Plasticizer Migration Research Articles

Modelling and assessment of plasticizer migration and structure changes in hydrophobic starch-based films

The structures of starch and starch-based materials determine additives migration from material matrix. Propionylated starch derived from waxy, normal, G50 and G80 starch were selected as the matrix, the amylose effect on plasticizer (triacetin) migration as well as structural changes in hydrophobic starch-based films were discussed. The constant (k1) of first-order rate and initial release rate (V0) of triacetin migration were consistent with the increment of amylose content. Meanwhile, diffusion model disclosed that Fick's second law was apposite to characterize the short-term migration of triacetin, and larger diffusion coefficient (D) values of short- and long-term migration were also found in films with higher amylose content, indicating that amylose-formed structures were in favor of triacetin migration. In comparison of propionylated amylopectin, Van der Waals's interactions between propionylated amylose and triacetin were easier to be weakened with the migration of triacetin, which promoted the decrease of wavenumber of C-O-C, and enlarged the inter-planner spacing of crystalline structures, promoting the formation of amorphous structures and wrinkles and embossments in films with higher amylose content. This work confirmed that regulating the structures of starch were effective to control the migration behavior of additives from starch-based films.

Small molecule plasticizers for improved migration resistance: Investigation of branching and leaching behaviour in PVC blends

The influence of branching on plasticizer effectiveness and migration behavior of heptyl-succinate plasticizers blended with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was evaluated. An increase of branching led to a decrease in migration of the plasticizers into both hexanes and vegetable oil medias. Additionally, a quantitative 1H NMR method was used to identify plasticizer concentration in the leachates and compared to a gravimetric standard test method. Overall, the quantitative 1H NMR method proved to be a more direct method to assess leaching. In comparison to commercial plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and alternative plasticizer diheptyl succinate (DHPS), all of the branched species displayed superior migration resistance into hexanes (two to ten-fold). The glass transition temperatures and stress at break data indicated that the plasticizers comprised of up to three branches functioned as well as, or better than DEHP and DHPS. However, there was a decrease in plasticizer efficiency with compounds comprised of four or more branches.

Establishing a protocol for the compatibilities of closed-system transfer devices with multiple chemotherapy drugs under simulated clinical conditions.

Closed-system drug transfer devices (CSTDs) are used to prevent occupational exposure to hazardous drugs in health care providers. They are considered Class II medical devices by the US FDA and are cleared but not approved before marketing. While compatibility tests are conducted by CSTD manufacturers, the procuring institution needs to consider performing its own studies before buying these devices. Herein we tested the compatibility of the components of the Needleless® DualGuard CSTD system (vial access clips, vial access spikes, and administration adaptors) with 10 antineoplastic drugs, under simulated clinical conditions, including compounding and administration, and examined drug potency maintenance, plasticizer migration, and device functionality. All drugs maintained potency within 5%. Diisononyl phthalate leakage was observed from the administration adaptors for paclitaxel and concentrated etoposide solution. In addition, white particles were discovered in CSTDs storing busulfan solution and small cracks were observed on devices which stored melphalan. Thus, it was concluded that even in simulated clinical conditions, instead of extreme conditions, there are still concerns regarding the efficacy and safety of CSTD components. The methodology may be used to implement and detect possible interactions between antineoplastic agents and CSTD components before procurement.

Controlling plasticizer migration based on crystal structure and micromorphology in propionylated starch-based food packaging nanocomposites

Migration of additives is an important issue for proper application in food packaging. In this work, propionylated waxy and normal starch-based nanocomposites (PW-N and PN-N) with two different amylopectin content were immersed in distilled water, and structural changes and migration mechanism of plasticizer (triacetin) were discussed in detail. Results showed that when immersion time was prolonged to 150 h, small crystals of PN-N disappeared, and amorphous structures formed gradually in PW-N and PN-N. Exfoliated structures still remained in PW-N with prolonged immersion time, while exfoliated structures gradually formed from intercalated ones in PN-N, and the peak representing d001 (d-spacing) at q = 1.70 nm−1 faded. The migration mechanism of triacetin obeyed the first-order kinetic model and Fick's law; furthermore, in comparison with PW-N, PN-N showed a larger diffusion coefficient (D2 = 12.13 μm2·h−1). These results contributed to expanding the application of starch-based nanocomposites in future environmentally friendly food packaging.

Specification and Evaluation of Plasticizer Migration Simulants for Human Blood Products: A Delphi Study.

Potentially toxic plasticizers are commonly added to polyvinyl chloride medical devices for transfusion in order to improve their flexibility and workability. As the plasticizers are not chemically bonded to the PVC, they can be released into labile blood products (LBPs) during storage. Ideally, LBPs would be used in laboratory studies of plasticizer migration from the medical device. However, short supply (i.e., limited stocks of human blood in collection centres) has prompted the development of specific simulants for each type of LBP in the evaluation of new transfusion devices. We performed a Delphi study with a multidisciplinary panel of 24 experts. In the first (qualitative) phase, the panel developed consensus definitions of the specification criteria to be met by each migration simulant. Next, we reviewed the literature on techniques for simulating the migration of plasticizers into LBPs. A questionnaire was elaborated and sent out to the experts, and the replies were synthesized in order to obtain a consensus. The qualitative study established specifications for each biological matrix (whole blood, red blood cell concentrate, plasma, and platelet concentrate) and defined the criteria required for a suitable LBP simulant. Ten criteria were suggested: physical and chemical characteristics, opacity, form, stability, composition, ability to mimic a particular clinical situation, ease and safety of use, a simulant–plastic interaction correlated with blood, and compatibility with analytical methods. The questionnaire data revealed a consensus on the use of natural products (such as pig’s blood) to mimic the four LBPs. Opinions diverged with regard to synthetic products. However, an isotonic solution and a rheological property modifier were considered to be of value in the design of synthetic simulants. Consensus reached by the Delphi group could be used as a database for the development of simulants used to assess the migration of plasticizers from PVC bags into LBPs.

Preparation of anti‐migration transition layer and its application in cast‐in‐case solid rocket motors

AbstractThe polyester‐based transition layers were first synthesized with poly (diethylene glycol adipate), glycerin, and toluene diisocyanate. Then they were coated between the propellant and the liner to improve the bonding performance of the charge and inhibit the migration of the energetic plasticizer in the propellant. The effects of R value (the ratio of the quantity of isocyanate functions NCO with respect to the quantity of hydroxyl functions OH) on migration resistance and bonding performance were also studied. The overall performance was optimized at R = 1.5: after the transition layer was applied, the binding strength was greatly increased from 0.14 to 0.64 MPa, which had good application prospects. Meanwhile, due to the strong interactions between the polar ester groups and N‐butyl‐N‐nitratoethyl nitramine (NENA) in the transition layers, the portion of NENA migrating into liners were reduced from 7.6% to 6.0% (reduced by 21%), indicating that the introduction of polyester transition layers could significantly improve the anti‐migration effect. The activation energies of migration for NENA in the transition layers were about 66.3 ~ 94.3 kJ/mol, which were equivalent to the value of strong hydrogen bonding.

Synthesis of a new polyurethane-based liner modified by carbon nanotube to prevent plasticizer migration

The aim of this work is the study of the reduction of dioctylphthalate (DOP) plasticizer migration from polyurethane (PU) to ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) substrate by using a polyurethane-based liner containing carboxylated carbon nanotube (CNT). Dispersion of CNT in PU was well performed using DMAc solvent and sonication. Dispersion rate was evaluated by FESEM analysis. In order to study mechanical properties of the synthesized liners, tensile strength, elongation at break, and hardness analysis were investigated. The results showed that by increasing CNT content, tensile strength and hardness have not significantly changed, whereas the percentage of elongation at break has been increased. Swelling of the samples was studied by using acetone solvent and the results showed that the swelling rate increased slightly with increasing the CNT content. Migration of plasticizer was assessed by measurement of DOP content in the liner and EPDM by HPLC analysis. Based on the obtained results using a liner containing CNT as an inhibitor could prevent DOP migration.

Mathematical modelling of plasticizer migration and accompanying structural changes within starch ester nanocomposites

Migration is an important issue for the security in food packaging. In this work, the migration mechanism of plasticizer in G50 starch ester nanocomposites and accompanying multi-scale structural changes were probed with immersion. Mathematical model manifested that the migration mechanism of plasticizer obeyed the first-order kinetic model, and the migration of plasticizer followed the Fick’s second law in the short-term migration. In the meantime, the interactions between G50 starch ester and nanoparticles (OMMT) were enhanced by the migration, which was in favor of reducing the migration and bringing about a smaller diffusion coefficient (D) in the long-term migration compared with short-term ones. Meanwhile, the strengthened interactions conduced to accelerating the motion of starch ester, and altering the dispersion of OMMT, which resulted in the transformation from intercalation to exfoliation with the vanish of small inter-planar spaces for crystals. Simultaneously, these conversions increased the electron density contrast in amorphous and ordered regions, showing an increment of the roughness with wrinkles in the cross-sections. Based on above researches, the migration behaviors of plasticizer in starch ester nanocomposites were well expounded, while it is still necessary to explore new ways to inhibiting the migration of plasticizer in food packaging materials.

PLLA and cassava thermoplastic starch blends: crystalinity, mechanical properties, and UV degradation

The effect of the addition of cassava thermoplastic starch on the general properties and the photodegradation behavior of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) was evaluated by blending PLLA with TPS in different weight percentages (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 wt%). The blends were studied through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mechanical properties. All the studies were performed before and after the photo-degradation in a climatic chamber. It was found that TPS was immiscible with PLLA and reduced Tg, Tm, and Tcc and influence Xc of PLLA, indicating an interaction of the TPS phase with the PLLA matrix, probably due to plasticizer migration. The tension test showed a decrease in the mechanical resistance of the blends, especially at the lowest TPS content; however, an increase in TPS lead to an increase in ductility. On the other hand, the UV degradation resistance was higher for the blends than for L100, possibly due to the protective effect of glycerol. It was concluded that the films obtained were fully biobased and biodegradable with higher UV resistance than the PLLA and with similar ductility.

Plastics in Heritage Collections: Poly(vinyl chloride) Degradation and Characterization

Museums and galleries house increasingly large collections of objects and contemporary art made of plastic materials, many of which undergo rapid material change. The main degradation processes of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) are elimination of HCl and plasticizer migration or leaching. This results in visible discolouration, stickiness and cracking. Degradation is known to be a multi-stage process that includes HCl elimination, formation of conjugated polyenes and cross-linking. Elimination of HCl begins due to structural irregularities (allylic and tertiary chlorides) and results in the formation of polyenes. When at least 7 conjugated double bonds are present, discolouration of PVC becomes visible. Non-invasive techniques, such as IR and Raman spectroscopy are used for polymer identification and plasticizer quantification. Plasticizer degradation and particularly the late stages of PVC degradation can be investigated using SEC, GC-MS, TGA and DSC. Studies in heritage collections have revealed that, apart from HCl, PVC objects emit 2-ethylhexanol and other volatile degradation products, however, there is currently no indication that HCl is emitted at usual indoor conditions. There seems to be a general lack of systematic research into PVC degradation at the conditions of storage and display, which could result in the development of dose-response functions and in the development of preventive conservation guidelines for the management of PVC collections.

Migration of photoinitiators, phthalates and plasticizers from paper and cardboard materials into different simulants and foodstuffs

The migration of photoinitiators, phthalates and plasticizers from two paper and cardboard materials into food simulants (50% and 95% EtOH and Tenax) and foodstuffs (rice, cereals and milk powder) was studied. In the case of liquid simulants migration was observed to reach the equilibrium after 60 min and depended on the material type and the physicochemical parameters of the migrants, whereas the temperature (room temperature and 60 °C) did not show significant effects. The study of migration of the compounds from a baking paper to Tenax at high temperatures (150 and 250 °C) evidenced an increment of migration when increasing temperature, except for the most volatile analytes. Finally, the migration to foodstuffs was studied using fully validated analytical protocols. Overall, the comparison of the migration rates demonstrated that Tenax was adequate for the simulation of the migration to rice and cereals, but underestimated the migration to infant milk powder, for which 95% EtOH resulted a more suitable simulant.

Printability, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate)-Poly(Lactic Acid)-Plasticizer Blends for Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing.

This paper investigates the effect of plasticizer structure on especially the printability and mechanical and thermal properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-poly(lactic acid)-plasticizer biodegradable blends. Three plasticizers, acetyl tris(2-ethylhexyl) citrate, tris(2-ethylhexyl) citrate, and poly(ethylene glycol)bis(2-ethylhexanoate), were first checked whether they were miscible with poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-poly(lactic acid) (PHB-PLA) blends using a kneading machine. PHB-PLA-plasticizer blends of 60-25-15 (wt.%) were then prepared using a corotating meshing twin-screw extruder, and a single screw extruder was used for filament preparation for further three-dimensional (3D) fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing. These innovative eco-friendly PHB-PLA-plasticizer blends were created with a majority of PHB, and therefore, poor mechanical properties and thermal properties of neat PHB-PLA blends were improved by adding appropriate plasticizer. The plasticizer also influences the printability of blends, which was investigated, based on our new specific printability tests developed for the optimization of printing conditions (especially printing temperature). Three-dimensional printed test samples were used for heat deflection temperature measurements and Charpy and tensile-impact tests. Plasticizer migration was also investigated. The macrostructure of 3D printed samples was observed using an optical microscope to check the printing quality and printing conditions. Tensile tests of 3D printed samples (dogbones), as well as extruded filaments, showed that measured elongation at break raised, from 21% for non-plasticized PHB-PLA reference blends to 84% for some plasticized blends in the form of filaments and from 10% (reference) to 32% for plasticized blends in the form of printed dogbones. Measurements of thermal properties (using modulated differential scanning calorimetry and oscillation rheometry) also confirmed the plasticizing effect on blends. The thermal and mechanical properties of PHB-PLA blends were improved by the addition of appropriate plasticizer. In contrast, the printability of the PHB-PLA reference seems to be slightly better than the printability of the plasticized blends.

Spectrophotometric characterization of plasticizer migration in poly(vinyl chloride)-based artificial leather

Plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is one of the most commonly used material in the manufacture of artificial leather because of its flexibility, high durability and low cost. While hundreds of plasticizers have been produced to obtain PVC films and artificial leathers, it is important to choose the correct plasticizer to produce the desired products. Therefore, here five non-phthalate type plasticizers with three levels (40 phr, 60 phr and 80 phr); trioctyl trimelliate (TOTM), tributyl trimelliate (TBTM), dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP), dioctyl adipate (DOA) and dioctyl succinate (BIO) were used to prepare plasticized PVC films. They were studied in terms of their compabilities with PVC polymer chains, and their effects on mechanical properties of PVC films. Although, linear plasticizers e.g. BIO and DOA have higher compabilities with PVC, a branched plasticizer e.g. TOTM showed higher mechanical properties. Moreover, a new spectrophotometric method for determination of plasticizer migration from PVC polymer matrix to the surface of artifical leather was developed. According to lightness change on the surface of PVC artifical leather before and after heat treatment at 70 °C, the migration rates of used plasticizers increase in this order: TOTM < TBTM < DOTP < BIO < DOA.

Assessment of migration regularity of phthalates from food packaging materials.

Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are one of the essential plastic additives which may lead to plenty of harmful effects, including reproductive toxicity, teratogenicity, and carcinogenicity. Increasing attention has been paid to the migration of plasticizer. In this article, the disposable plastic lunch boxes were taken as the research object. The result showed that dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) have been mainly found, whose content was 1.5 mg/kg and 2.4 mg/kg, respectively. The LOD was 2 ng/g, and LOQ was 6.7 ng/g. We further investigated the migration of PAEs into the simulated liquid at different temperature conditions. Then, the linear fitting performing by first‐order kinetic migration model revealed that the lower the polarity of the simulated liquid, the larger the rate constant K 1 and initial release rate V 0. The higher the temperature, the bigger the K 1 and V 0.

Cellulose Acetate Thermoplastics with High Modulus, Dimensional Stability and Anti-migration Properties by Using CA-g-PLA as Macromolecular Plasticizer

Cellulose diacetate (CDA) can be melt-processed to produce numerous and widely-used plastic products. However, due to the high glass transition temperature (Tg) of CDA, the addition of up to 30 wt% of micromolecular plasticizers is indispensable, which significantly reduces the dimensional stability and raises safety concerns from the migration of plasticizers. In this work, a series of CDA-graft-poly(lactic acid) (CDA-g-PLA) copolymers were synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of lactide onto the hydroxyl groups of CDA. The resultant CDA-g-PLA copolymers possess adjustable degrees of substitution (DSPLA) and side chain length (DPPLA) by controlling the reaction time and feed ratio. The Tgs and thermal flow temperatures (Tfs) of CDA-g-PLA strongly depend on DPPLA, such as the Tgs decrease linearly with the increase of DPPLA. The CDA-g-PLA copolymers with the DPPLA of 3–9 can be directly processed to transparent plastics by melt processing without any external plasticizers, because of their low Tfs of 170–215 °C. More impressively, the CDA-g-PLA can act as the macromolecular plasticizer. The obtained CDA/CDA-g-PLA has higher storage modulus, flexural modulus and Young’s modulus than the commercial CDA plasticized with triethyl citrate. In addition, the CDA/CDA-g-PLA exhibits high dimensional stability and anti-migration property. During a long-term treatment at 80 °C and 60% humidity, the CDA/CDA-g-PLA can retain the initial shape. Therefore, this work not only proposes a facile method for achieving a direct thermoplastic processing of CDA, but also provides a macromolecular plasticizer for CDA to make lightweight, stable and safer biobased thermoplastics.

ВЛИЯНИЕ НЕСКОЛЬКИХ ВИДОВ СМОЛ НА ДИНАМИЧЕСКИЕ МЕХАНИЧЕСКИЕ СВОЙСТВА ПОЛИМЕРНОЙ СМЕСИ НА ОСНОВЕ БУТИЛКАУЧУКА

this work is devoted to the problem of developing vibration-damping polymer materials with high damping properties in a wide temperature range. The study of the effect of modifying additives on the strength, damping, adhesive and cohesive properties of a butyl rubber composite is the aim of this work. The task is to identify the actual temperature, frequency, dynamic and mechanical characteristics of a composite material based on butyl rubber depending on the type and concentration of resins. The key methods for studying this problem is the dynamic mechanical analysis method, aimed at obtaining information about changes in the dynamic properties of polymer materials (bond strength with metal when peeling samples of composites, determining the flow resistance of samples, determining the migration of plasticizer). Due to the established experimental dependences, it was found that the addition of resins (3% by weight) in the composition based on butyl rubber leads to an increase in the damping properties of composite materials, and an increase to (4.25% by weight) leads to their decrease. It was established that the obtained filled mixtures with a high damping peak and good adhesive and strength properties are mixtures with the addition of alkyl phenol-formaldehyde resins.

Sustainable Micro and Nano Additives for Controlling the Migration of a Biobased Plasticizer from PLA-Based Flexible Films.

Plasticized poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) blend-based films containing chitin nanofibrils (CN) and calcium carbonate were prepared by extrusion and compression molding. On the basis of previous studies, processability was controlled by the use of a few percent of a commercial acrylic copolymer acting as melt strength enhancer and calcium carbonate. Furthermore, acetyl n-tributyl citrate (ATBC), a renewable and biodegradable plasticizer (notoriously adopted in PLA based products) was added to facilitate not only the processability but also to increase the mechanical flexibility and toughness. However, during the storage of these films, a partial loss of plasticizer was observed. The consequence of this is not only correlated to the change of the mechanical properties making the films more rigid but also to the crystallization and development of surficial oiliness. The effect of the addition of calcium carbonate (nanometric and micrometric) and natural nanofibers (chitin nanofibrils) to reduce/control the plasticizer migration was investigated. The prediction of plasticizer migration from the films’ core to the external surface was carried out and the diffusion coefficients, obtained by regression of the experimental migration data plotted as the square root of time, were evaluated for different blends compositions. The results of the diffusion coefficients, obtained thanks to migration tests, showed that the CN can slow the plasticizer migration. However, the best result was achieved with micrometric calcium carbonate while nanometric calcium carbonate results were less effective due to favoring of some bio polyesters’ chain scission. The use of both micrometric calcium carbonate and CN was counterproductive due to the agglomeration phenomena that were observed.

Biopolyurethane/Diethylhexyl Phthalate Hybrid Plasticizer for Flexible Polyvinyl Chloride

Worldwide concerns on the endocrine disruption of phthalate derivatives have sparked extensive research on its alternatives. One of the most prominent use of phthalate derivatives are on the plasticization of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Therefore, numerous carboxyl acids and their derivates have been studied as candidates for PVC plasticizer. Elastomeric polyurethanes have been extensively studied as solid-state plasticizer to induce flexibility to otherwise rigid PVC. In this research, bio-based polyurethane (BPU) elastomers and phthalate hybrid plasticizer was used for the fabrication of flexible PVC. Even though half the amount of phthalate plasticizer was replaced with BPU the PVC with the hybrid plasticizer showed strain at break of 320.5 %. The of BPU reduced phthalate use by increasing the flexibility of PVC and reduced the migration of phthalate plasticizer.

Chemical modification of neoprene rubber by grafting cardanol, a versatile renewable materials from cashew industry

In order to plasticize neoprene rubber (CR), a natural plasticizer,derived from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL),was covalently bound to CR at room temperature via click chemistry. That is, the covalent attachment of the cardanol-based internal plasticizer to CR matrix, is descried for the first time. The chemical structure and properties of cardanol-based internal plasticizer and internally plasticized CR materials was characterized by FTIR, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), plasticizer migration tests, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Results indicated when cardanol was grafted onto CR (CR-CPE), CR-CPE had a lower Tg compared with plain CR. Self-plasticization CR samples showed zero migration in petroleum ether, but 1. 58 mg·mL−1 of cardanol leached from CR/cardanol blend(CR-car) system into petroleum ether. The CR-CPE materials were expected to be commercial application in producing food packing, toys, and medical devices with high requirements in migration resistance.

Simulation for the migration of nitrate ester plasticizers in different liners contacting with propellant by molecular dynamics

ABSTRACT The liquid components, such as plasticizer, in the charge of solid propellant can potentially migrate into the liner contacting with propellant gradually, causing negative effects on the energetic performance, mechanical properties, and combustion properties of the propellant, as well as its interfacial adhesion properties with the liner. The study and prediction of the migration of the liquid components by experimental means remain challenging. In the present work, nitroglycerin (NG) and 1,2,4-butanetriol trinitrate (BTTN) were used as the model plasticizers to explore the factors affecting the migration of plasticizers into three different liners including polyoxyethylene (PEG)/polyisocyanate (N-100), hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB)/isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) by molecular dynamics simulation. The cohesive energy densities (solubility parameter), surface tensions, interfacial tensions, contact angles and diffusion coefficients of the plasticizers and liners were determined. It was found that the cohesive energy densities (solubility parameter) and surface tensions of the liner prepolymer and nitrate esters were in the order of PDMS<HTPB<PEG and BTTN<NG, respectively. The interfacial tensions and contact angles between the components followed the order of PEG-NG<HTPB-NG<PDMS-NG and PEG-BTTN<HTPB-BTTN<PDMS-BTTN, respectively. The interfacial tensions and contact angles values of NG are larger than BTTN. The diffusion coefficients of the nitrate ester plasticizers in various liners were in the order of PEG/N-100-NG>HTPB/IPDI-NG>PDMS/TEOS-NG and PEG/N-100-BTTN>HTPB/IPDI-BTTN>PDMS/TEOS-BTTN. Comparing different plasticizers, the order of diffusion coefficient in all liners is NG>BTTN, indicating NG is much easier to migrate into liners than BTTN. These simulation results are consistent with the experimental migration trends of NG into the corresponding liners, indicating that the molecular dynamics simulation can be used to study and predict the migration of plasticizers in various liners accurately and conveniently.