Plastic Waste Aggregates Research Articles

Machine learning based prediction of compressive and flexural strength of recycled plastic waste aggregate concrete

In the last 50 years, the use of plastics has increased significantly due to advances in technology, population growth and increasing needs. However, this trend has led to the accumulation of large amounts of plastic waste. Numerous studies have been conducted on the use of recycled plastic materials in concrete production as a means of recycling and environmental protection. This study aims to predict the 28-day cylinder compressive and flexural strength of concretes using Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Phenolic Formaldehyde (PF), Polypropylene (PP), Polycarbonate (PC), Polyvinyl Chloride (PCV), High-Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) plastic waste as aggregates. In this scope, a comprehensive database was created using experimental results obtained from the literature. Then, this study used six ML models, including Support Vector Regressor (SVR), Random Forest Regressor (RFR), Gradient Boosting Regressor (GBR), XGBoost Regressor (XGR), LightGBM Regressor (LGR), Bagged Decision Trees Regressor (BDTR), to predict the compressive and flexural strength of recycled plastic waste aggregate concrete (RPWAC). From the experimental database, 253 data points with strength between 6.00–70.05 MPa were identified to estimate the compressive strength (CS) and 175 data points with strength between 1.21–7.96 MPa were identified for flexural strength (FS). Cross-validation was used for six ML models and hyperparameter fine-tuning was performed. The results showed that six different ML models predicted the compressive and flexural strengths of RPWAC with high accuracy. The XGR model predicted CS and FS better than the other five different models with R2 values of 0.931 and 0.999, respectively. The three main properties effecting the CS of RPWAC were plastic waste content, water/cement ratio and concrete specific gravity, while the three main properties affecting the FS of RPWAC were cement specific gravity, plastic waste content and cement CS.

Sustainable development of concrete through treated and untreated plastic waste aggregates

This study focused on sustainable and novel development of concrete through treated and untreated plastic waste aggregates. In this study, the surface of Elec-waste coarse aggregates was treated with sulfuric acid, marble dust coating, silica fume coating, and alkaline bleach. Elec-waste aggregates were used in concrete by replacing natural coarse aggregates in amounts of 10%, 20%, and 30%. The 10%, 20%, and 30% Elec-waste replacement ratios resulted in the compressive strength reduction of 8.97%, 27.99%, and 42.01%, respectively. The same percentage of Elec-waste aggregates reduced the splitting tensile strength by 21.77%, 35.89%, and 47.89%, respectively. However, the slump was observed to increase by 41.4%, 52.1%, and 68.8%, respectively. All the considered treatments enhanced the performance of Elec-waste aggregate concrete (E-WAC). Overall, the best improvement in the performance of E-WAC was imparted by silica fume coating, irrespective of the quantity of Elec-waste aggregates. The present study proposed an expression to estimate the reduction of the compressive strength of E-WAC. It was demonstrated that the equation by JCI-08 predicted splitting tensile strength of E-WAC close to experimental results.

Valorization of plastic waste aggregate in concrete: A study on durability and microstructural properties.

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:blue !msorm"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Efficient valorization of plastic waste is widely investigated by numerous researchers. The need for an alternate to conventional aggregate in concrete production has led to the evolution of numerous artificial aggregates. This research investigates the impact of adverse environmental exposure conditions in plastic waste aggregate concrete. Conventional concrete of M30 grade designed as per IS- 10262 (2019) specification serves as control mixture. The conventional fine aggregate was volumetrically substitut</span></span></span></span><span style="color:blue !msorm"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ed at 5, 10 and 15 percentages with recycled waste plastic granule aggregate. Further, these three variants of plastic aggregate concrete mixtures were introduced with an additional substitution of 10% of glass cullet. The concrete mixtures were subjected to water absorption, sorptivity,</span></span></span></span><span style="color:blue !msorm"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span class="msoIns" style="text-decoration:underline"><span style="color:teal"><ins cite="mailto:Ponmalar" datetime="2024-07-10T19:12"> </ins></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color:blue !msorm"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">chloride penetrability, acid and alkali</span></span></span></span><span style="color:blue !msorm"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span class="msoIns" style="text-decoration:underline"><span style="color:teal"><ins cite="mailto:Ponmalar" datetime="2024-07-10T19:13"> </ins></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color:blue !msorm"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">exposure conditions to test their durability characteristics. </span></span></span></span><span style="color:blue !msorm"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span class="msoIns" style="text-decoration:underline"><span style="color:teal"><ins cite="mailto:Ponmalar" datetime="2024-07-10T19:50">The 15% PWA concrete mixture exhibited good resistance to water absorption which accounts to be 5.7% less when compared to water absorption of conventional concrete (M0) mixture. The compressive strength loss experienced in acid exposed concrete cubes was noted as 51.3% in conventional concrete mixture and 34.5% in M15PA10G mixture (15% PWA with 10% glass cullet). The 10% PWA concrete mixture exhibited 48.7MPa compressive strength after 60 days o</ins></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color:blue !msorm"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span class="msoIns" style="text-decoration:underline"><span style="color:teal"><ins cite="mailto:Ponmalar" datetime="2024-07-10T19:50">f sulphate immersion, which accounts for 43% gain in strength as compared to its normal 28 days cured compressive strength, 34MPa. Concrete mixtures with 10% glass cullet performed with very low chloride ion permeability of 300 coulombs to 500 </ins></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">coulombs. SEM<span style="color:blue !msorm"> analysis revealed a strong bond between plastic aggregate and concrete matrix. Concluding that, the plastic aggregate concrete mixture along with glass cullet satisfies the basic durability characteristics of normal strength concrete.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

Correlation between destructive and non-destructive evaluation to study of plastic waste aggregate mortar: a case study of mechanical proprieties

Non-destructive evaluation using ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) testing has extensive applications in the cement materials industry. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test is accepted as alternative to destructive testing to determine the compressive strength, dynamic modulus of elasticity, and Poisson’s ratio, which are needed for structural design. In modern construction technology, the use of Plastic waste (PW) as a partial replacement to natural aggregates in a mortar mix is growing in popularity primarily because it reduces the initial capital cost of raw materials and the associated conservation in environment. In this regard, this study explains the correlations between mechanical proprieties, and UPV tests for mortar contains 25%, 50%, and 75% of waste aggregate of plastic. Mortar based on Plastic Waste (MPW) specimens were tested by direct, semi-direct, and indirect UPV. UPV measurements can be effectively used to determine the dynamic modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of Mortar based on Plastic Waste MPW. The dynamic elastic modulus and the Poisson’s ratio decreases for the same mortar composite when at increasing PW content. Thus, the incorporation of PW particles into the cement matrix confirms the capacity of composites to reduce the sound intensity and damp vibrations inside the composites. The results of this study will be significant for non-destructive evaluations of MPW, while additional recommendations for future studies are presented at the end of the paper.

The impact of incorporating fly ash and expanded polystyrene foam (styrofoam) plastic waste aggregate on the quality of paving blocks is examined.

Paving block merupakan suatu komposisi bahan bangunan yang terbuat dari campuran semen portland atau bahan perekat hidrolis lainnya, air dan agregat dengan atau tanpa bahan tambahan lainnya yang tidak mengurangi mutu beton. Styrofoam adalah material dari polistirena yang termasuk golongan plastik. Fly ash adalah Satu material yang keluar dari cerobong asap tungku pembakaran berupa debu yang sangat halus. Limbah fly ash batubara merupakan salah satu limbah sisa pembakaran batubara dari Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap (PLTU) yang dapat dimanfaatkan dalam industri pembangunan. Komponen utama yang terdapat dalam fly ash yaitu SiO2 dan Al2O3 sehingga ia bersifat pozzolan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pemanfaatan limbah styrofoam sebagai bahan penganti agregat pasir dan limbah fly ash batubara sebagai bahan pengganti semen dalam campuran pembuatan paving block. Kualitas paving block ditentukan dengan pengujian kuat tekan sesuai dengan mutu D. Penelitian ini dirancang dengan perbandingan campuran semen dan agregat pasir, dengan variasi styrofoam 15%, 20%, 25%, penambahan fly ash 5% dengan dimensi cetakan panjang 10 cm, lebar 10 cm, dan tinggi/tebal 5 cm. Variabel terikat yaitu nilai kuat tekan mutu D yang mengacu pada SNI 03-0691-1996. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa paving block dengan pemakaian styrofoam mempengaruhi nilai kuat tekan pada variasi 15% yaitu 4,90 MPa pada penyimpanan 14 hari dan dan 5,02 MPa pada penyimpanan 28 hari. Berdasarkan pengujian dan dibandingkan dengan SNI 03-0691-1996 paving block pada penelitian ini masih belum memenuhi baku mutu D yang ditentukan.

Assessment of the Thermal Properties of Gypsum Plaster with Plastic Waste Aggregates.

Building material manufacturers must support new production models that encourage the manufacture of more efficient and sustainable products. This includes thinking about savings in the use of raw materials, a contribution to the energy efficiency of buildings during their useful life, and a reduction in the generation and deposit of waste in landfills. In this research, an analysis of the thermal properties of gypsum composites added with plastic waste is carried out using the most common methods, the steady state method and the transient plane source method, and the effect of water saturation on these composites is tested. The results show an improvement in the thermal performance of the composites (values reduced with respect to the reference by 4-7%), despite their heterogeneity, as well as a variation in the measurements carried out, depending on the method used for the measurements (variation up to 10%). It is also found that the degree of humidity negatively affects the thermal conductivity coefficient but, on the contrary, this coefficient is not altered in the composites with plastic waste, due to their lower hygroscopicity. Therefore, it is considered that the proposed eco-plasters are a good alternative to traditional plasters, with which to contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the current European directives on waste and circular economy.

Sustainable Structural Lightweight Concrete with Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate Waste Aggregate

Plastic is a widely consumed material with a high decomposition time, occupying significant space in landfills and dumps. Thus, strategies to reuse plastic waste are imperative for environmental benefit. Plastic waste is a promising eco-friendly building material for cement-based composites due to its reduced specific gravity and thermal conductivity. However, this waste reduces the composites’ mechanical strength. This work aims to produce and evaluate lightweight concretes made with only lightweight aggregates and mostly recycled plastic aggregates. Initially, an optimized dosage approach for lightweight concrete is presented. The mixture proportion of the lightweight concrete was based on the performance of mortars with the complete replacement of natural aggregate by recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) aggregates. The PET aggregates showed irregular shapes, impairing workability and providing lightweight concretes with around 18% water absorption and 21% void index. However, the concretes presented significantly low-unit weight, approximately 1200 kg/m3. This work presented a structural lightweight concrete (ACI 213-R) using only lightweight aggregates and mostly plastic waste aggregate, with a compressive strength of up to 17.6 MPa, a unit weight of 1282 kg/m3, and an efficiency factor of 12.3 MPa·cm3/g. The study shows that with an optimum dosage, reusing plastic waste in concrete is a viable alternative contributing to environmental sustainability.

Effect of Surface Hydrophilized Plastic Waste Aggregates Made by Mixing Various Kinds of Plastic on Mechanical Properties of Mortar.

The surface hydrophilization of mixed plastic waste aggregates (MPAs) was conducted to improve the bond between an MPA and the surrounding cement matrix using two types of coating agents: a silicone amine resin and acrylic binders. The coating agents formed a physical bond with the MPAs, and the results of contact angle measurement also revealed that the surface of MPAs was hydrophilic. The workability of a mortar mix increased by up to 1.47 times with the surface hydrophilization of MPAs. Meanwhile, the compressive and flexural strengths of mortar mixes decreased by 29~43% and 72~86%, respectively, at 28 days with the surface hydrophilization of MPAs. Namely, the surface hydrophilization of MPAs was successively conducted, and the workability of mortar mixes was improved accordingly, but the compressive and flexural strengths of mortar mixes decreased as the physical bond was partially separated from not only the MPA but also the surrounding cement matrix and the surface friction was decreased.

Permeability and porosity of light-weight concrete with plastic waste aggregate: Experimental study and machine learning modelling

The plastic waste has huge potential being used as the aggregate of concrete but the premise requires to have a sound understanding about the seepage mechanical properties of the light-weight concrete. In this study, initially, the physical experiment was conducted to measure the permeability and porosity of light-weight concrete with various amount of plastic waste aggregate (PWA) in different confining pressure and pore pressure. Based on the test results, a database was established. On this basis, a unique machine learning method was developed via combining the Logic Development Algorithm (LDA) with the ensemble technique of Adaptive Boosting Algorithm (BA) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN), which is the first attempt to utilize this model for estimating the permeability of PWA cement mortar. The research outcomes indicate, the corrected permeability and porosity of PWA cement mortar rises with the increase of PWA content, and the changing magnitude is more significant in high confining pressure; The corrected permeability and porosity of cement mortar with a higher content of PWA is more sensitive to the variation of confining pressure; The BA-ANN model optimised by LDA outperforms than the conventional machine learning models in terms of predictive accuracy and efficiency when assessing the permeability of PWA cement mortar; The sensitivity analysis by using the novel model reveals that confining pressure, PWA content and porosity have a relatively high impact on the permeability of PWA cement mortar, while the impact of pore pressure is relatively small. The study findings can provide guidance for the permeability and porosity design of relevant PWA concrete engineering facilities.

Repurposing Single-Use Plastic Waste as Artificial Aggregates Partially Replacing the Natural Fine Aggregate in Concrete — A Review

There is a growing increase in the global consumption of plastic in recent times. Reutilization of plastic by recycling is a highly effective solution to manage the increasing plastic waste (PW). Besides, reuse of plastic also helps in improving environmental sustainability. In this context, there is a great demand for the recycled plastics in various applications. This review paper presents an empirical evaluation on the application of single use plastic waste as an artificial aggregate as a replacement to the natural fine aggregate (FA) in concrete mixtures. This review also discusses the influence of mechanical properties on the cementitious composites consisting of plastic waste aggregate (PWA). This paper reviews an overall 135 research papers and illustrates different types of plastics and their application in improving the concrete properties. The review also provides an overview of the works proposed by different researchers and highlights their contribution. In addition, this paper also identifies the research gaps and highlights some of the prominent observations.

Efficiency of rapid repairing for composites and structural fibre-reinforced plastic waste aggregate concrete members

In underdeveloped countries, improperly disposed of electronic waste material (E-waste) causes environmental deterioration and health hazards. The previous related work focused on the axial performance of concrete compressive members reinforced with glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP), rather than the efficacy of repairing them after minor damage. The present work has endeavored to deliberate the structural performance of partially damaged E-waste aggregate concrete (EAC) compressive members reinforced with structural synthetic fibres reinforced with GFRP bars and GFRP spirals. Carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets were utilized to quickly restore the damaged samples. Twelve circular samples with diameters of 250 mm and heights of 1000 mm were constructed. Six samples were reinforced with GFRP bars and spirals (SSEAC compressive members) while the others had steel reinforcement. Following concentric and eccentric compression, which caused a 30% reduction in axial load-carrying capacity in the stage following peak loading, the samples were repaired using CFRP sheets. Before and after their rapid repair, samples' axial load-carrying capacity, load-shortening response, stiffness index, axial shortening, strength index, ductility index, and failure modes were assessed. These factors included spiral pitch, CFRP wrapping, structural synthetic fibres, E-waste concrete, and reinforcement type. The findings showed that as compared to the original compressive members, both restored SSEAC and GSEAC compressive members had good structural behavior in terms of studied parameters due to the efficiency of CFRP wraps. A new theoretical model is also suggested to predict the axial load-carrying capacity of CFRP-repaired members.

Impact of Partial Replacement of Ordinary Aggregate by Plastic Waste Aggregate on Fresh Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete

Different properties of Self-compacting concrete (SCC) containing plastic waste aggregate (PWA) have been experimentally studied by researchers. However, most of these works focused on examining the properties of one type of PA. In the present paper, the influence of four different types; namely Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Heat-treated plastic (PEL), Mixed plastic (Mix), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as a fine aggregate (FA) replacement; on fresh properties of SCC was examined. Results indicated that changing the PWA geometry influenced different properties of SCC. All concrete samples with PVC and PEL plastic were in the range of EFNARC classification (classified in VS2/PA2 class), causing no blocking in V-funnel and L-box test. Meanwhile, mixed plastic up to 7.5% and PET up to 5% fall within VS2/VF2 class; otherwise, the mixture was outside the range of EFNRAC standards. The best plastic waste aggregate regarding all new properties was PVC confirming all requirements for a successful SCC, causing no blocking or segregation. Thus, 10% was selected as the optimum percentage. Furthermore, PET was the worst, for PET-7.5% significant increase in the V-funnel (57.6 sec) and reduction in H2/H1 ratio (0.58) was obtained besides blocking in L-box tests, segregation, and bleeding in slump flow test. Thus, more than 5% is not recommended when using PET in Self-compacting concrete.

Flexural behavior of composite T-beam made of plastic waste aggregate concrete web and high-strength concrete flange

The growth of post-consumed plastic waste needs recycling for new products. One of the methods of recycling is the use of plastic waste in concrete in the form of shredded aggregate and plastic fibers. Researches on the performance of structural members made of plastic waste recycled concrete are limited. In this study, a novel composite T-section beam made of high-strength concrete (HSC) for flange and plastic waste aggregate concrete (PWAC) for the web is investigated. Firstly, tests on materials were performed to measure compressive strength, tensile strength, shear transfer between the two concretes, and steel pull-out strength for the two concretes. Later, design of a composite T-beam was made for flexure, shear force, and shear connection between the flange and the web of the section. Results show that when PWAC is used to surround steel rebar, it affects the interfacial bond, and the steel will not yield. However, the first crack load will be high compared with the beams of tension steel surrounded by HSC . The design of shear connectors could be successful for the composite section using the ACI-PCI design procedure. Six composite T- beams were designed and tested. The mode of failure was found to be pure flexure and the test ultimate load capacity was found to be higher than the calculated one by a ratio between 1.295 and 2.212.

Mechanical Properties and Flexural Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beams Containing Waste Material as Partial Replacement for Coarse Aggregates

The volume of waste materials and by products are increasing and endangering the environment safety. Some of these waste materials can be used in the production of building materials, such as concrete. In order to study the possibility of using some waste materials as aggregate replacement for the purpose of producing structural RC members this investigation was carried out. This research describes the results of test of reinforced concrete beams containing different types of waste materials, namely crumbed rubber, granular plastic, and crushed bricks. Ten RC beams containing different percentages (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) of waste materials as coarse aggregate replacement have been investigated. The beams were 150 × 200 mm in size and 2000 mm in length and tested under four points loading. Mechanical properties of the concrete used for the beams were also studied. Test results indicated a reduction in compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and elastic modulus due to the inclusion of the waste materials used. The maximum loss in concrete compressive strength was recorded to be 54.95%, 50.31%, and 20.41% for concrete mix with 15% crumbed rubber, plastic waste aggregate, and 5% crushed brick, respectively. Test results of the beams showed that ultimate load capacity was reduced by 30.21% and 9.94% when 15% of crumbed rubber and granular plastic were used, respectively. The failure mode of all the tested beams was similar and followed same pattern, steel yielding followed by concrete compression failure. Finally, based on the flexural capacity of the beams tested it is recommend that gravel replacement of up to 15% of crumbed rubber, granular plastic, and crushed brick can be safely used to produce normal type of RC beams for minor structural application.

STUDY ON PERVIOUS CONCRETE PAVING BLOCK CONTAINING PLASTIC WASTE TYPE PET AS A SAND REPLACEMENT

This study reports the effects of using plastic waste type PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) as sand replacement in the manufacture of pervious concrete paving block to be applied for low-traffic volume roads, parking areas and pedestrian walkways. The PET plastic aggregates were prepared through the pre-heated method under 150-180°C and then crushed into pieces to partially replace the sand content in concrete paving block mixtures at percentage of 5%, 10%, 20% and 30% by wt. of total sand. The experimental studies were conducted on concrete paving block (size 210x110x60 mm3) containing PET plastic waste aggregate. The coarse aggregate to cement ratio used was 4:1 while the fine aggregate to cement ratio was 1.5:1. The properties of concrete paving block specimens were evaluated based on the compressive strength, flexural strength, and void ratio results after curing. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the maximum of percentage when using plastic waste type PET was 5% by wt. of sand. The mechanical properties and void ratio of the concrete paving block showed that the utilization of plastic waste type PET as construction material has potential contribution in improving the pavement structure and offering sustainable solution on environmental issue.

Investigation of the effectiveness of CFRP strengthening of concrete made with recycled waste PET fine plastic aggregate.

In recent decades, several studies have considered the use of plastic waste as a partial substitute for aggregate in green concrete. Such concrete has been limited to non-structural applications due to its low strength. This raises whether such concrete can be enhanced for use in some structural applications. This paper reports an attempt to develop a structural-grade concrete containing plastic waste aggregate with high proportions of substitution and confined with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) fabrics. Experimental research was conducted involving the casting and testing 54 plain and confined concrete cylinders. A concrete mixture was designed in which the fine aggregate was partially replaced by polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste plastic at ratios of 0%, 25%, and 50%, and with different w/c ratios of 0.40, 0.45, and 0.55. The results show that confinement has a substantial positive effect on the compressive behavior of PET concrete. The enhancement efficiency increases by 8-190%, with higher enhancement levels for higher substitution ratios. Adding one layer of CFRP fabric raises the ultimate strength of samples that have lost compressive strength to a level close to that of unconfined samples not containing PET. This confinement is accompanied by an increase in the slope of the stress-strain curve and greater axial and lateral strain values at failure. For the specimens confined by CFRP fabric, PET aggregate can be used as a partial substitute for sand at a replacement ratio of up to 50% by volume for structural applications. This paper also considers the ability of existing models to predict the strength of confined-PET concrete circular cross-sections by comparing model predictions with experimental results. The strength of confined PET concrete elements can't be accurately predicted by any of the models that are already out there. It's important to come up with a new model for these elements.

Experimental investigation of flexural and shear behaviors of reinforced concrete beam containing fine plastic waste aggregates

In the last decades, past research has investigated plastic waste as a substitute for the natural sand aggregate (NSG) in concrete mixtures with a partial or complete replacement. However, the major limitation is the lack of the required quality and quantity of fine plastic waste aggregates (FPWA) in concrete mixes. In this research, experimental investigations were conducted to study the performance of the concrete mechanical properties, and reinforced concrete (RC) beam contained FPWA as a partial substitute of the NSG. Six concrete mixes were studied with different FPWA dosages, which are 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, along with adding polyvinyl alcohol with 75% FPWA dosage. Results showed that using the FPWA in the concrete mix affects the concrete behavior by decreasing workability, flexural, shear, tensile, and compressive strengths. In order to enhance FPWA beam strength, two methods were used to strengthen the FPWA beams. The 1st method combines polyvinyl alcohol to the mix to improve the concrete performance, and the 2nd method adds FWM layers around the beam and main reinforcement bars. The addition of polyvinyl alcohol in the concrete mix with 75% FPWA substitute considerably affected the pre-cracking and post-cracking ductile areas, among other beams. Therefore, it is suggested to use polyvinyl alcohol with the 75% FPWA in the concrete mixture due to the substantial effect of polyvinyl alcohol material. Also, using polyvinyl alcohol material in the concrete mix was the best method to strengthen the FPWA beams than the FWM method in terms of efficiency and performance.

Influence of Fly Ash, Copper Slag, Plastic Waste and Recycled Aggregates Process Parameters on the Fresh and Mechanical Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Developed Using Taguchi Technique

Influence of Fly Ash, Copper Slag, Plastic Waste and Recycled Aggregates Process Parameters on the Fresh and Mechanical Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Developed Using Taguchi Technique

An experimentation made on plastic and demolished waste in concrete mix

In the current experimental investigation, plastic waste is used as a partial substitute for fine aggregate to the extent of 10%, and coarse aggregate is partially replaced by destroyed material to the extent of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of the total amount of coarse aggregate in the experiment. The standard mix for M25 grade concrete has been developed, with a water-to-cement ratio of 0.45. This proportion is employed in the concrete manufacturing process. During the course of this experiment, sixteen distinct combinations are created. The impact moulds used are 150 mm × 75 mm and the cubes used are 150 mm × 150 mm. The specimens used include cubes with dimensions of 1550 mm × 150 mm and cubes with dimensions of 300 mm × 300 mm. The density of concrete may be varied between 2500 and 2100 kg/m3 by replacing plastic garbage with sand at a constant percentage and modifying the replacement percentage of coarse aggregate with damaged material at a variable percentage. It was found that adding more recycled aggregate to fresh concrete made it less workable. According to the results, replacing natural sand and coarse aggregate in normal concrete with plastic waste and recycled aggregate increases compressive strength (fck) and split tensile strength (ft) by up to 10%, but then decreases when the quantity of recycled waste is increased. According to the findings of the experiment, fine aggregate replaced with 10% plastic waste and coarse aggregate replaced with 10% recycled aggregate resulted in excellent quality for new concrete as well as attaining the conventional concrete's goal mean strength.

Effect of Surface Hydrophilized Plastic Waste Aggregates Made by Mixing Various Kinds of Plastic on Mechanical Properties of Mortar

Effect of Surface Hydrophilized Plastic Waste Aggregates Made by Mixing Various Kinds of Plastic on Mechanical Properties of Mortar