Plasticized Poly Vinyl Chloride Research Articles

Synthesis of Gallic Acid-Derived Plasticizers for Polyvinyl Chloride Featuring Excellent Plasticization, Thermo-Stability, and Migration Resistance

Synthesis of Gallic Acid-Derived Plasticizers for Polyvinyl Chloride Featuring Excellent Plasticization, Thermo-Stability, and Migration Resistance

Novel biologically derived tartaric acid plasticizer: Synthesis and application

AbstractPhthalate plasticizers were typical petroleum‐based plasticizers whose application was affected by their negative tendency to be transformed into more risky metabolites such as phthalic acid mono‐2‐ethylhexyl ester (MEHP), which might not be conducive to sustainable development and human health. Therefore, the development of green bio‐based plasticizers was an urgent need. Here, a new class of green bio‐based plasticizer 2,3‐diacetyl tartrate dialkyl esters (DATAE‐Cn) was synthesized by using renewable tartaric acid (TA) as the main raw material, and its structure was characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR. The plasticizing properties of different plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) films were investigated, compared with commercial plasticizers (DEHP and ATBC). The results indicated that PVC films plasticized with the DATAE‐Cn displayed apparently increased thermal stability, plasticizing effect, toughness and migration stability. The addition of DATAE‐Cn minimized the Tg value of PVC from 88.5 to 38.5°C suggesting that the plasticizer had obvious plasticizing effect on PVC. Moreover, when DATAE‐Cn completely replaced the usage of DEHP on PVC, its initial decomposition temperature (Ti) was increased by up to about 34°C. In particular, PVC/DATAE‐Cn exhibited prominent migration resistance in different solvent environments, which was received by solubility parameters analysis, leaching and volatilization tests. These results indicated that green bio‐based plasticizer DATAE‐Cn had potential to replace phthalate plasticizers.

Development of reflective cooling plasticized polyvinyl chloride/precipitated barium sulfate composites for building roof applications throughout entire solar wavebands

AbstractBarium sulfate (BaSO4) has high reflectance throughout entire solar waveband (280–2500 nm). In this study, the melt blending method was used to incorporate BaSO4 into a plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix. The aim was to create composites that exhibit excellent reflective cooling performance in the solar waveband, specifically for use in building roofs. By increasing the content of BaSO4 from 0 to 200 phr, the total reflectance of the samples in the solar waveband showed significant improvement, rising from 6% to 48.8%. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity of the samples accordingly emerged apparent enhancement, increasing by 46.3% from 0.178 to 0.262 W m−1 K−1. Additionally, when subjected to irradiation by a solar simulator under a solar light intensity of 1000 W/m2 for 1 h, the indoor simulated irradiation temperature decreased from 41.4 to 27.4°C.Highlights White plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films with reflective cooling performance were prepared. The solar reflectance and cooling performance of PVC was enhanced by BaSO4. The reflectance mechanism of BaSO4 in PVC was established.

Myco-remediation of plastic pollution: current knowledge and future prospects.

To date, enumerable fungi have been reported to participate in the biodegradation of several notorious plastic materials following their isolation from soil of plastic-dumping sites, marine water, waste of mulch films, landfills, plant parts and gut of wax moth. The general mechanism begins with formation of hydrophobin and biofilm proceding to secretion of specific plastic degarding enzymes (peroxidase, hydrolase, protease and urease), penetration of three dimensional substrates and mineralization of plastic polymers into harmless products. As a result, several synthetic polymers including polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane and/or bio-degradable plastics have been validated to deteriorate within months through the action of a wide variety of fungal strains predominantly Ascomycota (Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Penicillium spp.). Understanding the potential and mode of operation of these organisms is thus of prime importance inspiring us to furnish an up to date view on all the presently known fungal strains claimed to mitigate the plastic waste problem. Future research henceforth needs to be directed towards metagenomic approach to distinguish polymer degrading microbial diversity followed by bio-augmentation to build fascinating future of waste disposal.

Separation Technology of Components of Waste Pharmaceutical Blisters

Abstract In this paper, the separation technology of components of waste pharmaceutical blisters and its adaptation to the industrial scale are described. It involved, among others, taking advantage of the phenomenon of difference in the density of the individual phases that were contained in the separation tank, i.e., the separating mixture, PVC plastics, and aluminium. As a result, the directions of movement of the separated blister components were opposite. All components of the separating mixture feature a similar surface tension (γ > 20 mN/m) which facilitates the penetration of the liquid between the blister component layers. After separation, the full-value products, i.e. polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and aluminium are obtained. The resulting products can be further processed and the entire technological process is a waste-free. PVC can be melted and processed into other products e.g. plastic components for the construction industry. Pure aluminium is a metal sought after and widely used in industry due to its low specific weight. An additional element supplementing the technology is the separation tank of our design in which the separation process of the blister components takes place. The advantage of the separation tank is that the separation process can be repeated many times with the same separating mixture until it is exhausted. Both separated blister components are directed to filtering followed by air drying without a mixing PVC plastic with aluminium.

Permeability mechanism of PVC-P geomembranes based on low-field NMR technology

The permeability of plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-P) geomembranes (GMBs) is of significant importance to the safe operation of the impermeable structures and even the project. To avoid the drawbacks of adopting the permeability coefficient to characterize permeability traditionally, this paper presents a mathematical model of porosity and seepage discharge based on the results of the vertical permeability test and porosity obtained from low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) test, and the applicability of porosity to evaluate the permeability was explored combined with the dynamic distribution of pores and pore radius. The results show that the low-field NMR technology with 1H atoms as the probe can accurately measure the distribution of pores and pore radius in the PVC-P GMB. The proportion of micropores (Mic), mesopores (Mes) and macropores (Mac) and the shrinkage or development of pore radius are primarily responsible for the variation of the porosity. The porosity is closely correlated with the seepage discharge, and the constructed model can accurately predict the seepage discharge. Furthermore, the porosity can provide technical support for the evaluation of the permeability of PVC-P GMBs and the selection of appropriate GMBs for engineering design.

Integration of Biological Synthesis & Chemical Catalysis: Bio-based Plasticizer trans-Aconitates

Plasticizers are essential to reduce processing difficulties and improve plastic properties. However, petroleum-based phthalate plasticizers, which are mostly used at present, urgently require alternatives due to their confirmed and serious health risks. In this study, the green mass production of trans-aconitic acid was achieved via synthetic biotechnology and microbial fermentation, which was further expanded to multiple application scenarios using chemical esterification, resulting in trans-aconitate plasticizers that are biosafe and environmentally friendly and have high plasticizing efficiency and long-term stability. Different plasticizers with various core structures and alkyl chains were studied to determine their properties as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plasticizers, and tributyl trans-aconitate displayed the best comprehensive performance with up to 1.24 plasticizing efficiency. The possible PVC plasticization mechanism with synergistic solvent, support, and shielding effects was discussed and summarized. Tributyl trans-aconitate has significant potential to replace traditional PVC plasticizers in general merchandise, food packaging, medicinal materials, and other products, further promoting the development of the high-quality plastic industry with greener technology and safer applications.

Axial Compressive Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-High-Water Material-Polyvinyl Chloride Plastic Double-Wall Hollow Column.

To further enrich the side-filling structure system of goaf-retaining roadways and explore the compression reaction mechanism of the composite in the support environment of underground mine roadways, this paper introduces a double-wall hollow composite pier structure (FPRSC structure) that is composed of the fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite and polyvinyl chloride plastic (PVC) as restraint materials and the infill material featured with a high water-to-powder ratio. A total of 16 circular specimens with a diameter and height of 100 mm were tested to explore the axial performance of the combined support structure. The main control variables in the present research included the water-to-cement ratio of the high-water material (e.g., 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1), the thickness of the FRP pipe (i.e., 6 mm and 3 mm), the inner diameter of the PVC pipe (i.e., 29 mm and 22 mm), as well as the thickness of the PVC pipe (1.5 mm and 5 mm). Test results showed that the high-water material was under triaxial stress due to the double-wall tube binding, and the bearing capacity of the composite was higher than that of the single material. Meanwhile, the FPRSC structure exhibited obvious strain-hardening characteristics when the infill material is under the combined constraints of double-wall hollow tubes. Moreover, the ratio of PVC-c, FRP-A, and high-water material with a water-cement ratio of 3:1 shows the best axial mechanical properties. The new composite pier structure with high toughness and strength has wide application prospects in the field of goaf retention in deep underground mines.

Optimization of thermal degradation performance of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride)‐boron composite films using response surface methodology

AbstractThis work aims to statistically assess the dehydrochlorination of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (p‐PVC) films produced using boron waste sludge, heat stabilizer mixture (Ca‐ZnSt2), and plasticizer (dioctyl terephthalate). This study also focuses on providing information about the effect of boron waste sludge (BSW), heat stabilizer, and plasticizer amounts on the degradation of the films to enhance the thermal stability of flexible p‐PVC formulations. Experiments were designed using the Box‐Wilson method. The polyene formation and discoloration caused by the degradation were measured by UV spectroscopy and colorimetry, respectively. These parameters were optimized using the response surface methodology. An analysis of variance was performed to assess statistically significant differences between the parameters on p‐PVC degradation by using the Design Expert 13 statistical program. The yellowness index and amount of polyene formed differed among the films, and the film prepared at the midpoint of all parameters was determined to have greater stabilizing efficiency than the others. In this study, an effort has been made to shed light on the improvements in thermal stability in PVC. Results will serve to protect the environment via the data provided to the producers. The use of boron waste will contribute to the environment and the economy.

Ultrasensitive and highly selective detection of nickel ion by two novel optical sensors.

Novel optical sensors for nickel determination by incorporation of 5-(2`-bromo-phenylazo)-6-hydroxypyrimidine-2,4-dione (I), 5-(2`,4`-dimethylphenylazo)-6-hydroxypyrimidine-2,4-dione (II), dibutylphthalate (DBP) and sodium tetra-phenylborate (Na-TPB) to the plasticized polyvinyl chloride matrices were prepared. The introduction of DBP in the membrane substantially increased the ability of both ionophores I and II to function as chromo ionophores. The advantages of the reported sensors include great stability, reproducibility, and relatively long lifespan, as well as excellent selectivity for Ni2+ ion detection across a wide range of alkali, alkaline earth, transition, and heavy metal ions.Under optimized membrane compositions and experimental parameters, the response of both sensors was linear throughout a concentration range of 3.5 × 10-8 to 8.1 × 10-5 and 2.0 × 10-8 to 5.1 × 10-5M for I and II, respectively. Sensor detection and quantification limits based on the definition that the concentration of the sample leads to a signal equal to the blank signal plus three and ten times its standard deviation were determined to be 1.15 × 10-8 and 3.45 × 10-8M when utilizing I, whereas they were 0.61 × 10-8 and 1.95 × 10-8M when utilizing II, respectively. The reaction time of optodes is defined as the period required achieving 95% of based sensors and found to be 8.0 and 5.0min using I and II, respectively. Ni2+ ion concentrations in water, food, and environmental samples were effectively determined using the proposed optical sensors. Representative diagram for preparation of the sensing Ni2+ sensor.

Characteristics Analysis of Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride Gel-Based Microlens at Different Temperatures.

Temperature plays a crucial role in the preparation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gels for optical applications. Incorrect temperature selection can lead to various issues such as poor surface roughness, inadequate light transmission, and insufficient solution for optical devices. To address this challenge, this study focuses on the preparation of PVC gel samples by combining PVC powder (n = 3000), eco-friendly dibutyl adipate, and tetrahydrofuran at different stirring temperatures ranging from 40 to 70 °C. The PVC gel preparation process is categorized into four groups (T40, T50, T60, and T70) based on the mixing temperatures, employing a controlled test method with specific temperature conditions. The prepared PVC gel samples are then subjected to analysis to evaluate various properties including surface morphology, tensile strength, light transmittance, and electrical response time. Among the samples, the PVC gel prepared at 60 °C (referred to as T60) exhibits excellent optical properties, with a transmittance of 91.2% and a tensile strength of 2.07 MPa. These results indicate that 60 °C is an optimal reaction temperature. Notably, the PVC gel microlenses produced at this temperature achieve their maximum focal length (ranging from -8 to -20 mm) within approximately 60 s, and they recover their initial state within around 80 s after the power is switched off. This focal length achievement is twice as fast as reported in previous studies on microlenses. It is observed that the reaction temperature significantly influences the solubility of the resin-based raw materials and the homogeneity of the gel. Consequently, these findings open up possibilities for utilizing PVC gel microlenses in novel commercial optics applications, thanks to their desirable properties.

The toxicity of microplastics and their leachates to embryonic development of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

Microplastic pollution has been widely detected across the global ocean, posing a major threat to a wide variety of marine biota. To date, the deleterious impacts of microplastics have predominantly been linked to their direct exposure, while the potential risks posed by the leachates emanating from microplastics have received comparatively less attention. Here, the toxicity of virgin plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microspheres and their leachates were evaluated on the embryo-larval development of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus using an in-vitro assay. Results showed that a significant toxic effect of both PVC microspheres and their leachates on the embryo development and larval growth of sea cucumbers follows a dose-dependent and time-dependent pattern. Nonetheless, the toxicity of PVC leachates surpasses that of the microspheres themselves. Abnormal developmental phenotypes, such as aberrant gastrulation, misaligned mesenchymal cells, and delayed arm development, were also observed in embryos and larvae treated with PVC. Further chemical analyses of PVC microspheres and leachates revealed the existence of five distinct phthalate esters (PAEs), with DIBP (diisobutyl phthalate) and DBP (dibutyl phthalate) exhibiting higher concentrations in the PVC leachates. This finding suggests that the elevated toxicity of plastic leachate may be attributed to the leaching of phthalate additives from the plastic particles.

Distribution and biodegradation analysis of polyvinyl chloride microplastic by indigenous bacteria isolated from Supit Urang Landfill, Malang, Indonesia

Abstract. Rozana K, Prabaningtyas S, Widyatama DR. 2023. Distribution and biodegradation analysis of polyvinyl chloride microplastic by indigenous bacteria isolated from Supit Urang Landfill, Malang, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 3853-3859. Microplastic waste is one of the most common forms of environmental pollution. Indonesia is the world's fourth largest contributor of plastic waste. One type of plastic that accumulates in the environment is Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC). Various attempts or methods have been developed to reduce PVC plastic waste, one of which is with the help of using indigenous bacteria. This research is essential in determining the best optimization method for PVC biodegradation agents through molecular and bioinformatic approaches. Indigenous bacteria were isolated from Supit Urang Landfill, Malang City, with three dilution levels (10-4, 10-5, and 10-6). The three highest isolates were taken for further biodegradation tests for 30 days and were identified based on the 16S rRNA gene. Then, the BLAST results were made into a phylogenetic tree to determine the kinship of each species. The isolation results obtained 17 bacterial isolates, selected by initial biodegradation screening for 10 days. Isolate K4 has a degradation percentage of 1.61±0.007379%. While isolates K4 and K15 have a biodegradation potential of 3.04±0.001861%. and 1.90±0.005576%. The BLAST results showed that K4 isolate had a 99% similarity to Staphylococcus capitis, K14 had a 99% similarity to Bacillus subtilis, and K15 had a 100% similarity to Acinetobacter pittii.

Fluorination of PVC medical devices to prevent plasticizers migration

Medical devices (MD) are often made of plasticized polyvinylchloride (PVC). However, plasticizers may leach out into infused solutions and expose the patients to a toxic risk. The aim of the present work is to fluorinate plasticized PVC tubular MDs to create a barrier layer on their internal surface, and to study the impact of such a chemical treatment on the migration of the plasticizers. Following fluorination by pure molecular fluorine, the physico-chemical characterization of these modified MDs was carried out using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques or tensile tests, evidencing the formation of covalent C-F bonds on the surface of the treated samples without modification of their mechanical and optical properties. The migration of plasticizers from fluorinated MDs was assessed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and was found considerably decreased in comparison with the pristine MDs. After 24 h, the amount of tri-octyltrimellitate plasticizer (TOTM) detected in migrates from fluorinated MDs was even lower than the limit of quantification. Complementary cytotoxicity assays were performed according to the ISO EN 10993-5 standard, showing that the new fluorinated material does not cause a cytotoxic effect on L929 cells.

Dechlorination of waste polyvinyl chloride (PVC) through non-thermal plasma

Dechlorination is essential for the chemical recycling of waste polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics. This study investigated the use of non-thermal plasma (NTP) for chlorine removal, with a focus on the effects of treatment time and discharge power on dechlorination efficiency. The results showed that longer treatment times and higher discharge powers led to better dechlorination performance. The maximum efficiency (98.25%) and HCl recovery yield (55.72%) were achieved at 180 W power after 40 min of treatment where 96.44% of Cl existed in the form of HCl gas, 1.44% in the liquid product, and 2.12% in the solid residue product. NTP at a discharge power of 150 W showed better dechlorination performance compared to traditional thermal pyrolysis treatment in temperatures ranging from 200 to 400 °C. The activation energy analysis of the chlorine removal showed that compared to pyrolysis-based dechlorination (137.09 kJ/mol), NTP-based dechlorination (23.62 kJ/mol) was more easily achievable. This work presents a practical method for the dechlorination of waste PVC plastic using a novel technology without requiring additional thermal and pressure input.

One-step preparation of robust elastic plastic polyvinyl chloride sponges with a layered structure for highly efficient separation of water-in-oil emulsions

To address the environmental pollution and human health issues caused by oily wastewater and PVC plastic waste, a practical zero-waste solution has been developed. In this study, PVC sponges with superlipophilic and superhydrophobic properties were prepared using vapor induced phase inversion and recycling PVC food wrap, without the use of any additives. This sponge effectively separates oil and water. The pore size of PVC sponges could be adjusted by varying the PVC concentration and solvent ratio, which led to improvements in pore density, specific surface area, porosity, oil sorption capacity, and emulsion separation performance. The emulsion separation experiment demonstrated that the 7 wt% PVC sponge (7-0-1) can efficiently separate oil from water-in-oil emulsion, with excellent separation efficiency and a flux of 161.5 L·m−2·h−1·bar−1. Moreover, the sponge exhibits impressive properties such as elastic recovery, flexibility, self-cleaning, and mechanical strength. Remarkably, even after recycling, the sponge maintains its hydrophobicity and emulsion separation performance. This hydrophobic sponge has great potential for mass production and oil–water separation such as in oil spill accidents.

Plasticized polyvinyl chloride/melamine‐cyanurate modified Mg(OH)2@bentonite nanocomposites; mechanical, thermal, and flame retardant properties

AbstractIn this work, a strategy was used to combine Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles (MDH), the bentonite nano‐sheets, and melamine cyanurate (MC) to prepare dioctyl phthalate (DOP) plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) nanocomposites with increased thermal stability, Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI), and tensile strength as well as reduced total heat release. To prepare MC‐modified Mg(OH)2@bentonite nanohybrid (MMHB), MDH was installed on the calcined bentonite and consequently modified with MC. The nanocomposite thin films were prepared from plasticized‐PVC and MMHB using the solvent casting method. It was found that the combination of MDH and the bentonite nano‐sheets in the presence of MC could improve the PVC properties. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in both N2 and air atmospheres, indicated that the thermal stability of PVC was enhanced via adding MMHB, which was evident by the increased thermal decomposition temperature. The microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC) results of the PVC nanocomposites with 5% and 8% by mass of MMHB revealed that an optimal isolating layer is formed, which increased flame retardant properties. The PVC matrix nanocomposite containing 8% by mass of MMHB with LOI value of 33.4% exhibited high flame retardancy. Moreover, the tensile strength and elastic modulus of the sample containing 5% by mass of MMHB increased by 65.5% and 55.2% compared to those of pristine PVC, respectively.Highlights A nanohybrid was prepared from Mg(OH)2 (MDH) and calcined bentonite. Preparation of melamine cyanurate (MC). Preparation of MC‐modified MDH@bentonite nanohybrid (MMHB). Effects of MMHB on thermal stability and flame retardancy of plasticized PVC. The efficient flame retardancy effect of the additive on plasticized PVC.

Investigation of electrical resistance on coir fiber reinforced P-polyvinyl chloride composites

Current power electronics instruments like switches, cables, transformers and good electrical insulating materials are gaining consideration for their compact and environmental design. A plasticized polyvinyl chloride/coir fiber-based polymer composite, displaying good electrical resistance, is suggested to meet these objectives. Coir fiber is chosen as it gives powered strength and has fewer lumens than other fillers. Plasticized polyvinyl chloride is strengthened using coir fiber to create a insulating polymer composites. The design of experiments (DOE) method is used to create various samples with 2/4/6 wt.% of fiber content, 75/150/225 μm of fiber size and triethoxy (ethyl) silane (1)/sodium hydroxide (2)/potassium hydroxide (3) of chemical treatments using the response surface methodology through Box–Behnken design. Further, analysis of variance (ANOVA) is carried out using MINITAB statistical software to achieve optimum parameter levels through the regression equation. Additionally, the comparison of experimental and optimized findings leads to error analysis. A combination of 2 wt.% of coir fiber, 208.33 μm of coir fiber size and Triethoxy(ethyl) silane Treatment produces a composite with high resistance of 274.47 Giga-ohms, which is significant for good insulating purpose.

62 Organizations Urge the Lockport, NY, Industrial Development Authority to Reject Public Subsidies for New Polyvinyl Chloride Plastics Facility

Beyond Plastics announced on June 29,2023, that it joined 61 organizations in calling for the Lockport, New York, Industrial Development Agency Board to deny a plastic company's request for public subsidies to build a new facility in Lockport. The facility would be SRI CV Plastics’ first production facility in the U.S. and would manufacture single-use disposable plastic packaging and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), plastic pipes.

Upcycling of polyvinyl chloride to hydrocarbon waxes via dechlorination and catalytic hydrogenation

Converting polymer waste to marketable products is a promising method to incentivize the development of competitive waste upcycling processes. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waste streams pose a unique challenge in this regard because of the presence of Cl atoms in the molecule. To address this issue, we report here a method to upcycle PVC plastics and produce a polyethylene wax in a mixed amine-water system, using hydrogen and a heterogeneous catalyst. We demonstrate that alkylamines as homogeneous catalysts and as Cl- sequestration media successfully dechlorinate PVC to a polyene, which is hydrogenated over a Pt/C heterogeneous catalyst. At optimal conditions, hydrocarbon wax yields greater than 70 % with melt temperatures above 80 °C were achieved. We use X-ray tomography to illustrate the PVC dissolution and reaction and quantify the product by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Characterization of the product reveals complete dechlorination and hydrogenation, as well as partial C-C bond scission, indicating a product similar to polyolefin adhesive waxes.