attacker may not follow the prescribed models and can intelligently change the attack actions. To tackle this challenge, this work proposes a stochastic game theoretic framework that can model the dynamic interaction between the attacker (a jammer) and the defender (intrusion detector in the WADC) with the player’s type uncertainty to optimally manage the vulnerability of the power system. Uniquely, the always opponent assumption of the other player made in most of the existing works is removed as this assumption may lead to serious resource waste due to the high over-defense rate. In this incomplete information stochastic game, the attacker intelligently jams the communication links between phasor measurement units (PMUs) and WADCs, while the intrusion detection of the WADCs is considered as the defense action. The vulnerability level of the power system resulted from the attack and defense actions in the cyber-layer is indexed by the trace of the observability Gramian. Therefore, the proposed stochastic game framework provides a cyber-physical view to make the optimal cyber-layer intrusion detection system (IDS) triggering strategy for the WADC. As the types of the other player are unknown to the defender, a Bayesian based posterior type belief update method is proposed for the defender to update the type belief about the opponent by the boundary probability based on the Bayesian Nash Equilibrium. The proposed cyber-layer IDS triggering strategy is tested and compared with other game approaches on the IEEE 39-bus 10-generator system. Simulation results show that the proposed approach can achieve the same defense performance compared to the complete information stochastic game while reducing the over-defense rate from 40% to 16%.

FARKLI OYUNCU TİPLERİNE GÖRE EĞİTSEL DİJİTAL OYUN TASARIM SÜRECİ

Purpose: The aim of this study is to design and develop an educational digital game that explains the tasks and data transmission of hardware units in the 5th and 6th grade information technologies and software course, suitable for different player types. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study was implemented with a developmental research method, one of the design-based research methods. In the game design process, product design, development, and evaluation phases were carried out in accordance with the developmental research method. Product design and development studies were carried out in three stages in accordance with design-based research. The studies done at each stage was evaluated by a team of 14 experts, the necessary corrections were made in the game and the next stage was passed. Findings: In the first stage of the study, evaluations were made for the game design. At this stage, data on writing scenario, preparation of the scenario according to player types and scenario drawings were obtained. After the necessary arrangements were made, the second stage was started. In the second stage, evaluations were made for the 3D design studies of the game. At this stage, data were obtained about the way different player types collect points, the duration, the tasks of the accessories used by different player types, the way the player reaches the units in the game and the design of the characters. After the evaluation, arrangements were made, the third stage was started. In the third stage, results about the feedback in the game, the interaction of the characters and the dialogue windows that appear on the screen were obtained and arrangements were made. Highlights: In this study, the stages in the educational digital game design process were determined, and at the end of the study, a 3D educational game was developed in accordance with the acquirements in the curriculum and different player types.

"Fantasy Points" associated with Professional Athlete Performance after Lumbar Discectomy or Microdiscectomy.

INTRODUCTIONThe treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation (LDH) in elite athletes is a debated topic that lacks consensus in the literature due to varying outcome reporting methods. The objective of this study was to quantify the overall performance of a sample of professional athletes before and after receiving a lumbar discectomy or microdiscectomy in a cohort of players in the National Football League (NFL), National Basketball Association (NBA), National Hockey League (NHL) and Major League Baseball (MLB).METHODSThe authors identified publicly accessible data from a cohort of different types of professional players who received either a lumbar discectomy or a microdiscectomy. These records were identified through newspaper archives, injury reports, player profiles and press releases between 1993 through 2015. Fantasy and Wins Above Replacement (WAR) scores were calculated for each player.RESULTSA total of 38 professional players met study inclusion criteria. NFL players had the lowest return-to-play (RTP) at nine of 14 (64%). The RTP for NBA, NHL and MLB players were comparable with 6/7 (86%) vs 8/9 (89%) vs 7/8 (88%). NFL players had the lowest average career length after surgery at 34.8 months, while NBA players had the longest average career length at 48 months. MLB players on average required the longest time to return to presurgical level of performance (24 months) and required the longest average recovery time at 12 months.CONCLUSIONSBased on these results, the average performance of most elite athletes are likely to decrease after undergoing a lumbar discectomy. Although it appears that performance peaks in the initial years after the operation for some players, there was an overall long-term decline in this sample of elite athletes. Study limitations included small sample size, lack of controlling for possible confounding variables (e.g., age, etc.) and use of variable reporting sources. Additional studies with larger sample sizes and age-matched controls are needed to examine the effects of lumbar discectomy more comprehensively in elite athletes.

The effect of perceptions competition and learning costs on cooperation in spatial evolutionary multigames

It is a great challenge to correctly understand the evolution and incentives of cooperation. In recent years, the spatial evolutionary multigames have attracted extensive attention from researchers. Actually, for players, not only themselves but also their neighbors will affect their perceptions, which has not been considered in previous works. In addition, changing perceptions has a learning process, which will cause some costs. Inspired by the above facts, we explore the impact of perceptions competition mechanisms and learning costs on the evolution of cooperation in the multigames dilemma, which consists of prisoner game and snowdrift game. Especially, we further explore how different groups can coexist in such a setting. It is found that the heterogeneity of payoffs contributes to network reciprocity and can maintain cooperative behaviors even under unfavorable conditions. Compared with the static multigames mechanism, our perceptions competition mechanism has a higher proportion of cooperators under the same temptation value b and sucker payoff θ, and the cooperators can survive within a larger range of parameters. At the same time, a small cost can effectively maintain a high proportion of cooperators, while an appropriate cost will keep players at a high level of both the proportion of cooperators and the coexistence range. The continuous increase of costs will make our evolutionary mechanism ineffective and turn to static multigames. We also find that the introduction of costs will help different types of players coexist, and with the increase of costs, the coexistence area will first decrease and then increase. Moreover, our main findings are equally applicable to complex networks such as BA networks and random networks.

The Impact of Game Elements on Learner Motivation: Influence of Initial Motivation and Player Profile

Several studies have been conducted in recent years into the effects of gamification on learner motivation. However, little is known about how learner profiles affect the impact of specific game elements. This research analyzes the effect of a gamified mathematic learning environment on the motivation and the motivated behaviors of 258 learners in secondary schools in France. Overall, results indicate that randomly assigned game elements generally demotivate learners. A more thorough analysis revealed that gamification has a positive impact on the most amotivated learners to do mathematic, although different effects were observed on learners. In particular, we noticed significant influences of their initial level of motivation and their player type on the variation in motivation during the study. We show that these influences vary according to the game element they used. These findings suggest that to increase efficiency, gamification should be tailored not only to the player profile but also to their level of initial motivation for the learning task.

Privacy considerations for online advertising: a stakeholder’s perspective to programmatic advertising

PurposePrivacy considerations have become a topic with increasing interest from academics, industry leaders and regulators. In response to consumers’ privacy concerns, Google announced in 2020 that Chrome would stop supporting third-party cookies in the near future. At the same time, advertising technology companies are developing alternative solutions for online targeting and consumer privacy controls. This paper aims to explore privacy considerations related to online tracking and targeting methods used for programmatic advertising (i.e. third-party cookies, Privacy Sandbox, Unified ID 2.0) for a variety of stakeholders: consumers, AdTech platforms, advertisers and publishers.Design/methodology/approachThis study analyzes the topic of internet user privacy concerns, through a multi-pronged approach: industry conversations to collect information, a comprehensive review of trade publications and extensive empirical analysis. This study uses two methods to collect data on consumer preferences for privacy controls: a survey of a representative sample of US consumers and field data from conversations on web-forums created by tech professionals.FindingsThe results suggest that there are four main segments in the US internet user population. The first segment, consisting of 26% of internet users, is driven by a strong preference for relevant ads and includes consumers who accept the premises of both Privacy Sandbox and Unified ID (UID) 2.0. The second segment (26%) includes consumers who are ambivalent about both sets of premises. The third segment (34%) is driven by a need for relevant ads and a strong desire to prevent advertisers from aggressively collecting data, with consumers who accept the premises of Privacy Sandbox but reject the premises of UID 2.0. The fourth segment (15% of consumers) rejected both sets of premises about privacy control. Text analysis results suggest that the conversation around UID 2.0 is still nascent. Google Sandbox associations seem nominally positive, with sarcasm being an important factor in the sentiment analysis results.Originality/valueThe value of this paper lies in its multi-method examination of online privacy concerns in light of the recent regulatory legislation (i.e. General Data Protection Regulation and California Consumer Privacy Act) and changes for third-party cookies in browsers such as Firefox, Safari and Chrome. Two alternatives proposed to replace third-party cookies (Privacy Sandbox and Unified ID 2.0) are in the proposal and prototype stage. The elimination of third-party cookies will affect stakeholders, including different types of players in the AdTech industry and internet users. This paper analyzes how two alternative proposals for privacy control align with the interests of several stakeholders.

Local public goods with weighted link formation

We introduce weighted links in a local public good game in an endogenous network with heterogeneous players. We find that the equilibrium predictions are sharper than when links are not weighted. In particular, active players form a complete core-periphery graph, where they are either in the core of interconnected players, or connected to every player in the core. Furthermore, a player's type is tightly related to her public good provision and her position in the network.

Implementing Gamified Teaching

In this study, a gamification process was implemented in an undergraduate course of Economics that consisted 397 students. The primary purpose of the research was to empirically validate the effects of gamification in terms of the variables of engagement, motivation, entertainment, perceived relevance of the course, knowledge increase and participation. To ascertain these, a questionnaire was administered to the participants. The results indicated that gamification provided significant positive effect on all variables listed above except motivation. Additional objectives of the article were to link the effects to Marczewski’s player types, namely, Philanthropists, Socialisers, Free spirits, Achievers, Players, and Disruptors, and to measure whether there are differences between the types in terms of the variables indicated above. Gamification resulted in positive effects on all player types except the player type of Disruptors.

Effect of Gamified Mobile Applications and the Role of Player Types on the Achievement of Students

The purpose of this study was to examine a gamified mobile application’s effect on students’ achievement, and whether the player types of the students predicted their achievement scores. A “pretest-posttest control group design” research was conducted with 65 undergraduate students taking a compulsory online course. In the study, a gamified mobile app was developed by the researchers and then applied within an online History I course. The results of the study showed no significant difference between the achievement scores of the Experimental Group and Control Group students. However, multiple linear regression analysis results showed that the Experimental Group’s students’ achievement scores were significantly predicted by the player types they used and their mobile app performance. It is argued, therefore, that this result underlines the importance of player type in designing effective mobile gamification apps for the purpose of learning. Suggestions for further studies are also provided.