Plastic Extrusion Research Articles

Overview of friction welding processes for different metallic materials

Abstract With the rapid development in the technological, industrial, and defense industries, the joining of metallic materials used becomes very important. Various problems may arise in metallic materials joined by traditional fusion welding methods. The friction welding technique, which is one of the solid-state welding types that contains minimum welding defects and creates minimum internal stresses after welding, can be used in order to reduce the negativities in different steel joining. Thus, the negativities in fusion welding methods are reduced. The friction welding is a plastic deformation and extrusion process that uses heat to convert mechanical energy generated by friction between the interfaces of these two material pairs as a result of one material rotating at a stationary speed and the other rotating at a rotary speed into thermal energy. The heating phase (friction phase) is the time until the end of the welding process. During this time, the surfaces are under pressure. The formation of temperature in steel is between 900 and 1300 °C, and this temperature is reached in a very short time. Thus, parts are joined together by the pressing force. Materials that are very difficult to join with fusion welding can be joined more easily by friction welding.

Preparation of functional degradable antibacterial film and application in fresh-keeping of grass carp

To explore new, green and effective low-temperature preservation technology, β -cyclodextrin ( β -CD) embedded Elsholtzia essential oil (EEO) was used as an antibacterial agent, and polybutylene adipate- co -terephthalate (PBAT) and polylactic acid (PLA) were used as the base material to extend grass carp fillets shelf life. Active antibacterial PBAT/PLA, PBAT/PLA-EEO, and PBAT/PLA- β -CD els films were prepared using a casting film-forming process. The changes in total viable count (TVC), pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances values of grass carp fillets during storage at 4 °C were studied. The results showed that, compared with the PBAT/PLA film, the oxygen transmission rate of PBAT/PLA- β -CD els decreased from 868.02 to 566.80 cm 3 m 2 •24 h•0.1 MPa −1 . During preservation, compared with the PBAT/PLA film, the PBAT/PLA- β -CD els film effectively lowered TVC and delayed TVB-N production. The results revealed that PBAT/PLA- β -CD els film with β -CD-embedded EEO positively affected grass carp quality maintenance and extended its shelf life. Overview of the experiments. PLA pellets and PBAT pellets were blended with β -CD els . After the modified resins were prepared using a single-screw plastic extrusion device to obtain active films. Then apply it to the preservation of grass carp. • We explored a new, green, and effective low-temperature preservation technology. • β -cyclodextrin-embedded Elsholtzia essential oil was used as an antibacterial agent. • Polybutylene adipate- co -terephthalate and polylactic acid were used as a base. • Fresh-keeping was assessed in grass carp fillets preserved in β -CD-embedded EEO. • The film with positively affected grass carp quality and extended its shelf life.

The Role of Middle Management and the Mediation of Artifacts in the Process of Organizational Change

The present article proposes a reflection on the skills that organizations and managers need to develop to deal with the processes of change, mediated by artifacts influencing routines. The qualitative descriptive methodology employed was a case study in a plastic extrusion plant, where the change in routine was mediated by several artifacts that played unequivocal roles in the process: as mechanisms for recording information, for communication, for horizontal and vertical alignments, as a means of ensuring the execution of the routine, and as problem-solving facilitators. The results found help to understand how middle management led the change in the organization, acting as a facilitator and articulator of the process, based on the skills of communication, awareness, alignment and proximity, shared vision, and engagement, mediated by various artifacts. These skills favored the creation of a relationship of interdependence and interconnection between multiple agents, and the intelligent use of artifacts, creating autonomy and greater space for spontaneous exchanges. For the organization, it had a positive impact on performance, prompting the reflection that the future of management permeates the manager's capacity for agency to create an environment of interconnection based on communication, respect and mutual trust, where artifacts can play their enabling role.

Possibility of Deformation of Billet with Various Internal Structure in KOBO Extrusion

The potential of KOBO unconventional extrusion of metallic materials based on phenomenon of changing the path of plastic deformation with use of cyclic oscillation of the die by given angle and frequency has been presented in this paper. This process is used to change material properties by fragmentation of grains without preheating the billet and press parts with significantly lower extrusion force in comparison to conventional process. Various types of billets (various metallic materials in the form of: solid initial material, condensed chips, layered composite material) were used during the experimental tests to analyze the plastic flow of the material and the possibility of plastic deformation of various metallic materials such as aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys and copper in order to obtain a product with a complex shape in the KOBO process, using dies with different geometries. Mechanical properties, microstructure, scheme of plastic flow and extrusion force were examined during experimental work. KOBO extrusion can be considered as a more cost-effective process than conventional extrusion.

Features and Formation Mechanism of the Jiaopenba Landslide, Southwestern Sichuan Province, China

The Jiaopenba landslide, which represents a typical large basalt high-speed remote landslide, is located in Emeishan City, southwestern Sichuan province, China. Based on the field investigation, the characteristics of the Jiaopenba landslide have been revealed. The Jiaopenba landslide occurred on the steep Mount Emei. Landslide materials with a volume of approximately 6.75×108 m3 slid down from a high position, forming a large-scale high-speed remote debris flow, with the farthest sliding distance of about 7.5 km. The landslide area is located in the west wing of the Emeishan anticline, which is cut by faults to form a monoclinal fault-block mountain. Although the shear outlet of the landslide is near the slope toe and does not have good free conditions, there are faults passing through the slope toe of the bedding slope of the fault hanging wall, the landslide is affected by the fault activity, and the integrity of the layered slope is poor. When the foot of the slope is empty, the fault zone is compressed and plastic extrusion, which leads to bedding slip of the slope rock mass and greatly weakens the interlayer bonding force. When coupled with long structural planes on both sides to form side crack planes, a large-scale inclined plate structure is formed. Under the action of a strong earthquake and other external forces, the rock mass near the fault can be damaged by tension, and a large-scale high-position landslide can be formed by the mode of compression-slip-tension fracture.

Transport of chemically reactive thixotropic nanofluid flow by convectively heated porous surface

No doubt the non-Newtonian rheological fluids via stretchable surface has ample applications in sustainability of natural resources, glass fiber production, aerodynamic plastic extrusion sheets, paper production, cooling of an infinite metallic plate in a cooling bath and manufacturing of polymeric sheets. Keeping the aforesaid applications in mind, the objective of current investigation is to describe the heat generation and heat absorption impacts in magnetized stagnation-point flow induced by porous convected surface. Considered nanoliquid model encompasses Brownian motion and thermophoresis effect. Rheological relations of non-Newtonian thixotropic model are developed for flow formulation. Heat transfer effects are addressed considering Joule heating, thermal Robin conditions and viscous dissipation. Characteristics of mass transfer are elaborated under solutal Robin conditions and first-order chemical reaction. Similarity variables are introduced to achieve the non-dimensional form of mathematical systems. Homotopy algorithm is implemented to tackle the nonlinear mathematical systems. Significance of flow variables are investigated via graphs. Our analysis reports reduction in temperature and concentration distributions subjected to higher heat absorption (sink) parameter and destructive reaction parameter respectively.

Attenuation of voltage sags effects and dynamic performance improvement of a multi-motor system

In many continuous manufacturing processes such as paper, textile, winding and plastic extrusion, electric drives are frequently required to work in synchronization, often with high tolerances to ensure uniform product quality and avoid failure of the product. In a multi-motor system (MMS), voltage dips are the most common cause of the motor stoppage, and the transient loss of synchronism between motors can result in a complete system shutdown. This paper proposes a multi-motor system controlled by a Backstepping strategy to ensure servo-control and synchronization of induction motors. This technique includes indirect rotor field-oriented control (IRFOC), linear speed control, and mechanical tension control, of induction motors. Investigations of symmetrical voltage sag effects on speed, torque, and mechanical tension are also carried out. Simulation results obtained using Matlab®/SimulinkTM/SimPowerSystems® are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed control strategy.

Akurasi dimensi produk filamen 3d printing berbahan polipropilen menggunakan mesin ekstrusi

Additive manufacturing (AM) has been trending topic in industrial revolution 4.0. One technique and the most widely used AM is fused deposition modeling (FDM), which uses a melted filament and deposited it layer by layer. The common filaments used are made of PLA, PP, and ABS, which are available at the online market with variety of prices depend on the quality. It is an advantage if we can make these filaments. In filament manufacturing, the dimensional accuracy is one of the most important factors to comply with the existing 3D printers. The aim of this research is to fabricate a filament made of PP, then assessed the quality based on the accuaray of the targeted diameter of 1.75 mm. The manufacturing process used a self-made plastic extrusion machine. Variations were made on three variables with three levels each. There are (i) heater band temperature with a minimum and maximum range (150/170 oC, 155/175 oC and 160/180 oC), (ii) winding speed (13 mm/s, 16 mm/,s and 19 mm/s), and (iii) roll distance to the nozzle set point (200 mm, 500 mm and 700 mm). Taguchi L9 design was used to design the experiments and analysis.Minitab 19 was employed to find the S/N ratio and analysis the variance (ANOVA). The results of the analysis state that two parameters have a significant effect on the dimensions of the filament, i.e. temperature and roll distance to the nozzle, while, the winding speed has no dominat effect. The best accuracy of filaments diameter was achieved when applying a combination of temperature (160/180 ⁰C), the distance between the nozzle to the roll of 700 mm, and winding speed of 13 mm/s.

Natural Repellents as a Method of Preventing Ant Damage to Microirrigation Systems.

Simple SummaryAnts play an essential role in most agroecosystems. However, these insects can occasionally be detrimental to agricultural microirrigation equipment by chewing on tubing parts and causing uneven water distribution along the crops. One of the alternatives traditionally proposed to avoid this damage is the incorporation of substances into the tube material that deter or reduce chewing activity. However, the few attempts made prior to this research were unsuccessful due to the unsuitability of the selected substances and the methods used to integrate them into the tubing. In this study, we assessed the protective efficacy of this method in pipes used for subsurface drip irrigation (SDI). Unlike traditional attempts, we selected nontoxic compounds previously proven to be repellent against ants and integrated them into drip tubing through complex processes such as plastic compounding, injection and extrusion. The use of this type of tubing in a crop where significant ant damage is often reported revealed minimum damage when compared to control tubing containing no repellent additives. This suggests the efficiency of this method in providing protection against ants, but further studies are recommended prior to the commercialization of the designed system.Ants are important because they damage agricultural equipment, including microirrigation systems. The aim of this research was to assess the efficiency of the incorporation of repellents in drip irrigation tubing as a method of protection against ant damage. Unlike previous studies, we tested a series of nontoxic compounds that are repellent to ants. First, we assessed their repellent effects on a local ant species via olfactometer trials. Then, the candidates showing the best results (cinnamon essential oil, p-anisaldehyde and ethyl anthranilate) were incorporated via compounding, injection and extrusion to polyethylene tubing to test their efficiency in the field. Field tests showed high damage levels in the control tubing containing no repellents, presumably caused by up to six different ant species (Cardiocondyla batesii, Plagiolepis pygmaea, P. schmitzii, Solenopsis sp., Tapinoma nigerrimum and Tetramorium semilaeve). In contrast, the pipes containing the three selected compounds remained almost intact, with the treatment including ethyl anthranilate showing no damage at all. These results suggest the strong repellent potential of the selected compounds, even when integrated into plastic, as well as the apparent success of the proposed methodology against the damage caused by ants. The diversity of damage-causing agents that exist in or above the soil strongly encourages further studies to determine the overall efficiency of repellents in protecting irrigation pipes.

Rancang Bangun Mesin Ektrusi Pembuat Filamen dengan Sistem Screw Conveyor

Plastic extrusion machine is a tool to carry out the process of extrusion or formation by utilizing plastic blockage by using high temperatures for the process of melting and reshaping with mold into a certain form, where the drive used in the extrusion machine is a power thread formed in such a way as to be able to conduct or move the material. Extrusion machine made with the principle of horizontal shape and use screw conveyor as a material drive in the extrusion process. Extrusion Machine uses HDPE pellets as a test material to print filaments with a attached specification of 31.81 rpm of speed and 915 watt of element band heater power. The process of designing an extrusion machine with the screw conveyor was using standard flight or standard blade, on the grounds that the screw or thread only serves to move the material to the end of the nozzle. The screw conveyor size is 500 mm long, screw diameter is 50 mm and the distance between pitches is 25 mm followed by the dimensions of the machine is 800 x 400 x 600 mm. The test results were conducted using HDPE polyethylene pellet material with variable temperature variations consisting of 5 types of temperature, namely, 120 ° C, 110 ° C, 110 ° C, 95 ° C and 90 ° C, form the five variables above we conducted trials on each temperature. Then we got it and we concluded that the experiment using the temperature variable of 100 ° C has the most optimum output results, where the temperature of 120 ° C and 110 ° C has a liquid output result then the temperature of 90 ° C and 95 ° C has a condition where the material dries too quickly and make the nozzle clogged.

Prediction of Failure Categories in Plastic Extrusion Process with Deep Learning

Today’s manufacturing vision necessitates extracting insights from the data collected in real-time from manufacturing processes. Predicting failures with the predictive analysis of the collected process data and preventing these failures by taking necessary actions before they occur is a key factor in ensuring quality at the desired level, increasing productivity, and reducing costs in production systems. In the literature on predictive analysis of process data, machine learning and deep learning methods have attracted considerable attention, especially in recent years. This study has addressed a multi-class failure classification problem in the plastic extrusion process with a real case study. Classification models have been developed based on Long Short-term Memory (LSTM) as a deep learning method and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Logistic Regression (LR) as machine learning methods to predict the failure categories. In the case study, real data taken from the extrusion process of one of the leading insulation companies operated in Izmir has been used. The final dataset includes actual measurements of seven parameters related to temperature and pressure and failure categories as the target variable. Three failure categories have been identified to define Category 0 (No failure), Category 1 (Filter change), and Category 2 (Feeding failures) states, and coded as 0,1 and 2 in the models, respectively. LSTM, MLP, and LR’s performance to predict the failure categories have been evaluated and compared based on accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 Score measures. LSTM is the highest performing among the three methods, with 100% prediction accuracy for each failure category. On the other hand, LR and MLP have achieved considerable and close results except for Category 1.

Microstructure stability and high temperature wear behavior of an austenite aging steel coating by laser cladding

An austenite aging steel coating was prepared by laser cladding on H13 steel in order to overcome the poor thermal stability and high-temperature wear resistance of the latter. The microstructure, element and phase distribution of the austenite aging steel coating were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and recrystallization were determined by quasi-in-situ EBSD. High temperature wear tests for the austenite aging steel coating and H13 steel were performed on a high temperature pin-on-disk friction and wear tester, and their wear resistance was comparatively evaluated. The austenite aging steel coating was dominated by γ-Fe as matrix phase, while micrometer-grade NiAl and nano-scale Ni3Ti existed as strengthening phases. These fine particles existing in the grain boundary of the coating could effectively improve the recrystallization resistance and thermal stability, which was confirmed by quasi-in-situ EBSD and thermal stability tests. Owing to such superior thermal stability, oxidative mild wear prevailed for the austenite aging steel coating in most of sliding conditions except for 600 °C and 150 N, where a mild-to-severe wear transition of oxidative wear occurred. In particular, the plastic extrusion wear of H13 steel at 600 °C and 150 N was impeded due to the existence of laser-cladded austenite aging steel coating.

METHOD OF CALCULATING SURFACE ROUGHNESS DURING ABRASIVE TREATMENT

The article proposes a method for calculating the surface roughness during processing with abrasive tools, including tools made of SHS materials. The analysis of existing approaches to the calculation of the height of the micro-roughness of the treated surface during grinding, which took into account the depth of the layer cut by a single grain and the amount of plastic extrusion. Experimental studies of surface roughness have shown that with an increase in the grain size of an abrasive tool made of SHS corundum by 4 times, the value of Ra increases by 3 times, and with an increase in the hardness of the circle decreases. A comparison of the roughness of the treated surface of an abrasive tool made of SHS corundum with other abrasive materials (91A and 24A) shows that for a grain size from 6 to 16 it is 10-15% less, and for 25 to 40 more. Scientifically-based recommendations on the control of surface roughness parameters are proposed

3D-printed bioresorbable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and quantum-dot nanocomposites: Scaffolds for enhanced bone mineralization and inbuilt co-monitoring.

Multifunctional 3D-printed nanocomposites based on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), that is, PLGA (RESOMER® LG857S) were developed for simultaneous monitoring of cells and scaffold as a function of time and spectral responses. These were achieved by impregnating carbon quantum dots (CQDs) on PLGA using melt-blending, plasticating extrusion, and 3D-printing. The nanocomposites enabled enhanced bio-affinity and cellular interactions for bone tissue engineering (TE). PLGA (control) and PLGA-CQD scaffolds were used for growing human adipose-derived-stem-cells (ADSCs) and tested for cell biocompatibility, cellular adhesion, growth, and osteogenesis. CQDs were found to enhance the hydrophilicity of nanocomposites and promote cellular nesting. MTS assays confirmed that CQDs on PLGA act as cell anchoring sites, thereby enhancing seeding efficiency and cell proliferation. Alkaline phosphate tests showed increased osteogenesis and Alizarin assays confirmed enhanced bone mineralization on PLGA-CQD. The qPCR tests based on selected mRNA expressions showed that the incorporation of CQDs significantly enhanced osteogenesis of ADSCs during all three phases of cell differentiation. The intrinsic luminescence of the composites allowed label-free monitoring of cell proliferation and bone mineralization on the scaffolds. Thus, the CQDs facilitated significant enhancements in composite processability with customized fabrication of 3D printed scaffolds, bone tissue osteoconductivity, and monitoring of cell-scaffold activities, offering multifunctional benefits for bone TE.

Plastic Extrusion Process Optimization by Digital Twins

AbstractContinuous plastics compounding processes are highly complex from a physicochemical point of view and correspondingly difficult to optimize. Model‐based digital twins suitable for this purpose require complex simulation approaches, trained personnel and input variables that are difficult to determine. However, data‐based digital twins, which are in principle suitable for this purpose, often fail because of the enormous trial effort which is required to generate a sufficiently large database. To overcome this problem this paper describes a hybrid approach for generating the necessary database for a data‐based digital twin. By intelligent combination of real experiments, adaptation of the physical‐chemical process model to these few experimental data and subsequent data cloud generation with the adapted process model results in a sufficient data base for the digital twin.

Features of cascading disk-gear extrusion of plastics

The relevant task of today is to improve the installations for thermostat extrusion, in order to increase the indicators of resource/energy efficiency. The study of the features peculiar to the loading and melting area (LMA) and the elimination of shortcomings can significantly reduce the energy costs of the process.
 To achieve high-quality results in cascading disk-gear extrusion, the main methods of the dispersion melting of thermoplastic granules are analyzed, taking into account all the features of the physical model of the extrusion process.
 The dispersion model of melting is achieved by observing a limited supply of raw materials to the loading area. This ensures the intensification of the process and significantly reduces the total length of the LMA. In this case, the length of the area with the most filled channel directly depends on the resistance of the disk zone. With increasing resistance, the polymer stopper moves to the loading neck. The polymer is gradually compacted, and each leakage of the LMA is periodically filled. 
 From the rotating disk heated to 107 oC, samples of the polymer were removed and cut into separate sections. Previously, to facilitate the process of visual research, the polymer was colored with 0.5% blue pigment. The results of the analysis confirmed the performance of the proposed physical model for the processes occuring in the disk-gear extruder. As a result, it is possible to calculate the time over which the granules stay in the LMA and the length of the screw cutting in this area, depending on the performance. 
 Taking into account all the features of the disk-gear extrusion process allows creating an upgraded productive, resource-efficient installation and implementing it into practice.

Brownian motion and thermophoresis behavior on micro-polar nano-fluid—A numerical outlook

A numerical study is accomplished to analyze the Brownian motion of micro-polar hydromagnetic nano-fluid over a stretched surface with thermophoresis and thermal radiation effect. The dimensional equations of the proposed model are reformed by acceptable similarity transformations and the numerical approach using MATLAB in connection with bvp4c is implemented to solve the final equations. The convergence, salient features of the pertinent parameters on micro-polar nano-fluid flow for velocity, angular velocity, temperature and concentration are emphasized on the plots. We also discuss the effect on Skin friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number and displayed via Tables. The influence of Grashof number is remarkable throughout the study. Outcomes obtained indicate that for enlarged values of micro-polar parameter, the angular velocity is raised. The validity and accuracy of the present model have been checked and found adequate agreement. The importance of such analysis over stretched sheet have numerous manufacturing, industrial and engineering applications in plastic sheets extrusion, polymer extraction, blowing of glass, manufacture of paper and rubber sheets.

Micro-galvanic corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of extruded Mg–2Y–1Zn-0.4Zr-0.3Sr alloys with different extrusion temperament immersed in simulated body fluids

The Mg–2Y–1Zn-0.4Zr-0.3Sr alloy is a new kind of degradable material for biomedical application. In order to optimize its corrosion resistance and mechanical properties, the plastic extrusion deformation was implemented to improve its properties. The results indicated that the alloy's grains were refined significantly due to dynamic recrystallization (DRX), and the W-phase (Mg3Zn3Y2) was crashed into particles distributed along extrusion direction; meanwhile, the elongated un-complete dynamic recrystallization (un-DRX) grains decreased with the increase of extrusion temperature. The micro-galvanic corrosion cell was easily formed between the W-phase (2.9 V) and the Mg matrix (2.2 V) due to the large potential difference, the corrosion tendency, however, of micro-galvanic was weakened owing to the part of W-phase dissolved into Mg matrix with the temperature enhancement. In addition, the grain boundary, potential higher than adjacent grains, also acted as a barrier role to prevent the spread of corrosion and improve the corrosion resistance. In a nutshell, the extruded Mg–2Y–1Zn-0.4Zr-0.3Sr alloy at 400 °C (UTS = 254Mpa, YS = 195Mpa, EL = 27% and CR = 0.47 ± 0.099 mm/y) meet the basic requirements as biomedical implant materials.

Triaxial mechanical behaviour of hybrid basalt\u2013polypropylene fibre-reinforced concrete: The effect of micro-fibres at multi scale levels

The triaxial mechanical properties of hybrid basalt–polypropylene fibre-reinforced concrete (HBPRC) were investigated in detail. The different effects of micro-basalt fibre (BF) and micro-polypropylene fibre (PF) on the triaxial properties of concrete were revealed. The strength criterion for HBPRC was established. The results showed that the hydrostatic behaviour, volumetric strain, peak deviatoric stress, elastic modulus, and Poisson’s ratio of HBPRC are affected by not only the confining pressure but also the BF and PF. The confining pressure gradually changes the failure mode of HBPRC from split failure to shear failure and extrusion plastic flow failure. The BF and PF mainly improve the strength and deformation performance of concrete, respectively. A nonlinear Mohr–Coulomb (M–C) strength criterion for HBPRC, which takes into account the fibre effect, is established. The calculated results performed using the proposed criterion agree well with the experimental results.

Effect of I-phase morphology and microstructure transformation in biomedical Mg-3Zn-1Mn-1Y alloys on vitro degradation behavior in dynamic simulated body fluid

The corrosion mechanism of as-cast, heat-treated (H400) and extruded (E30, E60, E90) Mg-3Zn-1Mn-1Y alloys with different microstructure is investigated by scan electron microscope (SEM), scan Kelvin probe force microscope (SKPFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electrochemical impedance analysis and immersion experiments equipped with a dynamic corrosion device. The relevant results are as follows: continuously strip-like I-phase (Mg3Zn6Y) in as-cast alloy distributed along the grain boundary played a significant obstacle impact during corrosion, whereas this capability is weakened after heat treatment and large plastic extrusion deformation. However, extrusion deformation significantly improved alloy corrosion performance, the extruded E30 alloy performed superior anti-corrosion behavior among the three extruded alloys owing to the smaller potential difference between I-phase (2.59 V) and DRXed (2.51 V) or un-DRXed (2.54 V) grains. In addition, the corrosion obstacle effect of grains boundaries (the grain boundary has higher potential than the Mg substrate), dense corrosion products film protection (isolate the substrate from contact with SBF) and typical basal texture (lower reactivity of base atoms) have great influence on corrosion behavior.