Manufacture Of Plates Research Articles

Bending Tests Used to Determine the Mechanical Properties of the Components of a Composite Sandwich Used in Civil Engineering

Abstract In the paper we propose an experimental determination of the mechanical properties of the components of a sandwich composite material, used in the manufacture of high rigidity circular plates, using bending tests. The design solution chosen for this sandwich was determined by constructive, tehnological and cost considerations. The paper presents the results of tests that can be used in practice on similar application, manufactured with the same composite components.

Traction characteristics for the components of a composite sandwich used to build high-rigidity circular plates

Abstract The paper aims to experimentally determine the mechanical properties of sandwich composite components used in the manufacture of high rigidity circular plates. The solution chosen for making this sandwich is determined by constructive considerations. The materials used are traction tested to determine their properties. The test results are presented in the paper and can be used in the analysis of similar systems, manufactured with the same composite components.

Steel for gas and oil pipelines resistant to destruction in hydrogen sulphide-containing media

About a third reserves of the natural gas and oil contain H2S impurities, which, in the presence of moisture, form an acidic medium and can lead to pipeline destruction by the mechanisms of hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) and sulfide stress cracking (SSC). With the growing number of hydrocarbon fields being developed with a high content of H2S, the demand for gas and oil large diameter pipes grade from ВМS to Х70MS with high resistance to HIC and SSC increases. Comprehensive studies have been carried out in laboratory and industrial conditions to determine the effect of the chemical composition and thermomechanical processing on the microstructure, mechanical properties and resistance to HIC of rolled plates from low-alloy pipe steels. Optimal concentration of segregating elements (С ≤ 0.06%, Mn ≤ 1.00%), and schedules of accelerated cooling after controlled rolling (Тsc ≥ Ar3; Тfc = 520±30°C; Vc ≥ 20°C/с) provide the high resistance to destruction in H2S-containing media due the formation of a homogeneous microstructure without developed central segregation heterogeneity was determined. According to the research results, the technology for manufacturing of plates for large-diameter pipes grade X52MS, X56MS, X60MS, and X65MS ordered for sour service was developed.

Systematization of wood waste - the basis of their effective use

Based on the results of a detailed analysis of literature sources, it was established that the industrial use of additional wood reserves is not only a significant increase in the raw material base for the woodworking industry, but will also become a necessity for environmental and economic reasons in the near future. After studying the state of the issue, the systematization of wood waste by origin as an additional raw material for processing in the woodworking industry was developed and proposed. It was found that potential sources of additional raw materials can be: logging waste (stumps and roots, knots and branches, tops and cuttings, thin-sized and substandard trees); post-production waste (sawdust and shavings, bars and slats, saws and burrs, trimmings and sawdust, grinding powder and screenings); post-consumer wood (PCW). The areas of suitability for the use of waste in certain industries are substantiated and proposed, as well as grouped by their qualitative characteristics for effective use. The main trends in the use of wood waste are outlined. It has been found that the issue of using used wood in Ukraine can be solved by solving three main problems: Technical and technological study of the suitability of individual wooden products and used wood for their repeated use as technological raw materials for wooden boards or as energy fuel. Equipment and technology for processing used wood and bringing it to the state required by plate manufacturers or the energy industry (power industry). Introduction of appropriate legislation in the field of management of wood waste and used wood products. Measures and ways, a concept and a strategy of using additional wood resources, which will ensure the efficiency of material or energy use, have been developed and proposed.

Covering of woodworking plates for their direct risk identification at their operation

In connection with the increase in the cost and deficit of natural wood in the modern furniture industry the most widely distributed furniture made of particle board and its analogues. The rapid growth of the use of DSP is due to the low cost of their manufacture, good aesthetic properties and high quality. It is noted that formaldehyde resins at low concentrations in the air do not have an effect on human health, but their gradual accumulation in the body can lead to irritation of the respiratory tract, nose and eyes, the emergence of allergic reactions, the progression of asthma. The paper presents the results of the research of traditional samples of chipboard with the indicators specified in GOST 10632-2014 and their compliance with norms. In the analysis of the technology of manufacturing chipboard it is found that in the manufacture of plates in the binder substances are added formaldehyde resins, which leads to the need for control when using particle board in rooms with heating appliances. The article proposes a method for processing the surface of the chipboard by introducing thermochromic pigments, which have the property to change the color when heated, which makes it possible to identify the moment of increasing the release of formaldehyde in the environment. The thermochromic pigment was chosen by vortices from the properties of giving a transparent film after applying to the subject and temperature range, in which the appearance of the color of the pigment occurs. According to the results of the study, the type of thermochromic pigment was determined, which is determined by the temperature range of color change, optimal concentration and technological stage of its introduction. It was investigated that the samples of the chipboard after the coating have organoleptic characteristics (color and structure of the surface) are identical to the control sample. The application of a new coating technology in the chipboard technology will provide consumers with an opportunity to respond in a timely manner to the danger of resetting formaldehyde vapors. The development will contribute to increasing the environmental friendliness of the use of wood chipboard products.

TOWARDS PATIENT SPECIFIC PLATE IMPLANTS FOR THE HUMAN LONG BONES: A DISTAL HUMERUS EXAMPLE

Plate implants are the most used internal fixators for the surgical treatments of the bone fractures. In clinical cases where there is a requirement to use reconstruction plates, and/or to stabilize the fracture, adaptation of plate shape (e.g. bending) to the patient anatomy is required, and it is usually done during the surgery. In order to eliminate the need for intra-operative bending of plates, precontoured plates can be used. These are patient specific implants whose shape and geometry is adapted to the anatomy and morphology of the specific patient. In order to create a patient specific 3D model of the plate implant, the bone model acquired through medical imaging (e.g. Computed Tomography - CT) is commonly used. By the application of various CAD techniques, the volume model of specific plate implant can be created, and used for the production of the plate, by conventional or additive manufacturing technologies. In this paper the authors present a new approach to the creation of a 3D parametric model of the patient specific plate implant for distal humerus. By using such model the surgeon can perform preoperative planning and adapt shape of plate to the specific patient before the surgery, and in this way he can improve pre, intra and post-operative processes.

Identification of the tensile damage of degraded carbon steel and ferritic alloy-steel by acoustic emission with in situ microscopic investigations

The paper presents results obtained from the destructive laboratory investigation conducted on materials from pressure vessels after long-term operation in the refinery industry. Tested materials contained structural defects, which arose from improper heat treatment during steel plate manufacturing. Detailed metallographic and chemical composition tests and static tensile tests were conducted. Next, complex tensile tests were conducted with simultaneous acoustic emission (AE) monitoring while observing microstructural changes by light microscopy. From the laboratory tests, the correlations between the AE signal parameters and material microstructural damage during the tensile tests were developed. The results will be used as a basis of new algorithms for the structural condition assessment of in-service pressure equipment.

Research on Resistance Heating Behavior of High-Strength Steel and its Hot-Stamping Forming

A hot-stamping process of high-strength steel sheet using resistance heating (RH) was developed to improve springback and formability. The RH curves of S355J2W steel and the microstructure and mechanical properties after RH were explored to control and guide the RH time and the selected current density for the subsequent RH hot-stamping forming. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy observations revealed the microstructure evolution in RH and the improvement of mechanical properties at a current density of 0-6.67 A mm−2, showing the advantage of the application of RH to these materials. The results showed that steel strength can be increased by up to 3.2% and the elongation can be improved by up to 33% after RH. In addition, the forming height increased and the forming angle is closer to the desired angle with the increased current density in cap-shaped RH hot-stamping forming experiment, which means that the forming accuracy is improved. A comparison of the forming accuracy of cap-shaped parts formed by RH under different current densities with those heated to the same temperature by furnace heating (FH) shows that there is no obvious difference between them. The heating time of RH is much shorter than that of the FH, and the surface quality of the parts formed by RH hot-stamping is better than that of the parts formed by FH hot-stamping. These results demonstrate that the RH method has the advantages of efficiency, safety, energy saving and the improvement of surface quality as well as a clear understanding of the benefits of RH hot-stamping forming for materials properties and forming accuracy; this work also develops and applies fundamental theory to practical engineering of bogie cover plate manufacturing.

Influence of voids presence on mechanical properties of 3D textile composites

Presence of the voids in final part made of textile reinforced materials is one of the main process-induced type of defects, which is governed by a set of manufacturing parameters. This work focuses on investigating the effect of voids on mechanical properties of the 3D textile reinforced composites. This study includes the following steps: manufacturing of composite plates with RTM process, mechanical analysis, and multi-scale material modeling. The internal structure has been characterized from μCT scans and scanning electron microscopy observations. The influences of micro- (intra-yarn) and meso- (inter-yarn) porosities are discussed. Anisotropic damage model has been implemented into Fast Fourier Transform solver for simulation of nonlinear response of the 3D interlock composite. Analysis includes the averaged stresses in different material phases (warp, weft, and matrix) and local concentration of stress/damage field near voids.

Fabricação de uma evaporadora de metais como forma de agregar valor aos serviços do microempreendedor individual

Existe um mercado promissor de deposição de filmes finos metálicos para aplicações de alta tecnologia no Brasil. Esse mercado não tem sido explorado pelos microempreendedores por falta de um estudo de viabilidade básico da construção de equipamentos que possam evaporar metais com qualidade e controle. Neste trabalho, foi feito um estudo de viabilidade da construção de uma evaporadora de metais que foi construída para uma primeira avaliação prática. Os resultados sugerem que com investimentos da ordem de R$ 4.000,00 a R$ 15.000,00, é possível fabricar evaporadoras de filmes finos com qualidade industrial. Uma atenção especial deve ser dada ao circuito de vácuo para controle da qualidade do filme depositado. O mercado pode ser facilmente explorado no desenvolvimento e fabricação de placas de energia solar, deposição de camadas metálicas em vidros instalados em automóveis, antenas de satélites e até na fabricação de joias e bijuterias.

Experimental and numerical study of flow in expanded metal plate for water electrolysis applications

Polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis (PEMEC) is a high-yield technique for hydrogen generation from renewable energy. One challenge for commercialisation of the technology is a low-cost and highly efficient flow plate. Flow plates are one of the most expensive parts of an electrolysis system, therefore a thorough study on alternative flow plate manufacturing methods pays off. Expanded metals have low manufacturing cost. Even though they are being used in different industries from electrochemistry to ventilation and air conditioning systems, there is little information available on their fluid flow behaviour. In this paper, the distribution of gas and liquid flow in expanded metal is analysed. Expanded metal flow resistance properties such as porosity, permeability and inertial resistance for two different sizes in both horizontal and vertical directions are determined. Alongside the experiments, two different computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations of flow in the experimental setup and the structure of the expanded metal was done.

Impact launches next-gen coating system to produce bipolar plates

Swedish company Impact Coatings has introduced its next-generation InlineCoater™ FC coating system, for volume manufacturing of metal bipolar plates for hydrogen fuel cells. The company says that a single InlineCoater FC system can produce more than 1 million plates per annum, an increase of 2–5 times compared with earlier physical vapour deposition (PVD) systems.

Method of load calculation of electrical drives of rolling mills during heavy plate manufacturing

During manufacturing of heavy strips and plates from difficult-to-form steel grades on sheet and wide-strip rolling mills there is a problem of exact calculation of power parameters of rolling. It is pointed out that known methods do not provide required precise information at high deformation zones in a stand. An improved calculation method for rolling pressure and load torque of electrical drive engine is suggested further. This method considers peculiar strain of product in high deformation zones and its accelerated motion in reverse mode. Improved analytical dependences for rolling pressure and load torque of electrical drive are reviewed. Control flow chart and main screen of developed software for calculation of wide- strip rolling parameters are presented. Comparative analysis of calculation data and experimental results of engine equivalent currents during tube steels rolling is made. As a result improved precision of calculation method is justified.

Biotrickling filtration of airborne styrene: A comparison of filtration media

ABSTRACTThis study compares the performances of fern and plastic chips as packing media for the biofiltration of a styrene-laden waste gas stream emitted in a plant for the manufacture of plastic door plates. Fern chips (with a specific surface area of 1090 m2 m−3) and plastic chips (with a specific surface area of 610 m2 m−3) were packed into a pilot-scale biotrickling filter with a total medium volume of 50 L for the performance test. Field waste gas with styrene concentrations in the range of 161–2390 mg Am−3 at 28–30 °C) was introduced to the bed and a fixed empty-bed retention time (EBRT) of 21 sec, a volumetric gas flow rate of 8.57 m3 hr−1, and superficial gas velocity of 53.6 m hr−1 were maintained throughout the experimental period. Nutrients containing metal salts, nitrogen, phosphorus, and milk were supplemented to the filters for maintaining the microbial activities. Results reveal that the biotrickling filter developed in this study had the highest styrene monomer (SM) elimination capacities (170 g m−3 hr−1 for fern-chip packing and 300 g m−3 hr−1 for plastic-chip packing) among those cited in the literature. The plastic medium is a favorable substitute for endangered fern chips. The thermal-setting nature of plastic chips limits their recycle and reuse as raw materials, and the study provides an opportunity for the utilization of the materials.Implications: Biotreatment of contaminants in air streams offers an inexpensive and efficient alternative to conventional technologies. Biofiltration has a great potential for the degradation of gas-borne styrene and total hydrocarbon (THC) removal efficiency of around 80%. The objective of this research was to compare the performances of fern chips and a kind of plastic chips as packing media for biofiltration of the styrene-laden waste gas stream emitted from cutting operations of stripes of premixed unsaturated polyester (UP) and styrene paste before hot-pressing operations for making plastic door plates. From a practical point of view, the plastic medium can be a good substitute medium for fern chips, which has been declared as a protected plant. This study provides an experimentally verified model for the design and operation of such biotreatment systems.

The research on compensation algorithm of infrared temperature measurement based on intelligent sensors

The infrared temperature sensor has a small thermal inertia, which could be used to measure the temperature of the moving object or the fast changing temperature. It is widely used in modern industry, military and medicine. Planck’s law points out that the infrared temperature measurement is based on the infrared radiation of normal radiation as a standard measure. However, due to the actual measurement environment and cost constraint, there usually exits a changed incident angle between infrared sensor and measured object in the case of actual infrared measurement. A compensation algorithm of incident angle on temperature measurement is the focus of this paper. Facing the surface temperature measurement and cooling system of roller in aluminum plate manufacturing process, the paper put forward and designed a real-time temperature measurement scheme based on infrared sensor. Through experimental study and data analysis, the paper has explored the influence law of the incident angle in the infrared temperature measurement of the surface. Inthemeantime, because this article selects the strong reflective body as the research sample, and selects the low-temperature as the temperature measurement, so the research should overcome the interference of the physical properties of strong reflective sample and the complex nature of low temperature inaccurately measured. Though summing up the research achievements, the paper set up an incident Angle compensation algorithm, which is used to solve the influence of the incident angle on the temperature measurement result. The results of this study are of great significance to the application for accurately measure the surface temperature of strong reflector with infrared sensors.

Numerical analysis of viscoelastic process-induced residual distortions during manufacturing and post-curing

Degree of cure- and temperature-dependent elastic and viscoelastic models were implemented into ABAQUS to compute the geometrical distortion developed during the RTM manufacturing and post-curing of asymmetric plates and corner shaped parts. Comparisons between the predicted and experimental geometrical distortion for an asymmetric plate reinforced with 3D interlock woven fabric are presented. The results showed that the parts can experience creep behavior when submitted to free-standing post-curing, increasing the total geometrical distortion up to 30%, depending on post-curing cycle and part geometry. The numerical results of this work demonstrate that a temperature-dependent viscoelastic model is needed to accurately predict the geometrical distortion evolution developed during cure cycles where post-curing processes are involved.

Directly writing binary multi-sector phase plates on fused silica using femtosecond laser

Light carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) has a spatial distribution of intensity and phase, which attracts considerable interest regarding several potential applications in optical and quantum scenarios recently. Spiral phase plates are commonly used elements for generating and analyzing OAM states. In this study, we put forward a method of directly writing binary multi-sector phase plates using the femtosecond laser. These phase plates are engraved on fused silica, which could be applied in high-intensity regimes. Different binary multi-sector phase plates were generated with high quality, which were proved by the observation of their structures, accompanied by detecting the beam patterns with the Gaussian beams. The proposed method provides a crucial basis for the rapid manufacturing of phase plates using convenient equipment, which can generate the superposition OAM states and may lead to the capability of measuring the high-dimensional entanglement.

Change of Residual Stress due Surface Conditions of Al7075-T6

Important goal of Structural Health Monitoring is detection of disintegration process in material in early stage of operation. One possibility is by monitoring the influence of surface degradation process on change of residual stresses during fatigue loading. Results of this investigation are important in analysis of condition and possibility for a Fiber Bragg Grating sensor installation for continuous strain measurements on the surface. The initial condition of the material surface is a consequence of sheet Al7075-T6 plate manufacturing procedure, but during the high cycling fatigue loading, the surface degradation with micro-grain separation occurred. Quantitative measurement of this process consist SEM surface analysis and residual stress measurement in some stage of fatigue loading. It was found the material surface is affected by fatigue loading level and loading ratio. Electropolished and no-electropolished surface have been observed and analyzed. Results show that the range of residual stress change is the similar after same number of fatigue cycles.

Analysis of type IIb synthetic diamond using FTIR spectrometry

Analysis of internal structure in large IIb-type high pressure-high temperature (HPHT) synthetic single-crystal diamond are presented. The concentration of boron impurity in different growth sectors varies from 0.02 to 10.3 ppm. It is shown that in the manufacturing of synthetic diamond plates, internal inhomogeneities of the diamond should be taken into account; plates with different characteristics can be cut from one diamond, each of which can be used for its own purpose.

Numerical analysis of a GPHE’s hydrodynamic and thermal characteristics, by applying an iterative procedure for the thermal boundary conditions

The current study presents a new methodology for Gasketed Plate Heat Exchanger (GPHE) efficiency prediction using as a basis a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model, detailed enough to reproduce the complicated characteristics of the induced flow patterns exhibited in a single flow channel characterized by difficult geometrical patterns. Compared to other similar approaches an iterative procedure for the imposition of the most appropriate thermal boundary conditions is proposed. For the presentation of this methodology and its validation against available design data, a model of an existing GPHE consisting of 24 plates (thus 23 channels) was tested. At first a mesh independence study was performed, while with the selected grid density a deviation of around 15% of numerical predictions for the calculated overall pressure drop compared to the design values was tracked. This level of discrepancy can be attributed to the uncertainty of channel spacing, which influences significantly the pressure losses and for which unfortunately no concrete measurements can be made, owed to no actual access to the plate manufacturing process itself. With the use of the CFD model, the strong dependency between pressure drop and plate distance was quantified, as for an increment of 1.88% of the plate pack length, a 39% decrease in pressure drop was calculated. This highpoints the importance of plate tightening process, after its manufacturing, as a crucial specification parameter during the design of such type of heat exchangers; highlighting at the same time how the proposed CFD tool can act as an important supporting tool in the design of such type of complicated Heat Exchangers. Following the prediction of pressure drop, a new proposed boundary conditions imposition approach was applied in the model, making it possible to estimate the whole GPHE heat transfer efficiency with a 6% error compared to the design values The developed and validated methodology can facilitate especially the design of large scale GPHE, since long-term testing campaigns for the optimization of such components, especially in industrial applications, are highly costly.