Tinplate Research Articles

“Frost” on Tin — a Technique of Russian Chest Production

“Frost” on tin is a decorating technique widely used in the Russian chest production of the 19th—20th centuries. The technology is based on the crystallization of molten tin plate (a mixture of tin and lead) with the addition of water droplets and a chemical reaction on the crystallized tin plate of a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acids. The technique of “frost” on tin as one of the means of decorating chests and caskets has not been previously devoted to a special study. The purpose of this paper is to identify the origins and significance of this technique in the history of chest production in Russia, to determine its artistic features in comparison with foreign items, as well as to analyze specific works. Items from the collection of the Folk Art Department of the State Russian Museum were used as research material. The chronological framework of the study is the 19th—20th centuries. The author of the paper concludes that the “frost” on tinwas extremely popular over a vast territory. This technique was not a feature of the applied art only of Veliky Ustyug. For a long time, it played an important role in decorating chests, caskets, cellarets and boxes. In some centers, this technique successfully competed with painting. Perhaps, the “frost” on tin was a borrowed phenomenon. This had become possible due to the favorable conditions associated not only with trade but also with the development of the culture of certain regions of Russia. The foreign technique was adapted by Russian craftsmen in accordance with local artistic traditions.

Distribution of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Slab for Tinplate

Tinplate is widely used in food packaging and chemical packaging. Industrial production continues to reduce the thickness of tinplate steel, which puts higher requirements on the control of inclusions. In this study, compared with traditional detection methods, the Ultrasonic Detection method can analyze the distribution of nonmetallic inclusions in larger size samples, which is closer to the actual production process. The numerical simulation model is established to analyze the flow, heat transfer and solidification behavior of molten steel. The results show: There are two nonmetallic inclusion bands in the sample at the edge of the slab, one is the inner and outer arc side of the sample, and the other is the 1/8 to 1/4 slab thickness region of the inner arc side in the sample. The inclusions in the thickness direction of the slab edge within the range of 1/8 to 1/4 are captured in areas 800 mm to 1400 mm below the meniscus. The solidification of the inner and outer arcs is not symmetrical, which leads to the asymmetrical distribution of inclusions in the inner and outer arcs. This study can provide a reference for improving the tinplate production process.

Microstructural Defects of Epoxy–Phenolic Polymers on Metal Substrates during Acidic Corrosion

This study uses confocal microscopy and image processing to investigate the microstructural changes of coating–metal systems immersed in a heated acidic bath. Unlike standard optical microscopy techniques, 3D confocal microscopy images can quantitatively reveal microscopic defects formed at early stages of cathodic delamination. The coatings are made of fluorescent epoxy–phenolic resins cured at high temperatures onto tinplate (T23) and tin-free steel (TFS) substrates. When the coated metal substrates are immersed in acetic acid, a series of microscopic corrosion events occur at the polymer–metal interface. These events are quantified by changes in the thickness distribution of the degraded samples relative to that of intact coatings. The degradation rate is highest for epoxy–phenolic polymers on TFS substrates, represented by multiple orders of magnitude increase in the number density of defect sites. Higher molecular weight coatings provide slightly better resistance against delamination. The coating thickness dictates the rate of oxygen diffusion and ion transport along the polymer–coating interface, where raised asperities serve as localized sites for metal oxidation and formation of alkaline species, leading to subsequent delamination of the cured polymers from the surfaces. The results show that the metal surface topology is as important as chemistry when designing the corrosion resistance of products containing acidic liquids, and that confocal microscopy is useful in quality control through early detection of mesoscale polymer failure.

Labor Organizer Nannie Helen Burroughs and Her National Training School for Women and Girls

Labor Organizer Nannie Helen Burroughs and Her National Training School for Women and Girls

A New Type of Coating Brush Plating Solution and Its Application Performance

A new type of coating brush plating solutioncontaining stannous sulfate and potassium pyrophosphate was prepared by solution mixing method.Its structures, physicochemical properties, and the application effect in power equipment contact were also investigated by electrochemical workstation, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microsco (SEM), Mapping, and infrared thermometer. The results showed that the tin coating has good adaptability to the ambient temperature and good adhesion with the copper substrate. Cerium nitrate was evenly distributed over the tin plating layer, reduced the crystal refinement of tin and lead to a uniform distribution of microdefects. When the cerium nitrate content, the amount of additives, the amount of complex agent, and the number of brush plating operations are 0.1%, 10.0%, 8.0%, and 5 times, respectively, the tin plating layer has the best electrochemical performance. For application, the damaged contacts of power equipment can fully meet the demand of power use after being treated by the new brush plating solution.

Effect of surfactant and particle size on thickness and hardness of nanocomposite coating Sn/Ag for bus duct conductor

Bus duct conductor is one of the key components under “Bus-Way-System”. Tin plated copper is the currently used material, but improvement is needed to reduce heat generation due to contact resistance and increase efficiency. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNP) of size 10 nm or 100 nm were ultrasonically dispersed in deionized water with the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The dispersed solution was then mixed with commercial stannous tin plating solution and nanocomposite AgNP/Sn coating were plated on copper substrate via ultrasonic assisted electroplating. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) equipped with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Knoop microhardness tester were used to study the effect of AgNP size and surfactant on the nanocomposite coating. From SEM cross section images, nanocomposite with 10 nm AgNP appeared denser than that of coating with 100 nm AgNP possibly due to smaller size particles are easier to be co-deposited. For addition of 10 nm AgNP, the thickness increased from 13.82 µm to 21.77 µm (without surfactant), 19.73 µm (with SDS), and 17.64 µm (with CTAB). As for Knoop Hardness (HK0.01), the value increased from 18.5 to 44.80 (without surfactant), 41.82 (with SDS) and 21.92 (with CTAB). It seems that SDS is better surfactant than CTAB for electroplating of AgNP/Sn coating due to higher hardness of coating. The results show successful fabrication of nanocomposite Sn/Ag coating with improvement in hardness compared to Sn coating, and thickness of coating is more than the thickness required for bus duct conductor, i.e more than 3 µm.

Designing Zinc Deposition Substrate with Fully Preferred Orientation to Elude the Interfacial Inhomogeneous Dendrite Growth.

The development of zinc-ion batteries with high energy density remains a great challenge due to the uncontrollable dendrite growth on their zinc metal anodes. Film anodes plated on the substrate have attracted increasing attention to alleviate these dendrite issues. Herein, we first point out that both the random crystal orientation and the low metal affinity of the substrate are important factors of zinc dendrite formation. Accordingly, the (1 0 1) fully preferred tin interface layer with high zinc affinity was fabricated by chemical tin plating on (1 0 0) oriented copper. This tin decorated copper substrate can realize high reversible zinc plating/stripping behavior, and full cell using this zinc plated substrate can be operated for more than 1000 cycles with high capacity retention (85.3%) and low electrochemical impedance. The proposed strategy can be also applied to lithium metal batteries, which demonstrates that the substrate orientation regulation and metal affinity design are the promising approaches to achieve dendrite-free metal anode and overcome the challenges of highly reactive metal anodes.

Electrical Contact Resistance Behavior of Reciprocating Slide Wear Test of Tin Plating Copper Alloy

Electrical Contact Resistance Behavior of Reciprocating Slide Wear Test of Tin Plating Copper Alloy

Flatness on-machine measurement system of chemical mechanical polishing process for large-caliber tin plates

In planar optics machining, surface flatness is a critical requirement for making high-quality optical devices. Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is an important process of smoothing surfaces for hard and brittle planar optics. Thus, there are growing interests in developing high-precision flatness on-machine measurement system for tin plate CMP process. However, the traditional evaluation measurement cannot meet the measurement accuracy requirement of approximate 2 μm. In this study, we propose an effective on-machine measuring system for the large-caliber optical tin plate, which consists of linear guideway, rotary table, and measuring sensor. In the system, the straightness error of the guideway and the axial runout error of the rotary table are compensated using a spiral method and the Keyence LK-G5000 measuring sensor. First, the spiral measuring path is formed by the movement of the line guideway and rotary table, which can prevent from multiple calibration. Then, the 3D flatness error of the dressing process is measured by linear movement of the LK-G5000 and the rotation of the tin plate. After the primary measurement process, the obtained 3D flatness error is compensated for straightness and axial runout error in sequence. To verify the accuracy of the flatness measurement, the tin plate is dressed by the natural diamond tool according to the measured 3D flatness error. After the dressing process, the peak-valley value of the remeasured flatness error can achieve 2.12 μm through a single-step dressing. The experimental results provide the accuracy and reliability of the high-precision on-machine flatness measurement system for the large-caliber tin plate.

Preparation of tin coating on the surface of copper-coated carbon fiber and its effect on the microstructures and properties of the composite coating

In order to prevent the copper coating on the carbon fiber surface from oxidizing and falling off, the tin coating is plated on the surface of copper-coated carbon fiber. In this paper, the copper-tin composite coating with different thicknesses of tin coatings were successfully prepared by electroless plating. The results show that with the increasing of electroless tin plating time, the thickness of the copper-tin composite coating increases. The test results of the bonding force between the composite coating and the carbon fiber show that the coating bonding force is the best when the thickness of composite coating is between 1.31 μm and 1.55 μm. This is due to the formation of copper-tin intermetallic compounds preventes direct contact between the copper coating and oxygen, which can effectively inhibit the oxidation of the copper plating layer, thereby making the plating layer less likely to fall off. However, the excessively thick tin coating would increase the internal stress of the coating, and promote the generation of cracks on the surface of the composite coating, which would cause the composite coating to fall off. This research will provide new ideas for the preparation of high-performance copper plating on the surface of carbon fiber, and provide an important theoretical and practical basis for the application of copper coatings.

Whisker Growth and Long-term Reliability of Tin Plating

Whisker Growth and Long-term Reliability of Tin Plating

Comprehensive Characterization of All Inorganic and Organic Components in Neutral Tin Plating Bath for Electronics Applications

Abstract Tin plating at neutral and near-neutral pH is the preferable process in the application of electronic components such as capacitors and resistors, where the chemically sensitive ceramic and glass portions can be damaged by highly acidic solutions (often used in semiconductor packaging processes). Stannous ions are not as stable at elevated pH due to oxidation and hydrolysis, and plating demands the use of a large number of additives making the process control very challenging. Various analytical techniques are developed for automatic and comprehensive characterization of all inorganic and organic bath components including simultaneous detection of conductive salt, anti-whisker and chelator by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, brightener by potentiometric titration, stannous ions by electrochemical method, and the breakdown stannic ions by spectro-titration.

Micro-pinch formation and extreme ultraviolet emission of laser-induced discharge plasma* *Project supported by the Basic and Applied Basic Research Major Program of Guangdong Province, China (Grant No. 2019B030302003).

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) source produced by laser-induced discharge plasma (LDP) is a potential technical means in inspection and metrology. A pulsed Nd:YAG laser is focused on a tin plate to produce an initial plasma thereby triggering a discharge between high-voltage electrodes in a vacuum system. The process of micro-pinch formation during the current rising is recorded by a time-resolved intensified charge couple device camera. The evolution of electron temperature and density of LDP are obtained by optical emission spectrometry. An extreme ultraviolet spectrometer is built up to investigate the EUV spectrum of Sn LDP at 13.5 nm. The laser and discharge parameters such as laser energy, voltage, gap distance, and anode shape can influence the EUV emission.

The Effect of Naphthalene‐Based Additives on the Kinetics of Tin Electrodeposition on Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrodes

AbstractThe effect of naphthalene‐based additives: naphthalene (NPT), naphthalenesulfonate (NPTS) and hydroxynaphthalenesulfonate (HNPTS) on the kinetics of tin electrodeposition on a boron‐doped diamond (BDD) electrode has been studied by means of chronoamperometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Potentiostatic current transients in the absence and the presence of naphthalene‐based additives are analyzed by using the Scharifker‐Hills model. A strong decrease of the kinetics of tin nucleation on BDD was observed in the presence of naphthalene‐based additives, NPT showing the smallest effect and HNPTS showing the largest effect. From the long‐term Cottrell behavior of the transients, similar values of tin(II) diffusion coefficients were obtained for all additives, suggesting that there is no complexation of Sn(II) by the additives and that the charge‐transfer kinetics itself is not substantially influenced by the presence of the additives. In the absence of additives, tin deposition on BDD displays a progressive nucleation and growth mechanism at the least negative potentials, switching to instantaneous nucleation and growth at more negative potential. In the presence of NPTS and HNPTS, progressive nucleation and growth transients are observed. The growth mode results are confirmed by the tin features observed in the scanning electron micrographs. In conclusion, NPT, NPTS and HNPTS mainly decrease the rate of the nucleation of tin deposition, most likely by blocking or reducing access to active nucleation sites. In comparison, ethoxylated α‐napthalenesulfonic acid (ENSA, a commonly used additive in the tin plating industry) inhibits tin deposition process on BDD even more strongly. These observations show a striking similarity to our previous study of tin deposition on gold electrodes.

Tracking Large-size Inclusions in Al Deoxidated Tinplate Steel in Industrial Practice

The three-dimensional morphology, size, content and composition of large-size inclusions extracted by large sample electrolysis from RH refining to hot rolling were investigated during the tinplate steel industrial test without calcium treatment. The results showed that the large-size inclusions in the RH refining process are Al2O3 inclusions and incompletely modified CaO·2Al2O3 inclusions, while those in tundish are Al2O3, CaO–Al2O3, CaO–SiO2–Al2O3 and CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO. The typical types of large-size inclusion in slab and hot rolling plates are Al2O3, CaO–Al2O3, SiO2–Al2O3, CaO–SiO2–Al2O3, CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO and CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–TiO2. Secondary oxidation was found to occur in molten steel during the pouring process and protective casting should be improved. Large-size inclusions in hot rolling plates are Al2O3 with a mass fraction of 19.8% and incompletely modified CaO·2Al2O3 inclusions with a mass fraction of 45.9% those have not been completely modified, which have high hardness and are difficult to deform. Therefore, it is recommended that calcium treatment should be carried out at the end of RH refining to reduce the Al2O3 and CaO·2Al2O3 contents. And the effect of calcium addition on the inclusion evolution has been studied by a thermodynamic analysis at 1873 K. With the increase of calcium addition in molten steel, the evolution route of equilibrium precipitations is Al2O3 → CaO·6Al2O3 → CaO·2Al2O3 → CaO·Al2O3 → 3CaO·Al2O3 → 12CaO·7Al2O3 → CaO. The critical calcium content for CaS and CaO formation increases with increasing oxygen content. To avoid the precipitation reaction between [Ca] and [S], the mass fraction of calcium addition needs to be controlled below 0.0040%.

New hydrometallurgical approach to obtain uniform antiferromagnetic ferrous chloride cubes from waste tin cans

Tin-plated iron or steel containers are one of the major disposed solid wastes after their utilization to open atmosphere, which leads to create substantial environmental pollution, especially soil and water pollution due to their disposal by landfills methods. These waste iron or steel containers, from the various iron or steel industries, contain a huge amount of iron source, which can be utilized efficiently to synthesis value-added product. In the present study, we have designed a method to grow and stabilize ferrous chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl2·4H2O) from the waste tin-plated iron container. The crystallization rate of FeCl2·4H2O has been controlled by the addition of anti-solvent. The present investigation reveals that with increasing anti-solvent dielectric constant, uniform cubic shape FeCl2·4H2O particles were formed in lesser time without hampering their composition and morphology. The scanning electron micrographs (SEM) show that FeCl2·4H2O particles were cubic in shape with size ranging from 4.2 to 6.7 μm. The purity of FeCl2·4H2O has also been confirmed through magnetic study. M–H plot confirms the antiferromagnetic nature of the synthesized FeCl2·4H2O (TN = 22.4–22.7 K). The observed magnetic moment of FeCl2·4H2O varied from 4.85 to 4.92 μB. The magnetic moment of synthesized FeCl2·4H2O is in close agreement with the theoretical magnetic moment value of Fe2+-free ions.

UV-Cured Transparent Silicone Materials with High Tensile Strength Prepared from Hyperbranched Silicon-Containing Polymers and Polyurethane-Acrylates.

Flexibility and mechanical performance are essential for transparent silicone materials applied in some optical and electronic devices; however, the tensile strength of transparent silicone materials is fairly low. To overcome this problem, a kind of UV-cured transparent flexible silicone material with quite a high tensile strength and elongation at break was developed through UV-initiated thiol–ene reaction by hyperbranched silicon-containing polymers (HBPs) with a thiol substitute and acrylate-terminated polyurethanes. Unexpectedly, it is found that both the tensile strength and elongation at break of the transparent silicone materials are extraordinarily high, which can reach 3.40 MPa and 270.0%, respectively. The UV-cured materials have good UV resistance ability because their transmittance is still as high as 93.4% (800 nm) even when aged for 40 min in a UV chamber of 10.6 mW cm–2. They exhibit outstanding adhesion to substrates, and the adhesion to a glass slide, wood, and a tin plate is grade 1. The promising results encourage us to further improve the mechanical performance of flexible transparent silicone materials by effective chemical modification strategies with HBPs. An attempt was made to apply the UV-cured materials in a Gel-Pak box and it could be proved that the UV-cured materials may be one of the good candidates for use as packaging or protecting materials of optical or electronics devices such as the Gel-Pak product.

Large Electric Current Induced Degradation of Tin Plating Contact

Large Electric Current Induced Degradation of Tin Plating Contact

Influence of Cu–Sn Intermetallic Compound Surface Form on Contact Resistance Behavior of Fretting Corrosion of Tin Plating

Influence of Cu–Sn Intermetallic Compound Surface Form on Contact Resistance Behavior of Fretting Corrosion of Tin Plating

Indigenous Navigatory Devices used during the High Floods in North Bihar

This paper takes into account the methods of adaptations to the extreme situations of floods in the rainy season of 2020 in the rural and urban areas of Darbhanga district in northern Bihar, India. Boats made of different types of woods are the first choice of people. The region has a sprawling boat industry that provides a basis of livelihood to the wood smith community. Boats are generally made available to the needy people by the agencies of Government. However, those deprived of the boat facility adapt to the situation by carving makeshift devices made from banana pseudo stems, water hyacinth fronds, dry wood pieces, pitcher floats, bamboo rafts, cement bowls for feeding the livestock etc. High floods of 2020 witnessed people using boats of thermocol and rubber tubes on a large scale. All these devices, whether natural or man-made, work on the principle of Archimedes. The paper reports an innovative practice of using the hollow gas cylinders intricately strung in the fashion of an open boat that was used for about 15-20 days till the high floods receded in the village Harichanda of Hanuman Nagar C.D. Block of Darbhanga district India. The system was devised by local young men to tide over the crisis of ferrying people to local orchards for defecation and also for maintaining the supply chain of drinking water, cooking gas and other essential services. The plant items achieve buoyancy due to their density lower than water. Those made of flattened wood or tin plates achieve floatability on account of large volume of water that they displace. The weight of people carried on these boats is lighter than the weight of the volume of water displaced in the process.