Plastic Water Research Articles

The Role of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in the Life Cycle of Toxocara spp.

The present study aimed to experimentally assess Nile tilapia as potential paratenic host of Toxocara spp. A total of 15 Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were fed with 300 embryonated Toxocara canis eggs by oral gavage, while five others of the control group received distilled water. The fish were individually analyzed at 16, 24, 48, 72, and 240 h after inoculation. Water contamination was assessed, and tissue migration by liver, gastrointestinal tract (GIT), eyes, and central nervous system. A murine model was used as the paratenic host for egg infectivity assessment. Eggs and larvae were found in plastic tank water and fish GIT, ranging from 23 to 86% per fish. Eggs and larvae were recovered from the tank water (76.3%) and fish GIT (23.7%). The counting of eggs and larvae observed was negatively correlated with number of eggs and larvae in the water tank (rho = −0.698, p = 0.003). Shedding of embryonated eggs was first detected at 16 and up to 240 h, with significant egg and larvae yield decrease on water-shedding (p = 0.001) and in the GIT (p = 0.007). Although no T. canis larva was recovered in fish tissues, egg infectivity after fish GIT transit was experimentally confirmed by mice assessment. In conclusion, despite shedding viable embryonated eggs through the gastrointestinal tract, tilapias may not play a role as a suitable paratenic hosts for Toxocara spp., posing low risk of zoonotic transmission by fish meat consumption.

INVESTIGATING THE QUALITY OF WATER STORED IN PLASTIC TANKS IN UMARU MUSA YAR’ADUA UNIVERSITY KATSINA, KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA

Water is one of the most important natural resources which play an essential role in human life. Most of the Nigerian institutions stored water in either plastic or overhead tanks for different purposes. However, there has been a growing concern over the safety of the stored water for human consumption following reported cases of microbial occurrence in water stored in tanks. This study aimed at investigating the water quality stored in plastic tanks in Umaru Musa Yar’adua University Katsina. Water samples were collected from plastic tanks and analyzed for some physico-chemical and heavy metals parameters. The result of physico-chemical parameters obtained shows that only dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand were observed above the maximum permissible limit for drinking recommended by WHO and NSDWQ with the mean value of 55.18 mg/l, 38.86 mg/l and 38.08 mg/l respectively. While the remaining parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, turbidity, total suspended solid, alkalinity, sulphate, nitrate, phosphate, chloride and total hardness were found within the acceptable limit. However, analyzed result of heavy metals parameters revealed that all parameters were observed within desirable limit by WHO and NSDWQ for drinking water and suggested that the quality of water stored in plastic tanks was very good. It is concluded that, the quality of water stored in plastic tanks is suitable for human consumption. It is therefore recommended that, continuous monitoring of the water should be maintain so as to ascertain the safety of the water

The occurrence and dietary intake related to the presence of microplastics in drinking water in Saudi Arabia.

The implications and health effects of microplastics (MPs) ingestion are still unclear, yet researchers and organizations around the world are increasingly examining the levels of microplastics and nanoplastics in the environment. This study investigated the presence and the quantity of microplastics in bottled and tap water from five regions in Saudi Arabia and estimated the dietary intake of microplastics. Thirty samples of drinking water were collected from the retail markets in Saudi Arabia. The samples included plastic bottled drinking water, 2 glass bottles, and 2 samples of tap water to represent ground water and desalinated seawater. Sample preparation in the laboratory involved a vacuum-assisted filtration with an inorganic filter membrane (0.2-µm pore size). Identification and classification of microplastics particles using Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIR microspectroscopy). The particle size range screened for in this study was 25-500μm. Microplastics were identified in 17 out of 30 samples. The average of the detected microplastic particles was 1.9 pcs/L (lower bound estimate, LB) and 4.7 pcs/L (upper bound estimate, UB), respectively. The most frequently identified plastic type was polyethylene (PE), followed by polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Given an average recommended water intake of 3.7 and 2.7 L per day for men and women, respectively, the corresponding daily exposure to microplastics would result in 0.1-0.2 pcs/kg bw. The estimate for high water consumers increases to a daily exposure of 1.7-1.9 pcs/kg bw based on the recommended intake for water in hot weather by the WHO. From these results, we conclude that the level of dietary intake of microplastics from drinking water in Saudi Arabia is low, and according to current state of knowledge, microplastics from drinking water do not pose any concern to the consumers in Saudi Arabia.

Toward a comparison and an optimization of CT protocols using new metrics of dose and image quality part I: prediction of human observers using a model observer for detection and discrimination tasks in low-dose CT images in various scanning conditions

In the context of reducing the patient dose coming from CT scanner examinations without penalizing the diagnosis, the assessment of both patient dose and image quality (IQ) with relevant metrics is crucial. The present study represents the first stage in a larger work, aiming to compare and optimize CT protocols using dose and IQ new metrics. We proposed here to evaluate the capacity of the Non-PreWhitening matched filter with an eye (NPWE) model observer to be a robust and accurate estimation of IQ. We focused our work on two types of clinical tasks: a low contrast detection task and a discrimination task. We designed a torso-shaped phantom, including Plastic Water® slabs with cylindrical inserts of different diameters, sections and compositions. We led a human observer study with 13 human observers on images acquired in multiple irradiation and reconstruction scanning conditions (voltage, pitch, slice thickness, noise level of the reconstruction algorithm, energy level in dual-energy mode and dose), to evaluate the behavior of the model observer compared to the human responses faced to changing conditions. The model observer presented the same trends as the human observers with generally better results. We rescaled the NPWE model on the human responses by scanning conditions (kVp, pitch, slice thickness) to obtain the best agreement between both observer types, estimated using the Bland-Altman method. The impact of some scanning parameters was estimated using the correct answer rate given by the rescaled NPWE model, for both tasks and each insert size. In particular, the comparison between the dual-energy mode at 74 keV and the single-energy mode at 120 kVp showed that, if the 120 kVp voltage provided better results for the smallest insert at the lower doses for both tasks, their responses were equivalent in many cases.

Experimental Study of the Efficiency of a Solar Water Heater Construction from Recycled Plastic Bottles

A solar polymer heat exchanger is designed to heat water; its primary materials are plastic water bottles with a capacity of 1.5 liters. These materials were recycled to preserve the environment and to make use of it again. The thermal insulation properties are adopted for the characterization of polymeric materials. These properties concern the conservation of energy for the longest period of time and the absence of problems caused by rust and corrosion, which are usually encountered in traditional heat exchangers. The heat exchanger experiments start by tracking the flow of water inside the pipes by a valve. The water temperature and flow rates are determined at the inlet and outlet surfaces of the exchanger. The obtained results indicated an increase in water temperature exceeding 10℃ in an ideal spring day. The thermal efficiency of the solar collector was about 62% under the sunlight, and 44% in the laboratory where halogen lamps were used as an industrial light source.

The effect of plastic bottled water consumption on outcomes of ICSI cycles undertaken for unexplained infertility

Research questionDo bisphenol A (BPA) levels in maternal urine, serum and follicular fluid affect embryo quality and intracytoplasmic sperm hinjection (ICSI) cycle outcomes in women with unexplained infertility? DesignProspective study conducted between 1 April 2019 and 30 September 2019. The study cohort consisted of 82 women aged between 23 and 33 years who underwent intracytoplasmic sperm injection owing to unexplained infertility and provided urine, blood and follicular fluid samples on the day of oocyte retrieval. Consumption of drinking water from plastic carboys or bottles at home were considered as chronic BPA exposure. Demographic features and IVF outcomes of the patients were collected. ResultsAmong the 82 women with unexplained infertility, clinical pregnancy was achieved in 22 (26.8%) patients after the IVF and embryo transfer cycle. The patients who consumed tap water had statistically significantly lower BPA values in three body fluids compared with patients who consumed plastic bottled water (all P < 0.001). Women who had grade 1 embryos transferred had lower serum BPA values than women who had grade 2 embryos transferred (10.8 ± 5.2 versus 26.9 ± 22 ng/ml, P = 0.003). Serum and follicular fluid BPA levels were statistically significantly higher in women who failed to achieve clinical pregnancy (P < 0.001, P = 0.006, respectively) and obtain a live birth (both P = 0.007). ConclusionsA negative relationship was found between serum and follicular fluid BPA levels and embryo quality, clinical pregnancy and live birth in these women. In addition, the BPA levels of women who consume tap water at home were lower than those who use plastic bottled water.

PREPARATION OF WATER RESISTANT GLUE FROM MILK PLASTIC

In this process of extracting Milk Plastic Water Resistant Glue from the casein 3 type of milk soya milk, fresh cow milk and the pastured milk were used. Casein was extracted and vinegar was added while milk was getting heated. Casein was separated, and dried for 2-3 days. Milk Plastic that was obtained was heated with distilled water. A pinch of papain is added and made it hot for 4 hours and then 1N of NaOH is added and heated for few minutes. The collected sample is centrifuged at 12000 rpm and the glue was obtained. The glue is stored at -200C. 2 card board pieces was stacked together by using this glue and dipped in water to check the water resistance. It was stable for about 10 minutes and then it was loosened. It is little expensive comparing to other glues when it was did with pure milk while if it is done with waste milk product its cost will be low.

Generation of microplastics from the opening and closing of disposable plastic water bottles.

There has recently been a significant increase in interest regarding the prevalence of microplastics in bottled water. Previous studies have shown that the composition of many of the microplastics in bottled water is consistent with the materials of the bottle and bottle cap. The focus of this study is to quantify microplastic particle generation from the cap and bottle interaction during open and close cycles. Nile Red dye was used for the detection of microplastics >4.7 μm in size. Microplastic contamination levels in the water were found to increase as the bottle cap is opened and closed repeatedly. The rate of generation of particles with bottle opening and closing cycles (553 ± 202 microplastics/L/cycle) is adequate to account for the total particle density in the water. This clearly demonstrates that the abrasion between the bottle cap and bottleneck is the dominant mechanism for the generation of microplastic contamination detected in bottled water. A large spread between the maximum and minimum levels of microplastic contamination for bottles from the same lot, regardless of the number of times the cap is opened and closed, suggests that mechanical tolerances in the manufacturing of bottles and caps might play an important role in microplastic generation.

Functional Capsules Encapsulating Molecular-Recognizable Nanogels for Facile Removal of Organic Micro-Pollutants from Water

A novel method has been successfully developed for the facile and efficient removal of organic micro-pollutants (OMP) from water based on novel functional capsules encapsulating molecular-recognizable nanogels. The functional capsules are composed of ultrathin calcium alginate (Ca-Alg) hydrogel shells as semipermeable membranes and encapsulated poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid-g-mono-(6-ethanediamine-6-deoxy)-β-cyclodextrin) (PNCD) nanogels with β-cyclodextrin (CD) moieties as OMP capturers. The semipermeable membranes of the capsules enable the free transfer of OMP and water molecules across the capsule shells, but confine the encapsulated PNCD nanogels within the capsules. Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine-disrupting chemical that is released from many plastic water containers, was chosen as a model OMP molecule in this study. Based on the host–guest recognition complexation, the CD moieties in the PNCD nanogels can efficiently capture BPA molecules. Thus, the facile and efficient removal of BPA from water can be achieved by immersing the proposed functional capsules into BPA-containing aqueous solutions and then simply removing them, which is easily done due to the capsules’ characteristically large size of up to several millimeters. The kinetics of adsorption of BPA molecules by the capsules is well described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the isothermal adsorption thermodynamics align well with the Freundlich and Langmuir isothermal adsorption models. The regeneration of capsules can be achieved simply by washing them with water at temperatures above the volume phase transition temperature of the PNCD nanogels. Thus, the proposed functional capsules encapsulating molecular-recognizable nanogels provide a novel strategy for the facile and efficient removal of OMP from water.

Consistent Three-Dimensional Elasto-Plastic Model to Study Unsaturated Soil Behavior with Considerations of Coupled Hydro-Mechanical Hysteresis

This paper presents a consistent three-dimensional elasto-plastic model to study unsaturated soil behavior with consideration of coupled hydro-mechanical hysteresis. The model was first formulated under isotropic conditions with special consideration to the non-linearity of the hydraulic behavior. Only one yield curve is used to represent the yielding of both mechanical and hydraulic behaviors (i.e., the occurrence of plastic water content changes and mechanical strains). Later, the model is extended to general three-dimensional stress conditions. It was formulated in a way that a smooth transition between the saturated and unsaturated soil states is guaranteed. The model provides consistent predictions for different soil phases that is considered a significant limitation in many existing models. One of the characteristic features of the proposed model is the ability to represent the hydro-mechanical coupling during shearing. Moreover, the model is able to represent the degree of saturation increase or decrease during shearing that is closely related to the soil’s contractive or dilative behavior, respectively. The model is validated through the prediction of several hydro-mechanical behavioral features. The paper also compares the model predictions with published experimental results performed under different loading conditions. The response of the model is satisfactory in relation to both mechanical and hydraulic behaviors.

Effect of plasticity characteristics on the electrical resistivity of bentonite

This paper presents the effect of plasticity and the limit states on the electrical resistivity of bentonite as grounding material. The material used in this study was extracted from Andrassy volcanic formations in Tawau district. The geotechnical properties such as the plasticity characteristic, water content and electrical resistivity of the bentonite were investigated. The electrical resistivity was measured at different limit state of the bentonite using a soil box and a 4-pin resistivity meter. In this study, the Andrassy bentonite showed appropriate composition and technical properties commonly associated in electrical grounding application. Test results indicated that the electrical resistivity is somewhat similar to most bentonites. The resistivity values were found to vary with the bentonite limit state. Water content greatly influences the electrical resistivity of the bentonite. Under dry solid-state, the resistivity is the highest at 11 kΩm. Surprisingly, under liquid state, three distinct resistivity values were observed. Under wet conditions, the resistivity were 4500, 180 and 1.8 Ωm for semi-solid, plastic, and liquid states, respectively. Thus, it is expected that bentonite performance as good grounding enhancement material depends on its wet conditions, mainly when the water content is greater than the plastic limit.

A stochastic model for the speed of leak noise propagation in plastic water pipes

A good estimate of the speed of leak noise propagation is necessary to pinpoint the location of a leak using acoustic correlators. Models currently exist for this purpose, but they do not consider uncertainties in the pipe geometry and the properties of the pipe and soil. Using the fact that leak noise propagates as a predominantly fluid-borne wave, this paper develops a stochastic model of the speed of leak noise propagation in plastic water distribution pipes that can account for these uncertainties. The model provides confidence limits for the estimate of this wave speed. It is based on the mean and standard deviation of the pipe geometry as well as the pipe and soil material properties, which have strong influence on the speed at which the leak noise propagates in the pipe. Numerical examples, using parameters from water supply systems found in the field, in which the pipe is made from Medium-Density Polyethylene (MDPE) and Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) are presented to validate the model. Monte Carlo simulations for both in-air and buried pipes are presented to check the 99.7% confidence interval. To verify that the predictions from the stochastic models give realistic results, they are compared with some measurements from different sites, in which nominal properties and tolerances for the pipe and soil properties are assumed.

Poly(glutamic acid) Modified Pencil Graphite Electrode for Voltammetric Determination of Bisphenol A

Bisphenol A (BPA), which is an endocrine-disrupting substance, is often utilized as beverage and food packing material, and it may accumulate in nutrition and water sources, which is why it is important to monitor. In this study, for the determination of bisphenol A, electro-polymerization of glutamic acid (GA) was performed on a pencil graphite electrode (PGE). The performance of the sensor (PGA/PGE) for determining bisphenol A was examined utilizing the cyclic voltammetric (CV) and differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) methods. Electrochemical characterization process of the PGA/PGE was carried out by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and CV methods. The morphological property of the PGA/PGE was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The presence of functional groups in the PGA/PGE composition was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The electrochemical behavior of BPA was observed with the bare PGE and the PGA/PGE. Based on the findings, the response of BPA was considerably raised with PGA/PGE. With the optimized parameters and based on the findings from DPV, the BPA oxidation current was linear in a concentration interval of 1.0 to 100 μM (R=0.9992), and the detection limit was found to be 0.37 μM. Detection of BPA in the plastic bottled drinking water sample using PGA/PGE was performed successfully, and the recoveries were in the range of 89.3 to 104.7%. This strategy can provide several prospects in electrochemically determining BPA in practical applications.

Maternal Food and Beverage Consumption Behaviors and Discrepant Phthalate Exposure by Race.

Background: Differential exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, including phthalate diesters, may contribute to persistent racial/ethnic disparities in women’s reproductive health outcomes. We sought to characterize sources of gestational exposure to these agents that may differ according to maternal race. Methods: We enrolled pregnant Black (n = 198), including African American, and White (n = 197) women during the second trimester, and measured eight phthalate monoester metabolites in urine. We assessed confounder-adjusted associations between multiple food and beverage consumption habits, summarized using a principal component analysis, as predictors of maternal urinary phthalate metabolite levels, stratified by race. Results: Whites reported significantly greater unprocessed food consumption (42.5% vs. 32.0%; p < 0.001) and storage of food in clear unbreakable plastic containers (66.5% vs. 49.3%; p < 0.001) than Blacks, while Blacks consumed more canned fruits and vegetables (23.5% vs. 12.2%; p < 0.001) than Whites. Using plastics for food storage, microwaving in plastic containers, and using hard plastic water bottles was associated with urinary phthalate concentrations, especially DEHP metabolites (e.g., mean difference = 5.13%; 95% CI: 3.05, 7.25). These associations were driven primarily by Black pregnant women. Conclusions: Targeted interventions to reduce maternal exposure to phthalates need to be designed with specific attention to differences in food and beverage consumption behaviors among Black and White women.

Accidental Ingestion of a Plastic Water Bottle Cap

A 78-year-old male was turned up to the emergency room with a 5-day history of vomiting, diffuse abdominal pain, and altered bowel habits. After physical examination, routine blood tests, chest, and abdominal radiographs, as well as an abdominal ultrasound had been contacted to examine his ongoing symptoms, a serious intestinal obstruction was revealed. Bowel obstruction is interrelated with his medical history, as he suffered from inoperable prostate cancer. A CT scan was performed to exclude an associated complication. A plastic, 3cm diameter, water bottle cap was in the ileum revealed with no evidence of perforation or collection. A colonoscopy by an experienced endoscopist failed to reach and retrieve the plastic water bottle cap. Finally, the plastic water bottle cap was removed through an enterotomy. Even if a careful history taking can give a clue for diagnosis, the cause of bowel obstruction could be a surprise.

Static pile capacity from the rapid test via the unloading-point method

Laboratory measurements were done of the end-bearing and side-shear stresses on small piles subjected to "static" and rapid load tests. Interpretation, by the unloading-point method, of the results of rapid tests were done to estimate what the behaviour under a static test would have been if it had been done instead. Comparisons were made of the estimated static test behaviour to the actual static test behaviour to determine empirical values of a factor to adjust estimates closer to actual static test results. The dependence of the empirical factor on soil type, the liquid limit of plastic soils and water content is shown.

Influence of &lt;i&gt;Super plasticizer&lt;/i&gt; on the Compressive Strength and Setting Time of Concrete

Super plasticizer or High range water reducer is a specific type of admixture that is used to produce low water-cement ratio high strength concrete with normal or enhanced workability. Therefore by using Super plasticizers, it became easier for contractors nowadays to place highly workable, durable, pump able concrete with higher strength, and even with less cost than using other ways to produce concrete with such properties. The effects of SPs on physical properties of hardened and fresh concrete is therefore studied in this research work by considering 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% of two types of Super plasticizers namely Conplast 430 and Dr Fixit which was referred as SP A and SP B respectively in this research. A mix ratio of 1:2:4 was used with a constant 0.5 water-cement ratio in order to determine the effect of SP on workability. A set of 72nos of 150mm x 150mm x 150mm concrete cubes specimens were casted and cured by complete immersion in water. Setting time test was carried out to determine the rate at which concrete hardens. The samples were further tested for compressive strengths at the ends of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of curing. The result showed that the highest compressive strength for Conplast-430 (SP A) at 7 days was achieved at 1%, 14 days at 2%, 21 days at 2%and that of 28 days was achieved at 2%. While the highest compressive strength for Dr Fixit (SP B) at 7 days was achieved at 1%, 14 days at 1%, 21 days at 1% and that of 28 days was achieved at 3%. This therefore shows that use of super plasticizer has increased concrete strength and on time even at very low percentage introduction by volume.

Strength, Hydraulic, and Microstructural Characteristics of Expansive Soils Incorporating Marble Dust and Rice Husk Ash

Expansive/swell‐shrink soils exhibit high plasticity and low strength, which lead to settlement and instability of lightly loaded structures. These problematic soils contain various swelling clay minerals that are unsuitable for engineering requirements. In an attempt to counter the treacherous damage of such soils in modern geotechnical engineering, efforts are underway to utilize environmentally friendly and sustainable waste materials as stabilizers. This study evaluates the strength and consolidation characteristics of expansive soils treated with marble dust (MD) and rice husk ash (RHA) through a multitude of laboratory tests, including consistency limits, compaction, uniaxial compression strength (UCS), and consolidation tests. By using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses, the effect of curing on UCS after 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 112 days was studied from the standpoint of microstructural changes. Also, the long‐term strength development of treated soils was analyzed in terms of the interactive response of impacting factors with the assistance of a series of ANN‐based sensitivity analyses. It is found from the results that the addition of MD and RHA lowered down the water holding capacity, thereby causing a reduction in soil plasticity (by 21% for MD and 14.5% for RHA) and optimum water content (by 2% for MD and increased by 6% for RHA) along with an increase in the UCS (for 8% MD from 97 kPa to 471 kPa and for 10% RHA from 211 kPa to 665 kPa, after 3 days and 112 days of curing, respectively). Moreover, from the oedometer test results, mv initially increased up to 6% dosage and then dropped with further increase in the preconsolidation pressure. Furthermore, the compression index dropped with an increase in the preconsolidation pressure and addition of MD/RHA, while the coefficient of permeability (k) of RHA stabilized soil was higher than that of MD‐treated samples for almost all dosage levels. The formation of the fibrous cementitious compounds (C‐S‐H; C‐A‐H) increased at optimum additive dosage after 7 days and at higher curing periods. Hence, the use of 10% RHA and 12% MD as replacement of the expansive soil is recommended for higher efficacy. This research would be helpful in reducing the impacts created by the disposal of both expansive soil and industrial and agricultural waste materials.

Key Breeding Containers of Dengue Vectors in Outbreak Localities in Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur

Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease that rapidly spreads throughout tropical and subtropical regions. An estimated 2.5 billion people live in dengue-endemic countries and millions of cases occurring each year. Identifying key breeding containers are important to prevent dengue epidemics. This study aims to identify key breeding containers and to evaluate the risks of dengue transmission in the dengue outbreak localities in Kepong District, Kuala Lumpur. Entomological surveillance was done between January 2016 to December 2017 in 38 different outbreak localities. Both indoors and outdoors water-holding containers were inspected for the presence of mosquito larvae. All collected larvae have identified the species, types of breeding containers were recorded, and three larval indices, House Index (HI), Container Index (CI), and Breteau Index (BI), were calculated. Of the 2,067 containers inspected, 227 (10.98%) containers were positive for Aedes larvae. The four main breeding container types in this study were plastic containers (31.72%), water drums (22.47%), drains (18.06%), and flowerpots (14.98%). The HI, CI, and BI varied from 0 to 52.94, from 1.72 to 32.76, and from 2.33 to 75.00, respectively. Key breeding containers of Aedes larvae found in this study provide guidance for health service providers to educate residents to eliminate the common indoors and outdoors Aedes mosquito breeding containers in the study area.

Dynamic Paradigms in Bonding Throughout COVID Pandemic

Background: COVID-19 has affected all aspects of human life Health care employees face real-life challenges everywhere in the globe Dentistry has been equally affected by this pandemic, imposing new precautional steps to be taken in routine practice Objective: This text aimed towards introducing alternatives to many crucial steps in bonding procedure in orthodontics Methods: Air free bonding was performed using a plastic water squeezer bottle along with blotting paper instead of using 3 way syringe Results: The adopted ways resulted in aerosol free bonding Conclusion: These will be used as an alternate throughout the pandemic © IJCRR