Plastic House Conditions Research Articles

Assessment and Management of Tomato Diseases under Plastic House Conditions in Lamjung

An experiment was conducted under plastic houses at three farmers’ field, each farmer as a replication, in Tarku and Banhjakhet VDCs in Lamjung district during July to December 2010, to identify and manage major fungal diseases of tomato (variety Srijana) using chemicals and bio-pesticides. The treatments Bio-cure-F (Trichoderma viride, bio-fungicide), carbendazim (Bavistin, systemic fungicide) and Dithane M-45 (Mancozeb, contact fungicide) were applied as foliar spray. Control plot was maintained without application of any treatment. Mainly four fungal diseases, early blight (Alternaria solani), late blight (Phytophthora infestans), powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) and septoria leaf spot (Septoria lycopersici) were recorded. Dithane M-45 appeared the best to control early blight, late blight and septoria leaf spot, followed by Bavistin and Bio-cure-F over control. Bavistin performed the best to control powdery mildew, followed by Dithane M-45 and Bio-cure F over control. Severity of fungal diseases appeared high on tomato in plastic house. Based on type of disease, Dithane M-45 or Bavistin is suggested to spray for the management.

Evaluation of Seaweed Extract Impact on Growth and Yield of Tomato Plants under Salinity Stress Conditions

This experiment was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, AL-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt during the two winter seasons of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 to study the effect of saline levels in the diluted agricultural drainage water of 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 ppm and tap water as a control (300 ppm) and foliar seaweed extract concentrations of 400, 600 , 800 ppm and tap water as a control and their interaction on the growth, yield and fruits quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) Magy hybrid under plastic house conditions. The obtained results showed that plant height, leaf area, fruit fresh weight, size, length and diameter, leaf chlorophyll A, B and carotenoids contents, in addition to total yield as fruit number and weight significantly increased with using the saline level of 1000 ppm and the foliar seaweed extract concentration of 800 ppm. On contrast, fruit contents of T.S.S and dry matter significantly increased with increasing the saline water levels up to 4000 ppm and the seaweed extract concentrations at 800 ppm. Also, the data indicated that fruit content of ascorbic acid significantly increased from using the 2000 ppm level saline water and the concentration of 800 ppm seaweed extract. In this respect, it could be concluded that the application of the seaweed extract concentration at 800 ppm was the most effective to decrease the adverse effect of saline irrigation water on the growth and yield of tomato plants.

The Potential of Soilless Culture Systems in Producing Tomato and Cucumber under Greenhouse Conditions

Aims: Assess The sustainable production of tomato and cucumber under greenhouse conditions for meeting the challenges of natural resources shortage, food security and economic.
 Study Design: Two experiments performed in complete randomized blocks with three replicates.
 Place and Duration of Study: Central Laboratory for Agriculture Climate (CLAC), Agriculture Research Center, Egypt, during two autumn seasons of 2018 and 2019 (tomato) and two spring seasons of 2019 and 2020 (cucumber).
 Methodology: Different soilless culture systems for producing tomato and cucumber under greenhouse were investigated: Hydroponic systems (Nutrient film technique (NFT) and deep flow technique (DFT)); and substrate systems (Dutch bucket, pot, container, and horizontal bag). Vegetative characteristics, yield parameters, N, P, and K contents, and environmental impact assessment were measured. 
 Results: Substrate systems gave the highest vegetative growth characteristics, yield parameters, N, P and K contents of tomato and cucumber leaves, as well as the highest power use efficiencies compared to hydroponic systems. Container and bags systems gave the highest results of tomato and cucumber vegetative growth, respectively, but the highest yield and net profits records belonged to bags and pots respectively. Bags substrate system gave the highest net profit yield (10.1Kg/ plant and 21881 LE / greenhouse) of tomato plant under plastic house followed by container system that presented the highest yield (10.6 Kg/ plant) but the total cost mainly substrate cost contributed to reduce its net profit yield. While for the highest yield and net profit of cucumber, the pots system (8.1Kg/ plant and 13243 LE / greenhouse) followed container system (7.65Kg/ plant and 9045 LE / greenhouse) and bags system (7.15Kg/ plant and 10270 LE / greenhouse) were recommended. The lowest yield, the highest average power use, cost and efficiency and lowest total cost were estimated by NFT system in both of tomato and cucumber investigations.
 Conclusion: The substrate systems presented more sustainability for tomato and cucumber production under plastichouse conditions. Bags substrate system gave the highest net profit yield of tomato plant under plastic house followed by container system that presented the highest yield but the total cost mainly substrate cost contributed to reduce its net profit yield. While for the highest yield and net profit of cucumber, the pots system followed container system and bags system were recommended. The lowest yield, the highest average power use, cost and efficiency and lowest total cost were estimated by NFT system in both of tomato and cucumber investigations.

Phenology growth and yield of grafted tomato plants in the high Andean region of Colombia

The BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie) scale is a system that helps producers monitor phenology by employing a uniform methodology across different locations. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different scion×rootstock combinations on tomato yield and accumulated degree days for each tomato phenological stage. A randomized block design with four repetitions and four treatments was used. Tomato cv. Libertador seedlings were used as a shoot, self-grafted, and over the rootstocks ‘Olimpo’ and ‘Armada’. In addition, there was a non-grafted plant control. There were no significant differences for the accumulated degree days between the treatments since the tomato cultivation required 2,567°Cd-1. The variables, such as plant height, internode number and length, and number of flowers, did not vary significantly between the grafting and non-grafting treatments. The tomato plants grafted over a vigor rootstock produced 39.4 and 20.6% more first category fruits and total fruit yield than non-grafted ones. The heat units necessary to complete the tomato production cycle was not affected by the grafting, and the use of a vigor rootstock had a positive effect on the tomato yield under plastic house conditions.

Effect of Humic Acid And Em1 Fertilizers on Growth And Yield of Two Cucumber Cultivars (cucumis Sativus L.) under Plastic House Conditions.

This experiment was conducted in the plastic house at the vegetable research farm of Directorate of Agricultural Extension and Scientific Research of Dohuk, Kurdistan region/ Iraq, during the growing Seasons of 2018-2019, to investigate the effects of Humic acid, (0.8 g.l-1 and 1.6 g.l-1 ) and EM1 (3 ml.l-1 and 6ml.l-1 ) in addition to the Control on growth and yield of two Cucumber cultivars (Falcon star and Sayfi F1). The results shows that Falcon star was superior over to Sayfi F1 in plant length and chlorophyll in leaves in fall season (2.91cm and 51.76SPAD), while Sayfi Fi overcome to Falcon star on chlorophyll in leaves, fruit diameter in spring season (47.40SPAD and 2.90cm). No significant effect of fertilizers had been seen in vegetative characters. But the yield characters had significant effects, the 3ml.l-1 of EM had higher value of Fruit weight 111.71g in spring season, while 6ml.l-1 of EM had higher (Plant yield 5.36Kg and Total yield 139.51 ton.ha-1 ) in fall season. Control treatment had higher fruit length and diameter (17.01cm and 2.91cm) in spring season.

Genetic parameters and simultaneous selection using traits of ornamental interest in pepper plants

ABSTRACT Pepper plants of the genus Capsicum are widely grown worldwide. The Capsicum annuum species shows ornamental potential; nevertheless, in the state of Piauí, there has been a lack of studies on its performance, related to quality traits needed to meet market demand. The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters and associations between traits of ornamental interest in C. annuum in order to indicate, by simultaneous selection of traits, accessions to start an ornamental pepper breeding program in Piauí. We evaluated 16 accessions of C. annuum under plastic house conditions at Universidade Federal do Piauí. Number of days to flowering, number of days to fruit maturation, plant height, number of fruits per plant, fruit persistence, fruit length, fruit width, leaf length and fruit weight were evaluated. A significant difference (p≤0.01) between accessions for all traits was noticed. Coefficient of genetic variation / coefficient of experimental variation [Cvg/Cve (%)] ratios were greater than 1 and the genotypic determination coefficient (H²) values were all greater than 89.95%. The estimates of the genotypic correlations were higher in relation to phenotypic correlations in most of the traits, however, according to path analysis, an effect of residual variable (0.59) was verified. According to the results, the accessions BAGC 98, 199, 207 and 236 can be used as parents to start an ornamental pepper breeding program in Piauí.

Integrated management of root knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. on tomato crop under plastic house conditions

Integrated management of root knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. on tomato crop under plastic house conditions

EVALUATION OF CERTAIN BIOCIDES AND CHEMICALS INDUCING RESISTANCE IN MANAGEMENT OF CUCUMBER DOWNY MILDEW UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVATION

Downy mildew of cucumber is caused by the fungus-like pathogen Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk and Curtis), which causes loss in the yield in Egypt especially under protected cultivation where low temperature and high humidity are prevalent. The efficiency of two Bio-control agents i.e. T34 (Trichoderma asperellum, 109 spore/cm3) and Bio-Cure-B (Pseudomonas fluorescens, 108 spore/cm3) as well as three resistance inducing chemicals (RICs), i.e. potassium dihydrogenphosphate (K2HPO4), salicylic acid (C7H6O3), and potassium nitrate (KNO3) were evaluated for controlling cucumber downy mildew under greenhouse and plastic house conditions. Greenhouse experiment data revealed that, spraying cucumber plants with either biocontrol agent or tested RICs two times i.e. 5 days before and/or nine days after artificially inoculated by the P. cubensis significantly reduced percentage of disease severity, meanwhile plant length and foliage fresh weight were increased in comparison with control treatments. The treatments increased the activity of peroxidase, β-1,3-glucanase, beside increase in total carbohydrates and total phenolic contents. Under plastic house, all tested biocides and/or RICs either alone or double combinations caused significant reduction in disease severity associated with significant increment in some growth parameter of cucumber plants (plant length and fruit yield) when compared with control treatments in both seasons. However, application of tested RICs mixture with tested biocides was more effective in this regard than the only application of them individually. In this respect, tested biocides were also more efficient than resistance inducing chemicals (RICs).

Efficacy of Selected Plant Extracts to Control Leaf Miner (Lyriomyza spp.) in Chrysanthemum

The use of eco-friendly methods in controlling pest and diseases has become an increasing concern in production system in many economically important crops, including ornamentals. The application of plant extract that has an insecticidal effect is considered as one promising alternative in reducing the negative effects of synthetic pesticides. The research was conducted to assess selected plant extracts in several concentrations against leaf miner (Lyriomyza spp.) in chrysanthemum. The experiment was carried out from January to December 2017 under plastic house conditions at the Indonesian Ornamental Crops Research Institute (IOCRI). The extracted organ of insecticidal plants regularly sprayed into chrysanthemum plants and compared with water as the controls. The results showed that the application of insecticidal plants extracts reduced attack intensity and incidence from water treatment (control). Certain treatment combinations, Chinese mahogany leaf extract at the concentration of 0.25%, C. pyrethrum petal 0.15 and 0.30%, and chinaberry leaf at 0.3, 0.35% even had 0.9-3.13% lesser attack incidences than commercial botanical insecticide Neem Plus. The respected treatments also supressed more than 62% leaf miner attacks and induced the increase of marketable flowers.

Comparative performance of several novel organic formulations against root knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. on eggplant crop under greenhouse condition

This field trial was conducted in Erbil, Iraq under plastic house condition to evaluate the effectiveness of several novel organic formulations by its field recommended doses: Nemadead, Trevigo 20 SC, Trichozone and Propolis, in comparison with Oncal (Aminoforacarb) 5% G as a standard chemical nematicide on root knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. on eggplant crop under greenhouse conditions. The results showed significant effectiveness of these formulations in reducing both of gall index and numerical density of nematode in the soil by high rates reached up to 69.5 and 97.61%, respectively, for Nemadead treatment which was superior to the efficacy of the standard nematicide 55.5 and 91.62%, respectively. The results showed also the effective role of these formulations in improving the whole studied vegetative and root growth characteristics of eggplant crop by significant rates compared with standard nematicide and inoculated control treatment. Using of these tested organic formulations (Tervigo 20% SC, Nemadead and Trichozone) by its recommended application timing and rates could present good effective and relatively low cost alternatives for chemical nematicides in term of improving crop yield quantity and quality as well as human health and environment conservation.

Serological And Biological Detection of Tomato Mosaic Virus in Soil And Seeds of Tomato Plants in Duhok Province

Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) is one of the most important viruses on tomato; contaminated soil may be the main source and reservoir of transmission. Diseased plants were collected from Kamona and Xanike villages, Duhok province. DAS-ELISA technique its detection in the soil and contaminated seeds, and clarify the virus transmission from contaminated seeds to seedlings. Using indicator plants (Biological detection) was to identify virus from contaminated soil. The result showed that six samples out of 14 soil samples gave a positive reaction with 42.8% is transmission ratio from soil. Symptoms on indicator plants such as:  mosaic, malformation, vein clearing on C. qinoa; the stunted plants with localized necrotic lesions and malformation on pepper plants. DAS-ELISA from tomato seeds displayed in 11 samples out of 18 samples revealed strong reactions and seeds transmission proportion were 61%. Seedlings were germinated from 60 infected tomato seeds under plastic house condition but only 4 transplants exhibited ToMV symptoms of mosaic, and the percentage of transmission was 7.8%.

CONSUMPTIVE WATER USE FOR CUCUMBER IN GREEN HOUSE IN WEST IRAQ

A field experiment was carried out at the College of Agriculture - University of Anbar to study the water consumptive use of cucumber plant for protected cultivation grown under unheated plastic house condition with dimensions 44 m in length and 9 m in width. Three locally produced hybrids were planted in the experiment and compared to a foreign hybrid approved by the Ministry of Agriculture. Irrigation was carried out when 30, 50 and 70% of available water depletion. The results showed that there was an increasing in water consumptive use during spring season reached 429.04,423.20 and 399.60 mm season-1 compared with 352.42, 344.62 and 344.60 mm season-1 for the autumn season for 30, 50 and 70% depletion of available water respectively. The moisture distribution results showed that the highest moisture content was 30% depletion reached 34.3% within the root zone at a depth of 20 cm, which is closest to the field capacity limit while it was 33.8% and 31.8% for the depletion levels 50 and 70% respectively at the same depth. The depletion level of 30% gave the highest yield reached 3.397 and 5.190 kg plant -1 for the autumn and spring seasons in respectively compared to the 70% depletion treatment which gave the lowest yield was 3.061 and 3.857 kg plant -1. Depletion at 30% gave the best values of water use efficiency reached 113.40 and 142.30 kg m-3 for the autumn and spring seasons respectively.

The Performance of Cucumber Plants (Cucumis sativus L.) as Affected by Organic and NPK Mineral Fertilization under Plastic Houses Conditions at Arid Region

Two plastic house experiments were conducted during 2016/ 2017 and 2017/2018 seasons in the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Aswan University, Egypt on a sandy textured soil under unheated plastic houses. The target of fertilization program seeks to achieve the best combination of various organic and NPK mineral fertilization that lead to the highest yield and quality of cucumber plant 'Merage F1 hybrid'' especially during the winter season. Therefore, 12 treatments were arranged in a split plot layout in complete randomize block design with three replicates. Chicken manure at the rates of (10, 15 and 20m3/fed.) were randomly arranged in the main plots, while NPK mineral fertilization at rates of (0:0:0, 50:30:50, 100:40:80, and 150:50:110 Kg N:P2O5: K2O/fed., respectively, were randomly distributed in the sub-plots. The obtained results demonstrated that the treatment combination of chicken manure at 20 m3/ fed. plus 150:50:110 kg. NPK/fed. exhibited the highest significant mean values of most studied characters as vegetative growth characters (i.e. number of leaves/plant, the number of branches /plant, plant fresh weight and chlorophyll index); yield characters {i.e. no. fruits /plant, average fruit weight (g), total yield/m2 (kg) and early yield/m2 (kg)}; fruit quality (i.e. TSS %, vitamin C, and reducing, non-reducing and total sugars); fruits chemical analysis characters (viz, N, P, K contents in fruits ) during both seasons of the study as compared to the other treatments. Based upon, the reported results, it is possible to conclude that, the combination among 20 m3/fed. of chicken manure plus 150:50:110 Kg. NPK/fed. considered as the optimal combination treatment whereas it gave the highest mean values of vegetative growth characters, yield and its components and fruit quality of cucumber plants grown under plastic houses conditions at Aswan governorate and similar regions.

Effect of Some Postharvest Treatments on Reducing Chilling Injury of Cucumber Fruits during Cold Storage.

Cucumber (Cucumus sativus, L.) Barakoda F1 hybrid plants were grown under plastic house condition at Experimental Farm for Central Lab. For Agri. Climate in Giza Governorate during two successive of 2017 and 2018 seasons to study the effect of hot water, chitosan, methyl jasmonate, potassium silicate and salicylic acid treatments as postharvest treatments in maintaining the quality and reducing chilling injury (CI) of cucumber fruits during cold storage for 16 days at 5o C plus two days at 15o C. Cucumber fruits dipped in methyl jasmonate, potassium silicate and salicylic acid did not develop any symptoms of chilling ingury during all storage period plus shelf life. These treatments also maintained fruit firmness, retained more green color, reduced weight loss and did not show any decay until the end of storage period plus shelf life. The onset of CI symptoms in fruits was delayed by hot water and chitosan treatments, these treatments reduced the rate of CI development. Cucumber fruits dipped in salicylic acid and potassium silicate treatments did not appear changes in their flavor till 12 days, at 5o C + 2 days at 15o C and give typical flavor cucumber fruits at the end of storage plus shelf life. Moreover, methyl jasmonate and chitosan or untreated control resulted in non-typical flavor cucumber after (16 days at 5o C + 2 days at 15o C). So, salicylic acid or potassium silicate treatments were the most effective treatments in maintaining fruit quality, give typical flavor fruits and gave fruits without decay or CI symptoms and gave good appearance till16 days at 5o C plus two days at 15o C.

Effects of different dosages and frequencies of fertigation on growth and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) grown in soilless culture

Crop yield of cucumber cultivated by soilless culture technique is most likely affected by growing media and fertigation-frequency. Growing media and fertigation-frequency have become important factors affecting crop yields in the technique of soilless culture in general and cucumber in particular. The objective of this study was to determine the appropriate dosages and frequencies of fertigation for growth, development and yield of cucumber grown in the soilless culture under plastic house conditions in Ho Chi Minh City. The experiment was conducted in strip-plot design with three replicates; the vertical factor (A) including three different dosages of nutrient solution was applied variously based on plant growth stages (A1: combination of 226, 280 and 236 mL/plant/ day applied in three different periods from 0 to 3, 3 to 5 and after 5 weeks of planting, respectively; A2: 339, 420 and 359 mL/plant/day; and A3: 452, 560 and 472 mL/plant/day). The horizontal factor (B) was four different fertigation frequencies of 2, 3, 4 and 5 times/day. The results showed that cucumber fertigated with the nutrient solution having concentration of 452 mL/plant/day (from 0 to 3 weeks), 560 mL/plant (from 3 to 5 weeks) and 472 mL/plant (after 5 weeks) in combination with the fertigation frequency of 5 times/day had the best plant height (333.5 cm), number of leaves per plant (40.9 leaves/plant), the highest absolute yield (12.65 kg/m2), and commercial yield 12.52 kg/m2, and this fertigation regime also resulted in the highest profit (64,275,400 VND/1000 m2) and return on investment (1.07).

EFFECT FOLIAR SPRAYING OF ASCORBIC ACID ON FLOWERING GROWTH AND YIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO VARIETIES OF (Cucurbita pepo. L) UNDER PLASTIC HOUSE

نفذت التجربة في أحد البيوت البلاستيكية العائدة لمحطة أبحاث قسم البستنة وهندسة الحدائق/ كلية الزراعة/ جامعة ديالى خلال الموسم الزراعي 2017- 2018. لدراسة تأثير الرش بحامض الأسكوربيك في الصفات الزهرية والحاصل ومكوناته لهجينين من قرع الكوسة V1 Carisma F1 والصنف الثاني F2 V2 Alexandria. تحت ظروف البيوت البلاستيكية، وبثلاث تراكيز (S3, S2, S1) (0 , 50، 100 ملغم/ لتر). تضمنت التجربة 6 معاملات، واستخدم تصميم القطاعات العشوائية الكاملة RCBD في تنفيذ التجربة وبثلاث مكررات ليصبح عدد الوحدات التجريبية 18 وحدة ضمت الوحدة التجريبية على 10 نباتات. أظهرت النتائج تفوق الهجين V2 في الصفات الزهرية (عدد الأزهار الذكرية والأنثوية والنسبة الجنسية ونسبة العقد) بلغت (26.10 زهرة. نبات- 1، 24.94 زهرة. نبات- 1، 1.04 و67.00)، كذلك تفوقه في معظم صفات الحاصل ومكوناته وهي عدد الثمار وحاصل النبات الواحد والحاصل الكلي إذ سجلت (8.63 ثمرة. نبات- 1، 1.733 كغم. نبات- 1، 2.911 طن. بيت- 1) على التوالي, بينما أدى الرش بحامض الأسكوربيك معاملة) S3تركيز 100 ملغم/ لتر) وكذلك التداخل الثنائي معاملة V2S3 (الرش بتركيز 100 ملغم/ لتر والهجين الثاني) إلى إعطاء أفضل النتائج في جميع الصفات الزهرية وصفات الحاصل ومكوناته متفوقه بذلك على جميع المعاملات التي تفوقت بدورها على معاملة المقارنة حيث سجلت الأخيرة أقل معدل لهذه الصفات.

Economic Profitability of Sweet Pepper Production under Different Irrigation Levels and Polyethylene Mulch in a Plastic Greenhouse

Field experiment was conducted, during two successive seasons of 2014- 2015 and 2015- 2016, at Dokki protected agricultural site, Giza Governorate, Egypt, to study the profitability of different applied irrigation levels and polyethylene (PE) mulch on plant growth and yield of sweet pepper, (Capsicum annum L.) cv. Godion F1, under plastic house condition. Three irrigation levels (0.50, 0.75 and 1.00) of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), using drip irrigation system and three PE mulch treatments (transparent, black and control) were applied. Data revealed that black PE recorded the highest values of early and total fruit yield per plant during the two seasons. Increasing water level up to 1.00 (ETc) enhanced yield with different PE mulch treatments, while water use efficiency (WUE) decreased with increasing water level. However, Using 0.50 (ETc), with different PE mulches increased WUE compared to using 0.75 (ETc) or 1.00 (ETc). The economic assessment of costs and returns from different treatments were calculated. It was found that the average yield was higher in 1.00 ETc with black mulch. Gross margin per 540 m2 were analysed using yield data, price structures and production costs. The 1.00 (ETc) with black mulch had the highest gross margin which is USD 416.8 and USD 533 (1 USD= 9 Egyptian pound) for the first and second seasons, respectively. The benefit cost ratios (BCRs) per 540 m2 were analysed, and 1.00 (ETc) with black mulch had the highest BCR with 1.36 in the first season and 1.45 in the second season.
 JEL Classification: Q 01, Q 12, Q 19

INFLUENCE OF PLANTING DATES AND SOME CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES ON ROOTING OF PHYTOLACCA DIOICA

The present study was carried out under plastic house conditions at the nursery of Zohria garden, Hort. Res. Inst., ARC, Cairo, Egypt throughout the two successive seasons of 2015 and 2016 to reveal the effect of planting dates (winter, spring, summer and autumn), some rooting promoters at different concentrations i.e. IBA, NAA, 2,4-D, catechol, cinnamic acid and tryptophan (alone or in combination) and their interactions on rooting of hard-to-root ornamental tree Phytolacca dioica.Results revealed thatplanting in spring increased rooting percentage (%) and root length (cm) in both seasons to the highest values. Treating the cuttings with IBA at 4000 ppm + NAA at 4000 ppm formulation resulted in the highest rooting percentage (%) in both seasons. Although there was no clear trend that could be observed from the obtained results, planting cuttings in either spring or autumn in addition to treating with IBA at 4000 ppm + NAA at 4000 ppm formulation increased rooting percentage (%) to the highest values.In conclusion, to achieve a successful vegetative propagation and to induce rooting on cuttings it is recommended to plant the cuttings in either spring or autumn in addition to treating with IBA at 4000 ppm + NAA at 4000 ppm formulation.

Induced of Systemic Resistance in Tomato Plant Against Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus by Bion and Riboflavin

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of abiotic agents Bion and Riboflavin in inducing resistance in tomato plant Geesy cultivar against Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), under plastic house conditions. The experiment was included two application with induce resistance agents: Bion & Riboflavin used by two concentration for foliar spray before and after 3,6 and 2,4 days artificial inoculation with virus. The treatment was evaluated by using several parameters such as estimation of percentage and severity of disease infection, serological evaluation by DAS-ELISA, estimation of peroxidase absorbance change and some of the plant growth parameters. The best treatment was foliar spray with Bion 1 mg/ml before 6 days of virus inoculation showed reduction in the percentage of disease infection which was 37.1% compare with control treatment, on the other hand above treatment was caused high inhibition activity of virus (TBSV) multiplication which was 70% as demonstrated by ELISA absorbance values 0.296 nm compare with control treatment which inoculated with virus only was 0.972 nm. Results also indicated that the treatment by spray Riboflavin concentration 10 mM before (4 days) the inoculation of virus was inhibition of percentage of disease was 35%. On the other hand the treatment was used of Riboflavin 10 mM spray gave significant increase in the activity of peroxidase after 14 days of virus inoculation which was give 71.172 absorbance compare with control treatment which was 28.193.).

Effect Times Number of Spray and Concentration of Foliar Fertilizer (PIO20) in Growth and Yield of Cucumber Variety Jamila Planted in Plastic Houses Conditions

The experiment was conducted during a season of 2016 in plastic houses at Azawia- Babylon to study effect times number of spray (two times، three times ) with four levels of spray by foliar nutrition PIO20 (0 ،1.5 ، 2 ،2.5 ml. liter-1) in cucumber plant c.v. jamila. The experiment was conducted of factorial in design using (C.R.D) with three replicates. Results showed the treatment spray of three times significantly on the treatment spray two times when imported plant length rate (291.4) cm ,the number of leaves (36.63) leaf and dry weight of the shoot (25.76) gm , fruit long (17.98) cm , fruit weight (109.27) gm and the number of fruits (11.80) fruit.plant-1 and the one plant yield (1.294)kg. the results also showed all the treatment of spray significantly in vegetative growth and fruiting characteristics as compared with control treatment. the results of the interaction the significant superiority of the treatment spray of three times on the level 2 ml. liter-1 plant length rate (311.3) cm ,the number of leaves (40.71) leaf and dry weight of the shoot (32.09) gm , fruit long (19.34) cm , fruit weight (116.06) gm and the number of fruits (12.97) fruit.plant-1 and the one plant yield (1.506)kg.