Plasma Malondialdehyde Concentrations Research Articles

8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and malondialdehyde in plasma and their association with disease severity in 20 cats with chronic kidney disease.

Oxidative stress is associated with the development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of oxidative stress markers, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and malondialdehyde (MDA), in the plasma and urine of cats with different stages of CKD. Plasma and urine samples were collected from cats with CKD that were referred to the Veterinary Medical Center of the University of Tokyo between April 2019 and October 2022. Plasma and urine samples were collected from healthy cats (n = 6 at most), cats with stage 2 CKD (n = 8) and stage 3-4 CKD (n = 12), and cats with idiopathic cystitis (disease control, n = 5). Plasma and urine concentrations of 8-OHdG and MDA were measured using ELISA and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay kits, respectively. The median plasma 8-OHdG concentrations were 0.156 ng/ml (<0.125-0.210 ng/ml) in the healthy group, <0.125 ng/ml (range <0.125 ng/ml) in the idiopathic cystitis group, 0.246 ng/ml (range 0.170-0.403 ng/ml) in cats with stage 2 CKD and 0.433 ng/ml (range 0.209-1.052 ng/ml) in cats with stage 3-4 CKD. Concentrations in stage 3-4 CKD were significantly higher than those in the healthy and disease control groups. Plasma MDA concentrations were low in the healthy and disease control groups and significantly higher in cats with stage 3-4 CKD. In every cat with CKD, plasma 8-OHdG and MDA concentrations were positively correlated with plasma creatinine concentrations (8-OHdG, rs = 0.68; MDA, rs = 0.67). Urinary 8-OHdG/urinary creatinine (u-CRE) and urinary MDA/u-CRE levels did not differ significantly between the groups; however, it was difficult to evaluate them because of the small sample size. This report shows that plasma 8-OHdG and MDA concentrations increase with the severity of feline CKD. These markers may be useful for assessing oxidative stress in cats with CKD.

Changes in the cortisol level under the influence of physical exertion in patients with hypertension and in practically healthy individuals

Background. Today, there are difficulties with the prevention and diagnosis of early stages of hypertension, especially in active and able-bodied young people. Among the factors that potentiate an increase in blood pressure, one of the components is chronic stress, which a person often faces in modern society. The purpose of study is to evaluate and compare blood cortisol and plasma malondialdehyde content in healthy individuals and in patients with stage II hypertension before and after dosed exercises. Materials and methods. Thirty patients with stage II hypertension and 10 practically healthy persons were examined. Subjects performed two-stage physical exercises on a bicycle ergometer with an intensity corresponding to 50 and 75% of the appropriate maximum oxygen consumption of the body. The duration of the load was equal to 5 minutes at each stage with a three-minute rest between them. Blood was taken from the ulnar vein before cycling ergometry and 5 minutes after it. Blood cortisol and plasma malondialdehyde content were determined in patients before and after exercises. Results. A significant increase in cortisol content after exercises was noted in healthy individuals against the background of some decrease in patients with hypertension. It has been suggested that since people with high blood pressure already have an elevated initial level of cortisol, their threshold of stress sensitivity to physical exertion is increased. Submaximal bicycle ergometric load does not lead to an increase in blood cortisol levels in hypertensive patients. Conclusions. The background higher level of cortisol in individuals with hypertension does not increase under the influence of submaximal dosed exercises. An increase in the level of malondialdehyde can be considered a marker of the degree of stress for assessing the power of physical exertion. In view of the above, it can be stated that the activation of the sympathoadrenal system under the influence of emotional stress leads to an increase in blood pressure. There is sufficient evidence that psycho-emotional stress is a cause of white-coat hypertension and hypertension in the workplace.

&lt;i&gt;NOS2&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;NOS3&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;SONE&lt;/i&gt; gene transcripts levels in peripheral blood leukocytes and their relationship with markers of endothelial dysfunction in hypertension

Objective. The aim of the study was to evaluate the level of expression of the NOS2, NOS3, SONE genes in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) of patients with hypertension (HTN) and to study the relationship between the level of transcripts of these genes and the content of nitric oxide metabolites and markers of endothelial dysfunction.Design and methods. The study included healthy people (25 people) and patients with HTN (stages I–II) before prescribing antihypertensive drugs (15 people) and taking cardioselective β-adrenergic receptor blockers for more than a year (metoprolol (25 mg per day) or bisoprolol (5–10 mg per day)) (20 people). The level of gene transcripts was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The level of nitric oxide metabolites was determined by the colorimetric method using the Griess reagent. The content of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), soluble forms of vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM), and intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM) in blood plasma was determined by ELISA. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in blood plasma was determined spectrophotometrically by color reaction with thiobarbituric acid. Statistical processing of the results was carried out using the Statgraphics Centurion XVI software package (version 16.1.11).Results. The level of nitric oxide metabolites in the blood plasma of HTN patients without antihypertensive therapy was 2,1 times higher than in healthy individuals (p = 0,001) and 1,7 times higher than in patients with HTN taking metoprolol or bisoprolol (p = 0,002). The relative content of mRNA of the NOS3 gene in PBL of individuals included in the study did not differ (p &gt; 0,05). The level of NOS2 gene transcripts in PBL of HTN patients before the prescription of antihypertensive drugs exceeded that in healthy individuals (p = 0,0009) and in HTN patients taking metoprolol or bisoprolol (p = 0,0002). The number of SONE transcripts in the PBL of HTN patients was higher than in people with normal blood pressure (p &lt; 0,00001 when comparing patients before the prescription of antihypertensive therapy and individuals from the control group; p = 0,04 when comparing patients with HTN taking antihypertensive drugs and normotensive subjects). The content of MDA, ADMA, sVCAM was higher in the plasma of HTN patients without antihypertensive therapy compared with people from the control group (p = 0,005, 0,003, 0,039, respectively) and patients taking metoprolol or bisoprolol (p = 0,0006, 0,019, 0,016, respectively). The content of nitric oxide metabolites positively correlated with NOS2, SONE, VCAM1 mRNA level in PBL, the content of MDA and ADMA in blood plasma (p &lt; 0,05). A positive correlation was found between the concentration of MDA and ADMA in plasma (p = 0,03).Conclusions. An increase in the level of nitric oxide metabolites in HTN is associated with an increase in the transcriptional activity of the NOS2 gene, a disturbance of the redox balance of the body, and the development of endothelial dysfunction. The SONE gene is probably involved in the modulation of nitric oxide levels in HTN not only as an antisense transcript that destabilizes the mRNA of the NOS3 gene in vascular endothelial cells, but also indirectly, namely, through the regulation of homeostasis of immune system cells through autophagy.

Effect of Copper and Zinc Ions on Biochemical and Molecular Characteristics of Calcium Oxalate Renal Stones: a Controlled Clinical Study.

Contradictory results are existed in the literature regarding the impact of trace elements on the pathogenesis of calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone patients. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the effect of Cu and Zn on biochemical and molecular characteristics of CaOx stones. Plasma and urine concentrations of Cu and Zn in 30 CaOx stones patients and 20 controls were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Urinary levels of citric acid and oxalate were measured by commercial spectrophotometric kits. Blood levels of glutathione reduced (GSH) and catalase (CAT) were determined as markers of antioxidant activity, while blood malondialdehyde (MDA) and urine level of nitric oxide (NO) were used to assess oxidative stress. Gene expression of MAPk pathway (ERK, P38, and JNK) were estimated. The plasma and urine levels of Cu were significantly increased in the patient group compared to those of controls, while the levels of Zn were decreased. Excessive urinary excretion of citric acid and oxalate were found among CaOx stone patients. The GSH and CAT concentration were significantly reduced in CaOx stones patients compared to healthy group. The plasma MDA and urine NO concentration were significantly increased in CaOx stones patients compared to control group. The expressions of the studied genes were significantly increased in CaOx stones patients. These findings suggest that alteration in Cu and Zn might contribute to pathogenesis of CaOx patients through oxidative stress and MAPK pathway genes (ERK, P38 and JNK).

55 Impacts of dietary Protandim Nrf2 Synergizer on antioxidant status of mature, sedentary horses

Reactive oxygen species are normal by-products of cellular metabolism but may have detrimental effects on cellular matrices when overproduced. Dietary antioxidants may neutralize excess free radicals and prevent the imbalance of oxidants to antioxidants, referred to as oxidative stress. To test the hypothesis that supplementation of an herbal extract combination (Protandim Nrf2 Synergizer, LifeVantage Corporation) would improve the body's enzymatic defense system, 40 mature, sedentary horses (32 mares, 8 geldings, mean ± SD; 15.7 ± 4.9 y, 519 ± 46 kg) were stratified by age, sex, and body weight (BW) and randomly assigned to one of 4 dietary treatment groups for 56 d: 1) 0 mg (CON); 2) 675 mg (Pro1); 3) 2,025 mg (Pro3); or 4) 4,050 mg (Pro6) Protandim Nrf2 Synergizer per day (n = 10 per group). Horses were group housed and received a basal diet of coastal bermudagrass hay ad libitum and a custom-formulated concentrate grain fed individually at 0.5% BW/d (dry matter basis) split evenly between 2 meals per d. The supplement was top-dressed on the morning grain meal. Blood samples were collected at d 0, 28, and 56 of supplementation before the morning feeding and analyzed for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production and concentration, superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. Data were analyzed using linear models in SAS v9.4; sex, treatment, time, time × treatment were fixed effects and time was a repeated effect with horse(treatment) as the subject. Day 0 was included in all models as a covariate. No measure was impacted by dietary treatment. Regardless of treatment, whole blood SOD activity, plasma MDA, and serum H2O2 concentration decreased from d 0 to 28 (P ≤ 0.0001) and remained suppressed at d 56 (P ≤ 0.0007). Conversely, whole blood GPx activity increased from d 0 to 28 (P = 0.01) and decreased from d 28 to 56 (P = 0.02) to be similar to d 0 at d 56. Serum H2O2 production was greater in geldings than mares (P = 0.04) but no other variable was impacted by sex. Dietary supplementation of up to 4,050 mg/d Protandim Nrf2 Synergizer did not impact antioxidant status in mature, sedentary horses. Effects of supplementation on antioxidant status should be investigated in horses subjected to elevated oxidative insult, such as exercise.

ОЦЕНКА ИНТЕНСИВНОСТИ СВОБОДНО-РАДИКАЛЬНЫХ ПРОЦЕССОВ ПО ИЗМЕНЕНИЮ КОНЦЕНТРАЦИИ МАЛОНОВОГО ДИАЛЬДЕГИДА ПРИ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ СПОСОБАХ ПАРЕНТЕРАЛЬНОГО ВВЕДЕНИЯ ЛЮМИНОЛА

Assessment of the intensity of free-radical processes that change their activity in response to exogenous and endogenous intoxication is carried out by biochemical methods of determining the state of the antioxidant system of the body (AOS). This is a complex of methods, one indicator of which is the level of lipid peroxidation by accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA). Revealing certain features of the mutually regulating influence of the processes of lipid oxidation and antioxidant system of the body may serve as a criterion for evaluation and prognosis of the course of the pathological process in endogenous toxicity and correction of therapeutic tactics. Peroxidation in the elderly and old age is of particular importance, since there is still no definitive opinion on the dynamics of the physiological course of lipid peroxidation in this age group, the criteria for the transformation of peroxidation reactions from normal to pathogenic. In this work we evaluated the antioxidant activity and duration of the preservation effect on the antioxidant protection of the organism of the drug "Tameron" (sodium luminol) with different methods of parenteral administration in the model of age-related lower primates. At intramuscular and intravenous injection of the drug "Tameron" in experimental animals a marked decrease in the concentration of MDA in blood plasma was observed. This suggests a decrease in the activity of peroxidation processes and activation of antioxidant protection of the body, which is especially important in age-matched animals. It should be noted the preservation of low indicators of oxidative stress indicator in the representatives of the experimental group for a long time period (about a year) and suggest a pronounced antioxidant prolonged effect of the studied preparation, accompanied by alignment of MDA concentration throughout the group to statistically similar values.

Responses of growth performance, antioxidant function, small intestinal morphology and mRNA expression of jejunal tight junction protein to dietary iron in yellow-feathered broilers

This study aimed to investigate the dose-effect of iron on growth performance, antioxidant function, intestinal morphology, and mRNA expression of jejunal tight junction protein in 1- to 21-d-old yellow-feathered broilers. A total of 720 1-d-old yellow-feathered male broilers were allocated to 9 treatments with 8 replicate cages of 10 birds per cage. The dietary treatments were consisted of a basal diet (contained 79.6 mg Fe kg–1) supplemented with 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 160, 320, 640, and 1,280 mg Fe kg–1 in the form of FeSO4·7H2O. Compared with the birds in the control group, birds supplemented with 20 mg Fe kg–1 had higher average daily gain (ADG) (P<0.0001). Adding 640 and 1,280 mg Fe kg–1 significantly decreased ADG (P<0.0001) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P<0.0001) compared with supplementation of 20 mg Fe kg–1. Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in plasma and duodenum increased linearly (P<0.0001), but MDA concentration in liver and jejunum increased linearly (P<0.05) or quadratically (P<0.05) with increased dietary Fe concentration. The villus height (VH) in duodenum and jejunum, and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (V/C) in duodenum decreased linearly (P˂0.05) as dietary Fe increased. As dietary Fe increased, the jejunal relative mRNA abundance of claudin-1 decreased linearly (P=0.001), but the jejunal relative mRNA abundance of zona occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin decreased linearly (P˂0.05) or quadratically (P˂0.05). Compared with the supplementation of 20 mg Fe kg–1, the supplementation of 640 mg Fe kg–1 or higher increased (P˂0.05) MDA concentrations in plasma, duodenum, and jejunum, decreased VH in the duodenum and jejunum, and the addition of 1,280 mg Fe kg–1 reduced (P˂0.05) the jejunal tight junction protein (claudin-1, ZO-1, occludin) mRNA abundance. In summary, 640 mg of supplemental Fe kg–1 or greater was associated with decreased growth performance, increased oxidative stress, disrupted intestinal morphology, and reduced mRNA expression of jejunal tight junction protein.

Is Cataract in Patients under 60 Years Associated with Oxidative Stress?

Oxidative stress is considered as a possible factor in the genesis of cataract. The study aimed to determine the systemic antioxidant status in cataract patients under 60 years. We studied 28 consecutive cataract patients, mean of 53 years (SD = 9.2), a range of 22-60 and 37 controls. In erythrocytes, activity of antioxidant enzymes was determined: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), in contrast with plasma concentrations of vitamin A and E. Conjugated dienes (CD) level and protein carbonyls (PC) concentration were also determined in plasma. Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in erythrocytes and plasma were also measured. SOD and GPx activity and vitamin A and E concentrations were lower in cataract patients (p = 0.000511, 0.02, 0.022, and 0.000006, respectively). MDA plasma and erythrocytes concentrations were higher in cataract patients (p = 0.000001 and 0.0000001, respectively). PC concentration was higher in cataract patients than in controls (p = 0.00000013). There were statistically significant correlations between oxidative stress markers both in the cataract patients group as well as in the control group. Cataract incidence in patients under 60 years seems to be accompanied by enhanced lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, as well as antioxidant defense depletion. Thus, supplementation with antioxidants could be beneficial in this group of patients.

Prognostic Value of Malondialdehyde (MDA) in the Temporal Progression of Chronic Spinal Cord Injury.

Oxidative stress is a major signature of spinal cord injury (SCI). The altered levels of various oxidative stress markers have been demonstrated in acute and chronic SCI. However, the variation of these markers in patients with chronic SCI depending on the time since the initial injury has not been explored yet. Our aim was to measure plasma levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of lipid peroxidation in patients with SCI stratified in different periods of suffering the injury (0-5 years, 5-10 years, and more than 10 years). This cross-sectional study enrolled patients with SCI (N = 105) from different periods of the lesion and healthy control (HC) subjects (N = 38): short period (SCI SP, N = 31, time of evolution less than 5 years); early chronic (SCI ECP, N = 32, time of evolution 5-15 years); and late chronic (SCI LCP, N = 42, time of evolution more than 15 years). The plasma levels of MDA were measured using a commercially available colorimetric assay. Patients with SCI had significantly higher plasma levels of MDA than HC subjects. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for plasma MDA levels in patients with SCI demonstrated areas under the curve (AUC) of 1 (HC vs. SCI-SP); 0.998 (HC vs. SCI-ECP); and 0.964 (HC vs. SCI-LCP). Additionally, three ROC curves were used to compare the different concentrations of MDA between the subgroups of patients with SCI, and the resulting AUCs were: 0.896 (SCI-SP vs. SCI-ECP); 0.840 (SCI-ECP vs. SCI-LCP); and 0.979 (SCI-SP vs. SCI-LCP). Plasma concentration of MDA can be considered as an oxidative stress biomarker to assess the prognosis of SCI in chronic stages.

Effects of dietary lysine level on the growth performance, protein metabolism, and antioxidant status in Hemibagrus wyckioides juveniles

AbstractAn 11‐week feeding trial was conducted to assess the dietary lysine requirement for juvenile Hemibagrus wyckioides. Six isoproteic and isoenergetic diets (41.66% crude protein, 20.56 kJ/g gross energy) containing 1.1%, 1.5%, 1.9%, 2.3%, 2.7%, and 3.1% lysine were prepared to feed juveniles (average initial body weights of 1.25 g), respectively. The weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and protein efficiency ratio significantly improved with the dietary lysine level up to 2.3%, 1.9%, 2.3%, and 2.3%, and then plateaued afterwards. The highest midgut trypsin and lipase activities as well as plasma antioxidant enzyme activities and nitric oxide content but the lowest plasma malondialdehyde content were recorded in fish fed diet with 2.3% lysine. Fish fed diets with 1.9% or 2.3% lysine exhibited the highest plasma total protein and insulin contents, the lowest plasma ammonia content, and relative expression levels of glutamate dehydrogenase in the liver and adenosine monophosphate deaminase in the liver and muscle. Similarly, fish‐fed diet with 2.7% lysine showed the lowest hepatic alanine aminotransferase activity but the highest hepatic expression level of the mammalian target of rapamycin. Broken‐line regression analysis based on SGR and FCR showed that the dietary lysine requirement for juvenile H. wyckioides was 2.04% to 2.09%, while dietary lysine of 2.3% was optimum for the antioxidant status of H. wyckioides.

Selenium-enriched Bacillus subtilis Improves Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Status, and Gut Health of Broiler Chickens.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of selenium (Se)-enriched Bacillus subtilis (Se-BS) on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune status, and gut health in broilers. A total of 240 one-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly allotted to four groups and fed with basal diet (control group), 0.30mg/kg Se (SS group), 3 × 109CFU/g B. subtilis (BS group), and 0.30mg/kg Se + 3 × 109CFU/g B. subtilis (Se-BS group) for 42days. The results showed that Se-BS supplementation increased body weight (BW), average daily gain, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and the contents of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and immunoglobulin (Ig) G in plasma, the index and wall thickness of the duodenum, the villus height and crypt depth of the jejunum, and GPx-1 and thioredoxin reductase 1 mRNA levels in liver and intestine and decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR) and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) content compared with the control group on day 42 (P < 0.05). Compared with groups SS and BS, Se-BS supplementation increased BW, the activities of GPx, CAT, and POD, and the contents of IL-2, IL-4, and IgG in plasma, the index and wall thickness of the duodenum, the crypt depth and secretory IgA content of the jejunum, and GPx-1 mRNA levels in liver and intestine and decreased FCR and plasma MDA content on day 42 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, Se-BS supplementation effectively improved the growth performance antioxidant capacity, immune status, and gut health of broilers.

The effects of simvastatin and fenofibrate on malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione concentrations in the plasma, liver, and brain of normolipidaemic and hyperlipidaemic rats.

The objective of study was to investigate the effects of different doses of simvastatin and fenofibrate on malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in the plasma, liver, and brain tissue of male normolipidaemic and hyperlipidaemic rats. Normolipidaemic (Wistar) rats were receiving 10 or 50 mg/kg a day of simvastatin or 30 or 50 mg/kg a day of fenofibrate. Hyperlipidaemic (Zucker) rats were receiving 50 mg/kg/day of simvastatin or 30 mg/kg/day of fenofibrate. Control normolipidaemic and hyperlipidaemic rats were receiving saline. Simvastatin, fenofibrate, and saline were administered by gavage for three weeks. In normolipidaemic rats simvastatin and fenofibrate showed similar and dose-independent effects on plasma and brain MDA and GSH concentrations. Generally, plasma and brain MDA decreased, while brain GSH concentration increased. In hyperlipidaemic rats simvastatin did not affect plasma and brain MDA and GSH concentrations but significantly decreased liver GSH. Fenofibrate decreased plasma and liver MDA but increased brain MDA. In both rat strains fenofibrate significantly decreased liver GSH concentrations, most likely because fenofibrate metabolites bind to GSH. Our findings suggest that simvastatin acts as an antioxidant only in normolipidaemic rats, whereas fenofibrate acts as an antioxidant in both rat strains.

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Severity Is Related to Plasma Pro-Oxidative Biomarkers Rather Than Liver Tissue-Measured Nitrogen Metabolism Biomarkers in Population with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome.

Background: The metabolic syndrome (MS) is associated with an increased production of nitrogen metabolites and elevated oxidative stress, which favors progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Subjects with the phenotype known as metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) meet most of the MS cardiometabolic risk criteria and show a higher risk of advanced NAFLD severity, compared with the so-widely known metabolically healthy obese (MHO). Obese individuals with MS are more susceptible to abnormal lipid accumulation in different tissues, whereas oxidative stress and nitrogen metabolites are increased in MS and/or obesity. This study aimed to explore whether plasma- or liver tissue-determined biomarkers of nitrogen metabolism and oxidative stress relate to NAFLD severity and/or metabolic phenotype. Methods: This cross-sectional study included candidates for bariatric surgery with biopsy-proven NAFLD diagnosis and staging. For comparison, the study population was divided according to NAFLD damage (steatohepatitis F0-F1 vs. steatohepatitis F2-F4) and metabolic phenotype (MHO vs MUO, based on the MS criteria). Hepatic and plasma concentrations of nitrogen metabolites and oxidative stress biomarkers were determined by enzymatic kinetics assays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Greiss reaction. Results: The study population (N = 45) was constituted by patients with obesity and higher prevalence of dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. According to plasma biomarkers, MUO phenotype was related to higher cardiometabolic risk; meanwhile, advanced NAFLD damage was related to higher glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and triglycerides. Elevated hepatic concentrations of ammonium, nitrites, arginine, and citrulline were found in MUO phenotype, but only higher plasma concentration of malondialdehyde was found as specifically related to advanced NAFLD damage. Conclusions: Circulating biomarkers of redox state were selectively related to advanced NAFLD damage, suggesting prognostic and therapeutic targets. Hepatic concentrations of nitrogen metabolism biomarkers may be more related to cardiometabolic risk.

Effects of dietary β-glucan on growth rate, antioxidant status, immune response, and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in genetic improvement of farmed tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus)

This study was conducted to assess the influences of dietary β-glucan on growth rate, antioxidant status, immunity response, and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus). Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.8% β-glucan, respectively. Fish with similar size (average body weight, 3.43 ± 0.02 g) were randomly distributed into 12 tanks with 40 juveniles per tank and hand-fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 10 weeks. The fish were then challenged by A. hydrophila and their cumulative survival rate was recorded for the next week. No obvious influences on growth rate and feed utilization of GIFT were induced by dietary β-glucan addition (P > 0.05). However, dietary 0.4% β-glucan inclusion increased the serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level but decreased the triglyceride, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels as well as alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities (P < 0.05). Similarly, the increased intestinal superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) activities as well as the decreased intestinal malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species contents were also observed in GIFT fed diet with 0.4% β-glucan (P < 0.05). Dietary addition of 0.8% β-glucan increased the plasma SOD, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase, and TAC activities, but reduced the plasma MDA content (P < 0.05). Dietary β-glucan inclusion regardless of levels improved the hepatic SOD, glutathione reductase, catalase, peroxidase, TAC, and acid phosphatase activities, but depressed the hepatic nitric oxide and MDA contents (P < 0.05). Plasma lysozyme activity was improved by the inclusion of 0.4% and 0.8% β-glucan (P < 0.05); plasma immunoglobulin M, complement 3 and complement 4 contents were improved by dietary β-glucan inclusion (P < 0.05); respiratory burst activity of macrophages was improved by the addition of 0.2% β-glucan (P < 0.05). Additionally, dietary β-glucan supplementation reduced the mortality rate and increased the relative percentage survival of GIFT challenged by A. hydrophila (P < 0.05). These results indicated that suitable β-glucan inclusion (0.4–0.8%) could promote the antioxidant status, immune response and disease resistance of GIFT, and β-glucan can be used as a feed additive for GIFT.

ENZYME ACTIVITY OF CARBOHYDRATE AND AMINOACID METABOLISM, LIPID PEROXIDATION IN CARP TISSUES UNDER THE EFFECT OF 19-NORTESTOSTERONE

The aim of the study was to investigate the activity of a number of enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, individual amino acids, creatine phosphate, inorganic phosphorus and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the hepatopancreas and blood plasma of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) under the influence of the synthetic steroid 19-norethisterone. The experiments were conducted on two-year-old carps, which were kept for 24 hours in aquariums with different concentrations of 19-nortestosterone in water at optimal temperature, oxygen content and pH. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in the supernatant fraction of hepatopancreatic homogenate was monitored by UV-kinetic and colourimetric methods. The activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) was determined spectrophotometrically by the accumulation of NADPH, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gl-6-PDH) and glucose-6-phosphatase (Gl-6-Phase) - by the accumulation of NADH in the reactions of conversion of the corresponding substrates. Conventional biochemical methods were used to determine the concentration of diene conjugates, malondialdehyde (MDA), lipid hydroperoxides, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in blood plasma and supernatant fraction of hepatopancreatic homogenate. Conventional biochemical methods were used to determine the concentration of diene conjugates, malondialdehyde (MDA), lipid hydroperoxides, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in blood plasma and the supernatant fraction of hepatopancreatic homogenate. It was found that fish exposed to water with a concentration of synthetic steroid 19-nortestosterone of 50 µg/dm3 for 24 hours had higher levels of MDA and diene conjugates, increased activity of CAT and SOD in blood plasma, increased activity of ALP, ALT, AST, CK, CAT and SOD in the hepatopancreatic supernatant fraction, and LDH remained unchanged, as well as the level of lipid hydroperoxides in blood plasma. Under the influence of 19-nortestosterone, the activity of Gl-6-FDG and IDDG in the mitochondrial fraction of carp hepatopancreas increases, and that of Gl-6-phase in the supernatant. At a concentration of 19-nortestosterone in water of 200 μg/dm3, the content of lipid hydroperoxides in the blood plasma of carp increases, and in the hepatopancreatic supernatant fraction - diene conjugates and SOD activity, while ALP and CPK decrease relative to their values in fish with a low level of xenobiotic in water. The content of MDA, diene conjugates, as well as the activity of CAT, SOD, ALP, CPK and LDH in blood plasma, IDH and Gl-6-PDH in the mitochondrial fraction and Gl-6-Phase and LDH in the hepatopancreatic supernatant did not change, but remained higher than in the control. It was concluded that 19-nortestosterone stimulates carbohydrate metabolism, amino acids alanine and aspartate transamination, creatine phosphate conversion, antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation in the hepatopancreas of two-year-old carp. The obtained results deepen the understanding of the mechanism of action of synthetic steroids in bony fish, and the differences in enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation can be important criteria for ecotoxicological assessment of water bodies contaminated with hormonal compounds.

The association between reactive oxygen species and α-tocopherol treatment in a sample of infertile Iraq male

Male infertility estimated about 20-70% of couples or >30 million men worldwide. The goal of this study was to elucidate the interrelations between oxidative stress (O.S) in seminal fluid and antioxidant inducing disruption of spermatogenesis. Twenty four infertile patients aged (23-41) years were involved in this study. Which were received α- tocopherol (vitamin E). This group (vit E group) was sub classified according to the WHO criteria (2010) into three different subgroups: oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (OAT) Asthenoteratozoo- spermia (A.T), and Asthenozoospermia (Astheno.). The control group consist of samples obtained from healthy donors of proven fertility (n=23). The main parameters were determined in seminal fluid of infertile patients and healthy men are the sperm and seminal plasma Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, and vitamin E concentration in seminal plasma. The results showed that, there was a high significant decrease (p≤0.001) in sperm parameters (concentration, progressive motility and normal morphology), and vitamin E concentration in infertile group compared with that fertile group.After analyzing the statistically difference in the different measured parameters between the vit E group after treatment, in comparison with that of before treatment; the following was observed A high significant increase (p≤0.001) were found in progressive motility, sperm [MDA] (MDAp), vitamin E concentration, and significant increase (P ≤0.05) in the sperm concentration. From all of these observations, it can be concluded that O.S contributes most likely to sperm damage and may be responsible for poor seminal fluid characteristic of the infertile patients involved in the present study. Antioxidants α-tocopherol (vitamin E) plays an important role in the improvement of seminal fluid parameters.

Effect of Diet and Supplementation on Serum Vitamin C Concentration and Antioxidant Activity in Dialysis Patients.

Loss of vitamin C, especially in conjunction with an inadequate supply, can lead to decreased plasma concentrations of vitamin C. This in turn can lead to overt or subclinical deficiency. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of diet and supplementation on vitamin C concentrations and serum antioxidant activity (FRAP) in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Sixty-eight HD patients participated in the study. In all of them, the diet was initially determined, and they were divided into five groups according to the diet and supplementation used. Group 1 received an unchanged diet, considered by them to be optimal; in group 2, the standard diet used in HD patients was introduced; in group 3, a standard diet enriched with natural antioxidants was employed; in group 4, a standard diet as in group 2 was used, but enriched with supplements (vitamin C, vitamin E, Se, and Zn). In contrast, group 5 consisted of HD patients with coexisting diabetes. Vitamin C serum levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC and antioxidant activity by The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma FRAP. The study shows that a well-chosen diet can slow the build-up of malnutrition and increase antioxidant activity as measured by the FRAP method in the blood of hemodialysis patients. Vitamin C supplementation can improve antioxidant status in hemodialysis patients. * The results presented in this paper complement our study, which assessed the effect of diet on the activity of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes: Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), but also on the concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidants (tocopherols, carotenoids, and vitamin C) in hemodialysis patients. In the study, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were assessed as an indicator of oxidative damage.

Effects of microfiber exposure on medaka (Oryzias latipes): Oxidative stress, cell damage, and mortality

Fiber-type microplastics are major anthropogenic contaminants of marine environments. They are released mainly during cloth washing and are discharged from wastewater treatment plants into aquatic environments. This study aimed to evaluate whether microfiber exposure causes oxidative stress and cell damage in medaka (Oryzias latipes Temminck and Schlegel 1846). Fish were exposed to one of two different concentrations (500 and 1000 fibers/L) of a polyester-based microfiber (MF) for 21 days, and the degree of cell damage and changes in expression of antioxidant enzymes were investigated. Fish survival decreased with increasing concentrations of MF. The expression levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) increased in MF-exposed groups compared to those in the control. SOD activity increased compared to the control group, and MF exposure induced a significant increase in both SOD activity and mRNA expression over time. CAT mRNA expression increased from day 10 onwards following exposure. Plasma malondialdehyde content increased significantly on day 7 of exposure in the 1000 fiber/L group and on day 10 in the 500 fiber/L group. Caspase-3 mRNA expression significantly increased until day 10 of exposure. A terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay confirmed increased apoptosis, and a comet assay demonstrated that higher DNA damage occurred in response to increased MF concentration and exposure time. In conclusion, we confirmed that MF exposure affects antioxidant reactions in fish, thus inducing oxidative stress, apoptosis, and DNA damage. In addition, a comprehensive understanding of MF pollution in aquatic systems is urgently required.

Relation between blood levels of heavy metals and some markers of oxidative stress among boys with neuropathic bladder and posterior urethral valve

BackgroundThe status of heavy metals in children with lower urinary tract pathology that may harm the upper tract, e.g., neuropathic bladder and posterior urethral valve and its relationship with oxidative stress has not been adequately investigated. Therefore, the object of the current work was to evaluate the concentrations of copper, zinc, cadmium and lead and their relations with levels of catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) in boys with neuropathic bladder and posterior urethral valve. MethodsThirty-six children with neuropathic bladder, 35 children with posterior urethral valve and 33 health controls were included in the study. In addition to routine laboratory tests, blood samples were collected from patients and controls to assess levels of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in addition to plasma concentrations of CAT, MDA and GSH. ResultsSignificantly elevated levels of Cu, Pb, CAT, MDA and GSH and significantly lower concentration of blood Zn were found in the studied groups compared to the controls. In the posterior urethral valve group, blood level of Cu was positively correlated with GSH while a significantly negative relation was observed between blood Zn and CAT activity among the neuropathic bladder patients. ConclusionNeuropathic bladder and posterior urethral valve may lead to abnormalities in the blood levels of heavy metals (i.e. Cu, Pb and Zn) and markers of oxidative stress (CAT, MDA and GSH). Therefore, the levels of theses metal ions should be monitored during the treatment course of neuropathic bladder and posterior urethral valve patients to prevent or minimize long-term oxidative injury.

Assessment of Seminal Plasma Creatine Kinase Activity and Malondialdehyde Concentration among Normozoospermia but Infertile Men

Background: Despite the considerable research efforts that have been made by Reproductive Biologists to understand the etiologies of male infertility, idiopathic male factor infertility still remains unexplained. It occurs in about 10% cases of infertility. Since the etiologies cannot be identified using routine semen analysis, it is important to identify cellular and sub-cellular sperm complications that may help to explain the cause(s) of the infertility, thus stimulate caregivers to direct the further work-up, diagnosis and counseling of affected individuals. The objective of this study was to determine seminal plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration among normozoospermia but infertile males. Materials and Methods: After routine semen analysis, seminal plasma CK activity and MDA were determined among 75 normozoospermia but infertile men and 50 men of proven fertility using spectrophotometric method. Unpaired Students-t-test and regression analysis were used to compare and associate CK activity and MDA concentration with sperm characteristics. Results: Significantly higher (p&lt;0.001) level of MDA and CK activity were observed among infertile subjects than control group. Sperm count, percent motility, and viability were significantly lower (p&lt;0.05) among study participants than control subjects. Similarly, percentage abnormal morphology was significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) among infertile subjects than control group. The Odds of elevated CK activity to impair sperm motility, viability and morphology were 9.12(CI 102.6, 318.3), 3.18 (CI 129.9, 170.8) and 1.9 (CI 192.2, 208.1) times respectively higher among infertile group than controls. Similarly, the Odds of higher levels of MDA to impair sperm cell motility, viability and morphology were 5.02(CI 2.14, 4.6), 2.26(CI 2.34, 3.64) and 2.9 (CI 2.12, 3.73) times respectively higher among infertile group than control subjects. Conclusions: The seminal plasma CK activity and MDA constitute good indicators of functional metabolic activity and fertility potentials of spermatozoa among subjects with unexplained infertility.