Plate Separation Research Articles

Experimental and numerical investigations of tensile behavior of slip-critical blind bolts anchored in concrete-filled steel tubes

This paper presents experimental and numerical investigations of a Concrete-Anchored Slip-Critical Blind Bolt (CASCBB) system, which can be used to connect a steel beam to a concrete-filled steel tube column to form a rigid moment connection. A series of pull-out tests of CASCBBs embedded in concrete-filled steel square hollow section (SHS) is conducted with varying parameters such as with or without concrete infill, types of bolts, threaded or non-threaded anchor stud, tube thickness and bolt edge distance. A connection with a sufficiently thick SHS flange benefits significantly from its direct contribution to the total resistance even well before the anchorage failure. If the tube flange is too thin, the connection will possess no ductility as the concrete cone failure mode governs and dominates. A finite element methodology that resolves the difficulties of modelling the behaviour of infill concrete housing an anchored bolt is able to closely replicate the experimental responses. It is found from the finite element analysis that the contribution of the steel tube’s flange is independent of its thickness-to-width ratio but is a function of its thickness and the bolt edge distance. Placing the anchored bolt close to the SHS web can double the stiffness compared to placing it in the middle of the flange due to the greater contribution of the steel tube. It can also increase the maximum load-carrying capacity significantly. The finite element analysis results suggest that threading the anchor stud does not have noticeable effects on the anchorage failure load and the connection’s stiffness, in contrast to the apparent test results. In order to enable the plate separation to take place (at a load slightly higher than the bolt pretension), the column wall must be sufficiently thick. The wall thickness controls the maximum tensile capacity, the elastic stiffness and the ductility, but does not affect the initial stiffness.

Two case studies of the treatment of simple onycholysis with disappearing nail bed caused by trauma by combined pharmacological, orthonyxia and taping methods.

Simple onycholysis is a common complaint after trauma and consists in separation of the nail plate from the nail bed. If untreated, prolonged onycholysis may cause a disappearing nail bed (DNB) that leads to the shortening or narrowing of the nail plate. This study is aimed at discussing possible treatment of chronic simple onycholysis with DNB by combined conservative methods. Simple onycholysis and DNB treatment consists of Onygen® cream application, nail bed massages, bracing procedures and nail folds taping with kinesio tape. Long-lasting simple onycholysis with DNB may be fully eliminated by applying the combined pharmacological, orthonyxia and taping treatment. Advanced simple onycholysis, which leads to the DNB and, in consequence, to the shortening or narrowing of the nail plate, causes cosmetic discomfort for patients. A damaged nail apparatus is also more susceptible to new traumas. Even long-standing onycholysis with DNB can be successfully treated with easy-to-apply conservative methods. The key point of therapy is the use of several methods of treatment with different effects on the nail apparatus. The effects of described therapy are highly satisfactory, the only drawback being its long term, which is caused by slow growth of the nails.

The Role of On‐ and Off‐Axis Faults and Fissures During Eruption Cycles and Crustal Accretion at 9°50′N, East Pacific Rise

AbstractFissures and faults provide insight into how plate separation is accommodated by magmatism and brittle deformation during crustal accretion. Although fissure and fault geometry can be used to quantify the spreading process at mid‐ocean ridges, accurate measurements are rare due to insufficiently detailed mapping data. Here, fissures and faults at the fast‐spreading 9°50′N segment of the East Pacific Rise were mapped using bathymetric data collected at 1‐m horizontal resolution by autonomous underwater vehicle Sentry. Fault dip estimates from the bathymetric data were calibrated using co‐registered near‐bottom imagery and depth transects acquired by remotely operated vehicle Jason. Fissures are classified as either eruptive or non‐eruptive (i.e., cracks). Tectonic strain estimated from corrected fault heaves suggests that faulting plays a negligible role in the plate separation on crust younger than 72 kyr (<4 km from the ridge axis). Pre‐ and post‐eruption surveys show that most fissures were reactivated during the eruptions in 2005–2006. Variable eruptive fissure geometry could be explained by the frequency with which each fissure is reactivated and partially infilled. Fissure swarms and lava plateaus in low‐relief areas >2 km from the ridge are spatially associated with off‐axis lower‐crustal magma lenses identified in multichannel seismic data. Deep, closely spaced fissures overlie a relatively shallow portion of the axial magma lens. The width of on‐axis fissures and inferred subsurface dike geometry imply a ∼9‐year long diking recurrence interval to fully accommodate plate spreading, which is broadly consistent with cycle intervals obtained from estimates of melt extraction rates, eruption volumes, and spreading rate.

A low-frequency, high-amplitude, torsional oscillator for studies of quantum fluids and solids

We introduce a low-frequency torsional oscillator suitable for studies of quantum fluids and solids. It operates at frequencies of ∼100 Hz, achieves velocities of several cm s−1, and exhibits a quality factor of Q≃3×104. In order to reach such velocities at this relatively low frequency, the oscillator amplitude must exceed 100 μm, which would be impracticable for a conventional capacitor-driven device where the drive is applied parallel to the main motion and there are correspondingly large changes in the separation of the capacitor plates. For the different geometry of the oscillator that we now describe, however, the separations of both the drive and detect capacitor plates remain constant regardless of the amplitude of oscillation. We discuss its design and report our initial tests of its performance.

The deep origin of ground fissures in the Kenya Rift Valley

Intense volcanic and geothermal activities characterize the Great Rift Valley of East Africa. Ground fissure disasters of the Great Rift Valley have garnered increasing attention in recent years. Through field investigations, trenching, geophysical exploration, gas sampling and analysis, we determined the distribution and origin of 22 ground fissures within the Kedong Basin of the Central Kenya Rift. These ground fissures caused varying degrees of damage to roads, culverts, railways, and communities. Trenching and geophysical exploration have shown that ground fissures in sediments are connected to rock fractures with gas escaping. The gases expelled from the rock fractures contained methane and SO2, which were absent in the normal atmosphere, and 3He/4He ratios in gases measured further indicated that the volatiles were derived from the mantle, suggesting that these rock fractures extended deep into the underlying bedrock. Spatial correlations with rock fractures demonstrate the deep origin of these ground fissures, which are associated with active rifting, plate separation, and volcanism. The ground fissures are formed due to movement on the deeper rock fractures, and then the gas escapes through the fissures. Determining the unusual origin of these ground fissures can not only guide infrastructure development and urban planning but also contribute to the safety of local communities.

Unusual nail alterations in a child: a consequence of a common infection (a case report)

Introduction: Onychomadesis refers to the proximal separation of the nail plate from the matrix following a temporary arrest in nail formation, leading to nail shedding. While it can be a consequence of multiple aetiologies, it is uncommon in childhood. To our knowledge, this is the first case reporting the association between onychomadesis and hand-foot-and-mouth disease in the context of primary health care in Portugal. Case description: A previously healthy 21-month-old male child, otherwise asymptomatic except for fingernail alterations, was diagnosed with hand-foot-and-mouth disease four weeks before nail changes. Comment: Beau’s lines and onychomadesis are late complications of hand-foot-and-mouth disease. Clinicians must invest in a proper and detailed patients medical history and assess recent viral infections. On the other hand, the knowledge of probable indicators and of the association between onychomadesis and hand-foot-and-mouth disease itself may avoid inadequate investigations, referrals, and treatments. Furthermore, advising and reassuring patients/parents/caregivers about possible nail alterations weeks following hand-foot-and-mouth disease may also prevent unnecessary concerns.

Upper Crustal Structure of Superfast‐Spread Oceanic Crust Exposed at the Pito Deep Rift: Implications for Seafloor Spreading

AbstractA tectonic window into the upper 2,000 m of oceanic crust generated at the superfast spreading (∼142 mm/yr) southern East Pacific Rise exposes a continuous layered structure of basaltic lavas and sheeted dikes over gabbroic rocks. This relatively simple structure is in accord with expectations for crustal accretion at a very fast spreading rate and high magma budget where magmatic construction keeps pace with plate separation. Detailed observations show that basaltic lava flows dip progressively more steeply inward (toward the spreading axis where they were erupted). Underlying sheeted dikes are faulted and tectonically rotated to dip steeply outward. These structures are interpreted in terms of subsidence beneath the axis of the southern East Pacific Rise during crustal construction that allowed the lava unit to thicken to >400 m without creating comparable relief at the spreading center. Transitional units above and below the sheeted dike complex show that the thickness of upper crustal rock units is modified by tectonic and intrusive processes during accretion. The crustal structure shows that even approaching the superfast spreading end‐member of seafloor spreading, crustal accretion involves dramatic tectonic processes that are not obvious from the surface geology of spreading centers.

Separation of Different Resin Plates Bonded by Solvent Through a Wire Explosion Induced by Pulsed Discharge

Accelerating the resource recycling of plastics and creating a recycling-oriented society require the development of efficient recycling technology for resin adhesives used in many products. We report the application of a fine wire explosion induced by an electric pulse to the selective separation of different resin adherends. Methylene dichloride, a solvent, was applied to the interface of an acrylic plate and polycarbonate plate together with a silver wire. A pulsed discharge circuit applied electric pulses to the fine wire and thus exploded the wire. At a capacitance of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2.4~\mu \text{F}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and charging voltage of 5.5 kV, no separation of different resin materials occurred. Shadowgraph visualization revealed that when a charging voltage of 20 kV was applied, separation at the interface of the bonded resin materials occurred due to gas expansion, resulting from vaporization of the exploding fine wire. Electrothermal simulation showed that the temperature within the silver wire reached the boiling point of silver when electric pulses were applied at a charging voltage of 20 kV, suggesting that the silver wire melted and evaporated under the effect of an electrothermal force, causing the silver wire to expand. In terms of separating different resin adherends at their interface using an electric pulse, it is effective to place a fine wire on the adhesive surface, bond the resin materials, and, through applying an electric pulse, generate Joule heat in the wire, expand gas in the wire, and vaporize the wire.

Theory of dielectric photonic crystals sandwiched between parallel metal plates

Photonic crystals based on silicon-air-geometries sandwiched between parallel metal plates are studied theoretically. Compared with in-plane propagation in corresponding infinite-height photonic crystals, modes with one of the two possible polarizations are eliminated for small plate separations. Consequently, 2D photonic crystals that usually do not have a band gap for both polarizations possess a complete band gap in the sandwich geometry. A procedure for obtaining the maximum allowed photonic-crystal height between plates that preserves the in-plane band gap is described. The effect on the band gap of adding an air-gap or a silicon substrate to the photonic crystal structure between plates is also studied. Finally, it is shown that, for terahertz frequencies, a useful distance between metal plates is comparable to the thickness of thin silicon wafers, and that propagation losses are sufficiently small that the structures are of practical interest. We briefly discuss the numerical method that was used for calculating band diagrams and band gaps, which is based on a modification to the plane-wave-expansion method [R. D. Meade et. al., Phys. Rev. B 48, 8434 (1993)10.1103/PhysRevB.48.8434] based on an iterative search algorithm exploiting Fast Fourier Transforms for fast calculations.

Method of difference-differential equations for some Bethe-ansatz-solvable models

In studies of one-dimensional Bethe ansatz solvable models, a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind with a difference kernel on a finite interval often appears. This equation does not generally admit a closed-form solution and hence its analysis is quite complicated. Here we study a family of such equations, concentrating on their moments. We find exact relations between the moments in the form of difference-differential equations. The latter results significantly advance the analysis, enabling one to practically determine all the moments from the explicit knowledge of the lowest one. As applications, several examples are considered. First, we study the moments of the quasimomentum distribution in the Lieb-Liniger model and find explicit analytical results. The latter moments determine several basic quantities, e.g., the $N$-body local correlation functions. We prove the equivalence between different expressions found in the literature for the three-body local correlation functions and find an exact result for the four-body local correlation function in terms of the moments of the quasimomentum distributions. We eventually find the analytical results for the three- and four-body correlation functions in the form of asymptotic series in the regimes of weak and strong interactions. Next, we study the exact form of the low-energy spectrum of a magnon (a polaron) excitation in the two-component Bose gas described by the Yang-Gaudin model. We find its explicit form, which depends on the moments of the quasimomentum distributions of the Lieb-Liniger model. Then, we address a seemingly unrelated problem of capacitance of a circular capacitor and express the exact result for the capacitance in the parametric form. In the most interesting case of short plate separations, the parametric form has a single logarithmic term. This should be contrasted with the explicit result that has a complicated structure of logarithms.

Effects of ultrasonic treatment on the surface bacteria of Lyophyllum decastes during storage

This study explores the relationship between the storage quality and bacterial microflora in the mushroom Lyophyllum decastes. The surface bacteria of L. decastes were separated by combining the traditional culture plate separation and 16S rRNA sequencing method, to study the effects of ultrasonic (US) treatment on the surface bacteria of L. decastes during storage. The results demonstrated that Pantoea agglomerans and Pseudomonas fluorescens were among the 15 culturable bacteria isolated with traditional plate method during storage, belonging to 2 phyla and 7 genera. US treatment could inhibit the growth and significantly increase cell membrane permeability, and contents extravasation in P. agglomerans, though its inhibitory effect on P. fluorescens was less. The 16S rRNA sequencing revealed, bacteria from 9 phyla and 35 genera were isolated, and P. fluorescens was the dominant species throughout the storage time. These results indicated that the composition of mushroom surface microflora of Control (CK) and US groups are similar, and the bacterial microflora networks analysis also showed a positive correlation. The KEGG annotation for the functional classification of the bacteria showed that a total of 328 pathways were acquired at the KEGG l3 level, and the relative abundance of membrane transport, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and energy metabolism pathway was high. Moreover, the relative abundance of the surface bacteria of L. decastes also decreased. Hence, the US treatment had a better bacteriostatic effect, maintained the whiteness index and firmness, and improved the sensory quality of L. decastes during storage.

Computer-guided buccal cortical plate separation for removal of calcified benign odontogenic tumors affecting the mandibular angle region

PurposeSurgical removal of intra-bony calcific benign lesions is technically challenging regarding its accessibility, proximity to vital structures, and deteriorating effect on the remaining bony structures.MethodsComputer-guided buccal cortical plate separation was performed for ten patients using patient-specific osteotomy locating guides and pre-bent plates. The guide was designed to outline the osteotomy, the buccal cortical plate was separated, the lesion was removed, and finally, the pre-bent plates were used to fix the separated cortex.ResultsSurgical procedures were uneventful for all patients, operation time was 39.5 ± 13.01 min, postoperative pain decreased within the follow-up time intervals, and there was a statistical significant difference between the time intervals (P value < 0.001). Edema and trismus were acceptable. One case showed nerve affection which resolved after 4 weeks.ConclusionComputer-guided buccal cortical plate separation for removal of intra-bony calcified benign lesions provides a promising approach, especially for inexperienced surgeons.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT05329974. Registered on 6 April 2022—retrospectively registered.

The Interobserver Reliability of Grading of Distal Radius Volar Plate Prominence

The 3-category rating of volar plate prominence in relation to the most volar edge of the distal radius (the watershed line) on lateral radiographs was reliable among a small group of surgeons and associated with the probability of flexor tendon irritation and potential rupture. Classifications are often less reliable when tested among a large group of practicing surgeons in different environments. In this survey-based experiment, an international group of 115 fracture and upper extremity surgeons viewed 1 of 4 sets of 24 lateral radiographs (96 unique lateral radiographs) of patients with distal radius fractures who underwent volar plating in the practice of a single surgeon using 2 types of plates. Surgeons were asked to rate the following metrics: (1) the grade of plate prominence according to Soong, (2) whether the plate was more prominent than the watershed line, (3) whether the plate was separate from the bone distally, and (4) whether there is more than 5° of dorsal angulation of the distal radius articular surface. The interobserver agreement of the classification was "fair" (κ= 0.32; 95% confidence interval [CI]= 0.27-0.36), and grading was more reliable among surgeons who do not supervise trainees. Volar prominence was less reliable (κ= 0.034; 95% CI= 0.013-0.055) than plate separation from bone (κ= 0.50; 95% CI= 0.42-0.59) and more than 5° of dorsal angulation (κ= 0.42; 95% CI= 0.35-0.48). Among a large number of international practicing surgeons, the classification of volar plate prominence in 3 categories was fair. The diagnosis of plate prominence might develop toward criteria with moderate reliability, such as separation of the plate from the bone and residual angulation of the distal radius.

FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE LOCATED IN THE PORTAL OF THE LIVER

Authors studied the connective tissue on the basis of the obtained results. In the transverse sulcus of the liver and the left sagittal sulcus. They concluded that separation of the portal plate (along with the right and left portal equity portal complexes) and the liver parenchyma by the blunt method, does not have the risk of damage for the small portal tracts, portal plate and the liver parenchyma.

Car number plates recognition system using Advanced Machine learning algorithm

Nowadays in Vietnam, the management of vehicles is extremely complicated. Moreover, the work of detecting and sanctioning traffic violations, anti-theft... have many difficulties. To solve the above problems, it needs automatic systems that perform the job of recognizing plates, capable of reading and understanding plates automatically. That identification system has many practical applications such as automatic vehicle weighing stations, automatic toll stations, and automatic parking lots. As other automation systems, plate recognition involves hardware and software requirements. Hardware is an image acquisition device (camera), the image will be processed by software. The identification includes two stages: plate separation and character recognition. In this paper, a method to recognize car number plates based on an advanced machine-learning algorithm has illustrated to be effective in accurate identification rate in a short time.

Adhesive Layer Modeling in Concrete Beam Strengthened with FRP in an EFG Framework

The main challenging issue in concrete beam strengthening with FRP plates is the insurance of their joint performance. As been reported, the external load is mainly the primary reason for plate separation. The applied force corresponding to the moment of failure is called the debonding load. This load is of great importance. Besides, the determination of shear stress in the adhesive layer and tensile strain of the FRP plate is of the topics raised in empirical research. This study recommends using numerical methods to avoid the high cost of empirical studies. Here, failure concepts of the cohesive element are utilized. Horizontal and vertical springs are used to represent the properties of this element in which springs’ stiffness deputizes cohesive element characteristics and can be adjusted in three linear, nonlinear, and zero-stiffness steps. Springs’ stiffness is related to point displacements. So in an element-free Galerkin (EFG) method formulation, a set of springs, beam, and FRP is used to determine these displacements. Using these estimated nodes’ displacement values and utilizing springs’ stiffness, the unknown parameters inclouded debonding load, glue shear stress, and the tensile strain produced in the FRP plate can be determined. Whole calculations are coded in Matlab software. The results have been compared with the experimental outcomes of Kim and her colleagues’ work. These results indicate glue performance can be investigated through spring modeling based on the cohesive element in an EFG framework with adequate accuracy. So, the significant parts of an experimental setup can be avoided.

Interpretation of Depositional Environment of Fusulinid Bearing Middle Permian Succession of Bolula and Khaja Ghar Formation, Bamian Zone, Central Afghanistan

The study area belongs to the north Afghanistan having complex tectonic setting, because of separation of the Afghanistan plate from Pangea in Early Permian and its subsequent northward journey and collision with Eurasian plate. The rock exposed in the area belongs to Paleozoic, Mesozoic to Quaternary with Proterozoic basement. Particularly the Permian succession of Afghanistan is rich in fusulinids (larger foraminifera), is age diagnostic, provides strong biostratigraphic tool for the Permian deposits, and has paleobiogeographic applications. The Bamian zone of north Afghanistan has good exposure to Middle Permian and is designated as Bolula and Khaja Ghar Formation is undertaken in this study. The Bolula Formation overlies the greenschist and basalts, composed mainly of carbonate rocks (Dolostone and limestone), having massive limestone, with some quartz and secondary calcite vein in the succession. The intermittent siliciclastic wedges within the carbonate succession are identified as input within the platform with tectonic pulses in the hinterland. Bolula and Khaja Ghar succession is divided into 8 lithofacies ( Facies A to H) and 6 carbonate Facies viz. Sparry calcites limestone, Micritic limestone, Fossiliferous limestones (Biomicrite), Peloidal limestone (Fecal pellets), Interlaminated micritic and sparite limestone, and sandy limestone (micritic). The Bolula and Khaja Ghar Formation in the Bamian area have deposited in a shallow marine shelf environment because of predominance of carbonate rocks and presence of shallow-water marine fossils including fusulinids, small benthic foraminifera, algae, bivalve, brachiopods fragments, corals and bryozoans, etc. In the Bamian zone the unconformity between Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian; indicates extensive gap in sedimentation, traceable to many parts of Afghanistan as unconformity or tectonic contact is considered here as sequence boundary.

Role of anaesthesiologist in the management of an infant with hydrocephalus for shunt surgery

Hydrocephalus is a disorder of abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricular system. Accumulation of CSF occurs due to an imbalance between CSF production and absorption. In the new-born and infants, hydrocephalus almost entirely presents as an enlarged head resulting from the separation of cranial bone plates, so any new-born or infant with an enlarged head should undergo evaluation. We report the case of a gross hydrocephalus in a 9-month-old infant (head circumference 55 cm) posted for ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery with anaesthetic consideration of difficult intubation because of such a large head size, positioning, age-related pathophysiology and temperature regulation. The case was managed successfully with an uneventful hospital stay, and a significant decrease in head size was noted.

THE HINDU KUSH EARTHQUAKE on October 26, 2015 with Mw=7.5, I0~7: PRELIMINARY SEISMICITY and AFTERSHOCK SEQUENCE

On October 26, 2015, a strong Hindu Kush earthquake with KR=17.0, Mw=7.5 occurred in the Afghan Pamir-Hindu Kush subzone at a depth of hpP=217 km. Shakes of varying intensity caused by this earthquake were recorded in settlements of 14 states: Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, India, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, China, Iran, Nepal, United Arab Emirates, Russia, Qatar and Bangladesh with a total area of S=14106 km2. The earthquake was preceded by three large (KR=12.5, 12.1, 14.0) foreshocks and was accompanied by a series of more than 1400 aftershocks unprecedented for aftershocks of deep earthquakes with KR=9–13. The energy step between the mainshock and the maximum foreshock is Kfor=3.0, between the mainshock and the maximum (KR=12.8) aftershock – Kaft=4.2. The aftershock recurrence graph has a slope =–0.67, which in absolute value is higher than the average value in the region =0.50. The attenuation para-meter  of the Omori law in the initial phase of attenuation, =–1.26, in absolute value is also higher than the average =1.0 for strong earthquakes in the World. Based on the results of a joint analysis of the focal me-chanism solutions of different agencies and vertical sections along and across the aftershock cloud, it was con-cluded that an upthrust movement occurred in the source along a steep east-south-east nodal plane, dipping to the south. The reason for the activity at the site of the earthquake is the movement of the Indian continent to the north and its collision with Eurasia, as a result of which the separation and subduction of the Hindu Kush plate continue. The Hindu Kush earthquake on October 26, 2015, and its aftershocks are just one of the events of successive deformation and stress relief in the latitudinal zone, marked in 2015 by the migration of earthquake epicenters with KR=13–17 from east to west.

A Child with Severe COVID-19 Complicated with Onychomadesis

The most common symptoms of COVID-19 infection are fever and cough; but may cause respiratory, enteric, hepatic, nephrotic, neurological, and skin involvement. Onychomadesis is the proximal separation of the nail plate from the nail matrix due to a temporary cessation of nail growth. Numerous studies about cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 were reported; however findings of nails were limited. This paper reported a case of onychomadesis which appeared on the nails after a severe COVID-19 infection (MIS-C).