Plasma Magnesium Research Articles

Hypomagnesemia in Type 2 Diabetes is Correlated with Insulin Resistance and Changes in Lipid Metabolism in Patients and Mice

BackgroundHypomagnesemia (plasma magnesium (Mg2+) concentration <0.7 mmol/L) is a common phenomenon in patients with type 2 diabetes. Hypomagnesemia is of significant clinical importance as it results in a faster renal decline and is associated with a worse disease progression and outcome. In this study, we aimed to identify determinants of plasma Mg2+ levels in a cohort of type 2 diabetes patients and to investigate the effect of hypomagnesemia on glucose and lipid metabolism in mice.MethodsPatient data and samples of 395 type 2 diabetes patients were investigated. Plasma Mg2+ concentrations were measured using a spectrophotometric assay. Using Pearson correlation analyses, variables were correlated to plasma Mg2+ levels. After excluding confounding variables, all parameters correlating (P<0.1) with plasma Mg2+ were included in a stepwise backward regression model. Mice (n=12/group) were fed either a normal or high fat diet (HFD) (10 or 60 kCal %) in combination with a normal or low Mg2+ content (0.03 or 0.21 w/w %) for 17 weeks. Serum Mg2+ levels and body weight were followed for the entire duration of the study. Serum Mg2+, triglyceride and free fatty acid concentrations were measured using spectrophotometric assays. An intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test, reflecting insulin sensitivity, was performed at 14 weeks of the study.ResultsThe mean plasma Mg2+ concentration in this patient cohort was 0.74 ± 0.10 mmol/L. In total, 121 type 2 diabetes patients (30.6%) suffered from hypomagnesemia. Both plasma triglyceride (r=−0.273, P<0.001) and actual glucose levels (r=−0.231, P<0.001) negatively correlated with the plasma Mg2+ concentration. Patients using metformin (n=251, 62%), proton pump inhibitors (n=179, 45%) or β‐adrenergic receptor agonists (n=31, 8%) displayed reduced plasma Mg2+ levels. The model predicted (R2) 20% of all variance in the plasma Mg2+ concentration. In mice receiving low dietary Mg2+, the HFD induced severe hypomagnesemia (serum Mg2+ 0.97 ± 0.05 vs. 0.48 ± 0.01 mmol/L, P<0.001). On the other hand, low dietary Mg2+ concentration abrogated the HFD induced weight gain (bodyweight 47.00 ± 1.53 vs. 38.51 ± 1.51 gr, P<0.001). Despite the decreased weight gain, hypomagnesemic HFD mice showed equal serum triglyceride and free fatty acid levels compared to HFD mice (triglyceride 1.07 ± 0.10 vs. 1.32 ± 0.14 mmol/L; free fatty acid 1.62 ± 0.08 vs. 1.81 ± 0.09 mmol/L). Moreover, hypomagnesemic HFD mice also showed reduced blood glucose clearance 20 minutes post insulin‐injection (relative blood glucose −0.41 ± 0.03 vs. −0.24 ± 0.07 compared to ‘0 min’, P<0.05).ConclusionsHypomagnesemia is highly prevalent in type 2 diabetes patients. Plasma triglycerides and glucose levels are major determinants of the plasma Mg2+ concentration in these patients. In mice, HFD induces hypomagnesemia. Moreover, reduced dietary Mg2+ content attenuates fat‐induced weight gain, but increases insulin resistance and serum lipid concentrations. Thus, Mg2+ levels affect both lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity.Support or Funding InformationThis study was supported by funding from the Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science and by grants from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO VICI 016.130.668) and the EURenOmics project from the European Union seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013, agreement no. 305608) to Joost Hoenderop. Jeroen H.F. de Baaij is supported by grants from NWO (Rubicon 825.14.021) and the Dutch Kidney Foundation (Kolff grant 14OKG17).

Investigation of the effects of magnesium orotate in a model of primary generalized seizures

Objective : to investigate the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects of magnesium orotate in a rat thiosemicarbazide model of seizures in rats. Material and methods . The investigation was conducted in 112 male albino rats weighing 200 g, in which severe clonic-tonic seizures weresimulated by the convulsant thiosemicarbazide. The anticonvulsant effects against of thiosemicarbazide-induced seizures were evaluated in the following drugs: gabapentin; a combination of gabapentin + magnesium orotate; sodium valproate; a combination of sodium valproate + magnesium orotate; and magnesium orotate. The neurological status, characteristics of seizures, survival rates, body weight, and plasma and red blood cell magnesium concentrations were compared. After completing the animal experiment, the animals were euthanized and the histological characteristics of their brains and nerves were analyzed. Results. Magnesium orotate was ascertained to reduce the severity and duration of thiosemicarbazide-induced seizures, to increase animal survival rates, and to potentiate the anticonvulsant action of gabapentin and sodium valproate. The neurohistological findings showed that the used model of seizures led to ischemic brain damage. Conclusion . It has been concluded that magnesium orotate minimized the level of ischemic damage to nerve cells and contributed to restoration of the morphology of brain tissues after thiosemicarbazide administration.

Alterations of growth performance, hematological parameters, and plasma constituents in the sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria depending on ammonia concentrations

Juvenile Anoplopoma fimbria (mean length 16.8 ± 2.2 cm, and mean weight 72.8 ± 5.4 g) were exposed for 2 months with different levels of ammonia (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.25 mg/L). Growth performances such as daily length gain, daily weight gain, condition factor, and hepatosomatic index were significantly decreased by ammonia exposure. Hematological parameters such as red blood cell (RBC) count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were also significantly decreased. In plasma inorganic components, calcium and magnesium were significantly decreased by ammonia exposure. In plasma organic components, there was no alteration in cholesterol and total protein. In enzyme plasma components, glutamic oxalate transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were significantly increased. The results of this study indicated that ammonia exposure can induce significant growth reduction and blood biochemistry alterations of A. fimbria.

Identification of the putative goldfish (Carassius auratus) magnesium transporter SLC41a1 and functional regulation in the gill, kidney, and intestine in response to dietary and environmental manipulations

While magnesium requirements for teleost fish highlight the physiological importance of this cation for homeostasis, little is known regarding the molecular identity of transporters responsible for magnesium absorption or secretion. The recent characterization of the vertebrate magnesium transporter solute carrier 41a1 (SLC41a1) in the kidney of a euryhaline fish has provided a glimpse of possible moieties involved in piscine magnesium regulation. The present study obtained a novel SLC41a1 coding sequence for Carassius auratus and demonstrated ubiquitous expression in all tissues examined. Transcriptional regulation of SLC41a1 in response to dietary and environmental magnesium concentrations was observed across tissues. Specifically, decreased environmental magnesium correlated with decreased expression of SLC41a1 in the intestine, whereas the gill and kidney were unaffected. Dietary magnesium restriction correlated with decreased expression of SLC41a1 in the intestine and gill, while again no effects were detected in the kidney. Finally, elevated dietary magnesium correlated with increased expression of SLC41a1 in the kidney, while expression in the intestine and gill remained stable. Plasma magnesium was maintained in all treatments, and dietary assimilation efficiency increased with decreased dietary magnesium. Consumption of a single meal failed to impact SLC41a1 expression, and transcript abundance remained stable over the course of digestion in all treatments. Transcriptional regulation occurred between 7 and 14days following dietary and environmental manipulations and short-term regulation (e.g. <24h) was not observed. Overall the data supports transcriptional regulation of SLC41a1 reflecting a possible role in magnesium loss or secretion across tissues in fish.

Development and Validation of High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography for Determination of Esomeprazole Magnesium in Human Plasma

A simple, sensitive, rapid and economic high performance thin layer chromatographic method has been developed for determination of Esomeprazole magnesium in human plasma by liquid-liquid extraction. The plasma sample was extracted using chloroform. A concentration range from 200-700 ng/spot of Esomeprazole magnesium was used for calibration curve. The percent recovery of Esomeprazole magnesium was found 101.61 percent. The mobile phase constitute of ethyl acetate: methanol: ammonia (32%) (9:1: 0.5 v/v). Densiometric analysis was carried out at wavelength 301 nm. The Rf value for Esomeprazole magnesium was found 0.54 ± 0.05. The stability of Esomeprazole magnesium in human plasma was confirmed during freeze thaw cycles at -30°C, on bench top during 24 h at room temperature and post preparative for 48 h. The proposed method was validated statistically by performing recovery study for determination of Esomeprazole magnesium in human plasma by liquid-liquid extraction.

Antiurolithiatic Effect of Sirupeelai Samoola Kudineer: A Polyherbal Siddha Decoction on Ethylene Glycol-induced Renal Calculus in Experimental Rats.

Background:Sirupeelai Samoola Kudineer (SK), a polyherbal decoction containing four medicinal plants has been used in Siddha system of medicine, practiced in Southern parts of India for the management of urolithiasis.Objective:The present study is carried out to scientifically validate the traditional claim and to study the mechanism of action of the drug.Materials and Methods:In the present study, anti-urolithiatic effect of SK was evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats using ethylene glycol through drinking water and intraperitoneal injection of sodium oxalate. Renal damage was confirmed by the increased production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS).Results:Co-treatment with SK to urolithiatic rats for 21 days significantly prevented the elevation of renal and urinary stone biomarkers in plasma and renal tissue thereby preventing renal damage and the formation of renal calculi. Administration of SK at all doses and cystone restored the antioxidant (glutathione) levels by preventing the elevation of TBARS in the kidney tissue, which was further confirmed by histological sections.Conclusions:SK treatment promotes diuresis which leads to flushing of the renal stones and maintains the alkaline environment in the urinary system which probably mediates the antilithiatic activity. SK provides structural and functional protection to the kidneys by enhancing its physiological function against stone formation and validates its clinical use.SUMMARY SK exhibited antilithiatic and diuretic potential in ethylene glycol and sodium oxalate induced urolithiasis in ratsElevated urinary stone markers (Calcium, oxalate, uric acid, magnesium and phosphates) in plasma and renal tubular enzymes (LDH, GGT, ALP, AST ALT) in urolithiatic rats were reversed by SK treatmentSK administration significantly reduced the level of renal stress markers like Urea, Creatinine, LPO and elevated SOD, GPx, GSH levels aiding in nephroprotectionSK also provides structural and functional protection against ethylene glycol- induced renal calculus in rats as evidenced by histopathological studies. Abbreviations used: SK: Sirupeelai Samoola Kudineer; TBARS: ThioBarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; SOD: SuperOxide Dismutase; GPx: Gluthathione peroxidase; GSH- Glutathione; LPO: Lipid peroxidation as measured as TBARS; AST: Aspartate AminoTransferase; ALT: Alanine Amino transferase; GGT: Gamma Glutamyl Transferase; LDH: Lactate Dehydrogenase.

Tube Cystostomy in Male Buffalo Calves (Bubalus bubalis) Suffering From Retention of Urine

To evaluate tube cystostomy for the management of obstructive urolithiasis, 35 buffalo calves suffering from retention of urine were randomly selected for the study. Diagnosis was made on the basis of a history of anuria, clinical signs, abdominocentesis and ultrasonographic examinations. The confirmed cases of obstructive urolithiasis were managed by surgical tube cystostomy technique with Foley's catheter. In all the affected buffalo calves, anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics along with urine acidifiers (ammonium chloride) were given. The affected buffalo calves had higher Heart rate, Respiration rate, but normal Rectal temperature. Haemoglobin (Hb), Packed cell volume (PCV), Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, phosphorus and potassium, Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) levels were higher, whereas calcium, total plasma protein, albumin, globulin and albumin:globulin (A:G) ratio were lower than normal reference value and plasma sodium, magnesium and alkaline phosphatase values were within normal reference range. Urine analysis revealed high pH and low specific gravity. Staphylococcus spp., E.coli and Streptococcus spp.were the most common organisms isolated from the urine of affected animals, which were sensitive to cephalosporine and fluoroquinolone groups of antibiotics. The overall recovery rate was 91.42%. It may be concluded that tube cystostomy was treatment of choice and feasible method for the surgical management of obstructive urolithiasis in field conditions. The oral ammonium chloride may be beneficial for the medical dissolution of urethral calculi.

Decrease in Ionized and Total Magnesium Blood Concentrations in Endurance Athletes Following an Exercise Bout Restores within Hours—Potential Consequences for Monitoring and Supplementation

Magnesium is essential for optimal sport performance, generating an interest to monitor its status in athletes. However, before measuring magnesium status in blood could become routine, more insight into its diurnal fluctuations and effects of exercise itself is necessary. Therefore, we measured the effect of an acute bout of exercise on ionized (iMg) and total plasma magnesium (tMg) in blood obtained from 18 healthy well-trained endurance athletes (age, 31.1 ± 8.1 yr.; VO2max, 50.9 ± 7.5 ml/kg/min) at multiple time points, and compared this with a resting situation. At both days, 7 blood samples were taken at set time points (8:30 fasted, 11:00, 12:30, 13:30, 15:00, 16:00, 18:30). The control day was included to correct for a putative diurnal fluctuation of magnesium. During the exercise day, athletes performed a 90 min bicycle ergometer test (70% VO2max) between 11:00 and 12:30. Whole blood samples were analyzed for iMg and plasma for tMg concentrations. Both concentrations decreased significantly after exercise (0.52 ± 0.04-0.45 ± 0.03 mmol/L and 0.81 ± 0.07-0.73 ± 0.06 mmol/L, respectively, p < .001) while no significant decline was observed during that time-interval on control days. Both, iMg and tMg, returned to baseline, on average, 2.5 hr after exercise. These findings suggest that timing of blood sampling to analyze Mg status is important. Additional research is needed to establish the recovery time after different types of exercise to come to a general advice regarding the timing of magnesium status assessment in practice.

Determination of Membrane intracellular and plasma magnesium and calcium concentration in preeclampsia: A cross sectional study

This is cross sectional study was done to determine the plasma concentrations of calcium, magnesium in women with, preeclampsia and in normal pregnancy. This study was carried in Ebn Siena Hospital, Khartoum. Fifty subjects were evaluate in this study, 25 preclampsia patients as cases and 25 healthy apparently as control groups. 50 pregnant women divided in tow groups, group one diagnosed with preecalmpisa (diastolic blood pressure >90 mmHg; urinary albumin excretion >300 mgL), 25 patients, and group tow (25) as control. The age ranging between 35-55 years. This study carried in Ebn Siena Hospital, Khartoum state from February to May 2015, To investigate the plasma concentrations of calcium, magnesium in women with, preeclampsia and in normal pregnancy. Easylyte used to estimate Mg++ , Ca++ levels, the result found that a significant decrease in the plasma calcium concentration in the preeclamptic group compared to controls or healthy pregnant women (P < .05). Plasma magnesium concentrations were significantly lower in the healthy pregnant group and the preeclamptic group as compared to controls (P < .000).

Determinants of hypomagnesemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Hypomagnesemia (plasma magnesium (Mg2+) concentration <0.7 mmol/L) has been described in patients with type 2 diabetes. Polypharmacy is inevitable when treating a complex disease such as type 2 diabetes and could explain disturbances in the plasma Mg2+ concentration. In this study, we aimed to establish the extent of hypomagnesemia in a cohort of type 2 diabetes patients and to identify the determinants of plasma Mg2+ levels. Patient data and samples of 395 type 2 diabetes patients were investigated. Plasma Mg2+ concentrations were measured using a spectrophotometric assay. Using Pearson correlation analyses, variables were correlated to plasma Mg2+ levels. After excluding confounding variables, all parameters correlating (P < 0.1) with plasma Mg2+ were included in a stepwise backward regression model. The mean plasma Mg2+ concentration in this cohort was 0.74 ± 0.10 mmol/L. In total, 121 patients (30.6%) suffered from hypomagnesemia. Both plasma triglyceride (r = -0.273, P < 0.001) and actual glucose levels (r = -0.231, P < 0.001) negatively correlated with the plasma Mg2+ concentration. Patients using metformin (n = 251, 62%), proton pump inhibitors (n = 179, 45%) or β-adrenergic receptor agonists (n = 31, 8%) displayed reduced plasma Mg2+ levels. Insulin use (n = 299, 76%) positively correlated with plasma Mg2+ levels. The model predicted (R2) 20% of all variance in the plasma Mg2+ concentration. Hypomagnesemia is highly prevalent in type 2 diabetes patients. Plasma triglycerides and glucose levels are major determinants of the plasma Mg2+ concentration, whereas only a minor part (<10%) of hypomagnesemia can be explained by drug intake, excluding polypharmacy as a major cause for hypomagnesemia in type 2 diabetes.

Potassium and Magnesium Supplementation Do Not Protect Against Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Operation: A Time-Matched Analysis

Despite a lack of demonstrated efficacy, potassium and magnesium supplementation are commonly thought to prevent postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) after cardiac operation. Our aim was to evaluate the natural time course of electrolyte level changes after cardiac operation and their relation to POAF occurrence. Data were reviewed from 2,041 adult patients without preoperative AF who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting, valve operation, or both between 2009 and 2013. In patients with POAF, the plasma potassium and magnesium levels nearest to the first AF onset time were compared with time-matched electrolyte levels in patients without AF. POAF occurred in 752 patients (36.8%). At the time of AF onset or the matched time point, patients with POAF had higher potassium (4.30 versus 4.21 mmol/L, p<0.001) and magnesium (2.33 versus 2.16 mg/dL, p<0.001) levels than controls. A stepwise increase in AF risk occurred with increasing potassium or magnesium quintile (p < 0.001). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, magnesium level was an independent predictor of POAF (odds ratio 4.26, p < 0.001), in addition to age, Caucasian race, preoperative β-blocker use, valve operation, and postoperative pneumonia. Prophylactic potassium supplementation did not reduce the POAF rate (37% versus 37%, p= 0.813), whereas magnesium supplementation was associated with increased POAF (47% versus 36%, p= 0.005). Higher serum potassium and magnesium levels were associated with increased risk of POAF after cardiac operation. Potassium supplementation was not protective against POAF, and magnesium supplementation was even associated with increased POAF risk. These findings help explain the poor efficacy of electrolyte supplementation in POAF prophylaxis.

QTc prolongation during peripheral stem cell apheresis in healthy volunteers.

Today, voluntary donation of peripheral blood stem cells by healthy donors for allogeneic hemopoietic cell transplantation is common worldwide. Such donations are associated with small but measurable risks of morbidity and mortality. Most complications are associated with citrate infusion during cell collection. We studied the effects of citrate infusion on the QTc and other vital parameters during and after peripheral stem cell apheresis in volunteers. To ensure that donors were healthy, screening included taking a detailed medical history, physical examination, and laboratory measurements of plasma calcium and magnesium. Corrected QT (QTc) values were assessed using a 12-lead electrocardiographic platform that derived QTc values automatically. In all, 141 apheresis procedures were performed. The mean QTc values at baseline, at 2 and 4 h during the procedure, and at 30 min after the procedure, were 347.6 ± 59.5, 349.9 ± 52.8, 391.8 ± 54.0, and 404.8 ± 59.2 ms, respectively. The baseline and 2 h QTcs did not differ significantly, but the baseline QTc did differ significantly from the 4 h and 30 min after the procedure values. The plasma levels of calcium and magnesium did not significantly differ before and after the procedure. QTc prolongation may develop during leukopheresis, particularly if the procedure takes more than 2 h. Thus, to enhance donor safety, QTc measurement should be standard for all donors. In addition, any family history of sudden death should be noted, to prevent the development of possible fatal arrhythmia in susceptible donors.

Low plasma magnesium is associated with impaired brain metabolism in neonates with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy.

To determine the association between lowest plasma magnesium concentration and brain metabolism, and whether magnetic resonance imaging brain injury patterns moderated the association in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. In 131 early (day-of-life 3) and 65 late (day-of-life 10) scans of term encephalopathic infants born between 2004 and 2012, we examined the association of lowest plasma magnesium (until day-of-life 3) on basal ganglia and white matter peak metabolite ratios on magnetic resonance spectroscopy independent of covariates, stratified by the predominant patterns of injury (normal, basal nuclei/total, watershed, multifocal) using multiple linear regression. Lowest plasma magnesium was associated with lower white matter N-acetyl-aspartate/choline in the multifocal pattern on early scan (regression-coefficient, β: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.22) and in the basal nuclei/total pattern on late scan (β: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.15), and was negatively associated with basal ganglia lactate/N-acetyl-aspartate (β: -0.16; 95% CI: -0.05, -0.28) and lactate/choline (β: -0.1; 95% CI: -0.03, -0.17) ratio in the basal nuclei/total pattern on late scan independent of hypomagnesaemia correction, cooling and postmenstrual age at scan. Lowest plasma magnesium was not associated with metabolite ratios in other brain injury patterns. In infants with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy, predominant patterns of brain injury moderated the association between lowest plasma magnesium in the first three days of life and impaired brain metabolism.

Magnesium Status and Its Association with Oxidative Stress in Obese Women.

The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between magnesium status and oxidative stress in obese and nonobese women. This cross-sectional study included 83 women, aged between 20 and 50years, who were divided into two groups: the obese group (n=31) and the control group (n=52). The control group was age-matched with the obese group. Magnesium intake was monitored using 3-day food records and NutWin software version 1.5. The plasma and erythrocyte magnesium concentrations were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Plasma levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were determined as biomarkers for lipid peroxidation and therefore of oxidative stress. The mean values of the magnesium content in the diet were found to be lower than those recommended, though there was no significant difference between groups (p>0.05). The mean concentrations of plasma and erythrocyte magnesium were within the normal range, with no significant difference between groups (p>0.05). The mean concentration of plasma TBARS was higher in obese woman, and the difference between the groups was statistically different (p<0.05). There was a positive correlation between erythrocyte magnesium and plasma TBARS in the obese group (p=0.021). Obese patients ingest low dietary magnesium content, which does not seem to affect the plasma and erythrocyte concentrations of the mineral. The study showed a negative correlation between erythrocyte magnesium concentrations and plasma TBARS, suggesting the influence of magnesium status on the parameters of oxidative stress in obese women.

Effect of magnesium supplementation on blood rheology in NOS inhibition-induced hypertension model.

This study investigated the effects of magnesium on blood rheological properties and blood pressure in nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition-induced hypertension model. Hypertension was induced by oral administration of the nonselective NOS inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 25 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks and systolic blood pressure was measured by the tail-cuff method. The groups receiving magnesium supplementation were fed with rat chow containing 0.8% magnesium oxide during the experiment. At the end of experiment, blood samples were obtained from abdominal aorta, using ether anesthesia. Plasma and erythrocyte magnesium levels were determined by the atomic absorption spectrometer. RBC deformability and aggregation were determined by rotational ektacytometry. Plasma fibrinogen concentration was evaluated by ELISA. Whole blood and plasma viscosities were determined by viscometer and intracellular free Ca++ level was measured by using spectroflurometric method. Blood pressure was elevated in hypertensive groups and suppressed by magnesium therapy. Plasma viscosity and RBC aggregation were found to be higher in hypertensive rats than control animals and these parameters significantly decreased in magnesium supplemented hypertensive animals. Other measurements were not different between experimental groups. These results confirm that blood pressure, plasma viscosity and RBC aggregation increased in NOS inhibition-induced hypertension model and oral magnesium supplementation improved these parameters.

Theoretical and experimental investigation of matrix effects observed in emission spectra of binary mixtures of sodium and copper and magnesium and copper pressed powders

The goal of this work was to investigate the matrix effect of copper in the presence of sodium or magnesium in a laser-induced plasma. Varying amounts of copper were mixed and pressed with a constant amount of sodium or magnesium and a stearic acid binder. Experimental parameters such as delay time and laser pulse energy were varied to observe trends in the emission intensity of the Na I 588.99nm, Na I 589.59nm, Mg I 277.98nm, and Mg II 279.08nm lines. Experimental observations are supported by theoretical calculations and modeling that show the Na I and Mg I emission intensities increase in the presence of copper while the Mg II line intensity decreases due to the increase in electron density (Ne) of the plasma when copper is added. The increase in electron density changes the population of the atomic species within the plasma through an increase in recombination of ions with electrons, shifting the populations toward more neutral states, providing an explanation for the observed matrix effects found in these, and many previous, studies.

Toxic effects and depuration after the dietary lead(II) exposure on the bioaccumulation and hematological parameters in starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus).

Platichthys stellatus (mean length 20±2cm, mean weight 160.15±15g) were exposed to the different levels of dietary lead(II) at the concentrations of 0, 30, 60, 120, 240mg/kg for 4 weeks. Depuration was conducted for 2 weeks after exposure. The lead exposure over 60mg Pb/kg induced the significant bioaccumulation in tissues of P. stellatus (5-30μg/g tissue), except for brain and muscle where the exposure to 240mg Pb/kg caused the bioaccumulation (2-4μg/g tissue). The hematological parameters such as red blood cell (RBC) counts, hematocrit (Ht) value and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration were substantially decreased over 60mg Pb/kg, and lasted even after the depuration period. For plasma components, calcium and magnesium levels in plasma were generally decreased over 60mg Pb/kg, and glucose level was also mainly increased over 60mg Pb/kg. Total protein was significantly decreased over 120mg Pb/kg after 4 weeks exposure. Glucose and total protein showed the restoration after the depuration period in groups of fish exposed previously to over 60 and 120mg Pb/kg, respectively. However, other parameters that changed during the exposure over 60mg Pb/kg did not recovered. For enzymatic components in plasma, glutamic oxalate transminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvate transminase (GPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly increased over 120mg Pb/kg, and there was only restoration observed after the depuration for ALP over 120mg Pb/kg.

Should we Systematically Measure Plasma Magnesium Levels in the Treatment of Severe Preeclampsia/Eclampsia?

Should we Systematically Measure Plasma Magnesium Levels in the Treatment of Severe Preeclampsia/Eclampsia?

Modification of Total Magnesium level in pregnant Saudi Women developing gestational diabetes mellitus

BackgroundThe aim of our study is to measure total Magnesium in pregnant women screened for GDM and to compare total magnesium between whom were diagnosed having GDM and those having normal pregnancy. MethodsOur study is a prospective study involved 99 pregnant women referred to Maternity and Child Hospital Al Ahsa (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) for 100g Oral Glucose Tolerance test. All included pregnant women were in their 24–28 weeks of gestation with free past medical history and were free for any medicine. A 100-g Oral Glucose Tolerance (OGTT) with total plasma magnesium measurement were done to all included women. All patient were followed tell delivery. ResultsAmong 99 patients enrolled in our study, GDM was diagnosed in 19 patients (19.2%). Fifteen patients have normal fasting glycaemia and were diagnosed having GDM on 100-g OGTT. Four patients have fasting glycaemia more than 126mg/dl (7mmol/l) confirming the diagnosis of GDM. Hypomagnesemia was confirmed in eight patients (8.08%). no one of them had GDM. The serum magnesium concentration in GDM women was lower that of normal pregnant women but the difference was not significant. (0.89±0.1 vs 0.92±0.2mmol/l, p=0.51). BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were not significantly different between the pregnant women who developed or not gestational diabetes. ConclusionIn our study, the development of GDM cannot be explained by low total serum magnesium. The low total serum magnesium in patient diagnosed having GDM compared to whom free of GDM and the importance of magnesium in the genesis of insulin resistance should encourage more large trial to explain the exact role of magnesium in the pathophysiology of GDM.

U-Shaped Association between Plasma Manganese Levels and Type 2 Diabetes.

Background:Manganese is both an essential element and a known toxicant, and it plays important roles in many mechanisms in relation to type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, epidemiological studies of this relationship are rare.Objective:We investigated the association between plasma manganese and newly diagnosed T2D as well as whether the association could be modified by manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) polymorphisms.Methods:We conducted a case–control study of 3,228 participants in China: 1,614 T2D patients and 1,614 controls. Concentrations of plasma magnesium were measured, and all participants were genotyped for the MnSOD Val16Ala polymorphism (rs4880).Results:A U-shaped association was observed between plasma manganese and T2D, with increased odds ratios (ORs) in relation to either low or high plasma manganese levels. Compared with the middle tertile, the multivariate-adjusted ORs [95% confidence intervals (CIs)] of T2D associated with the lowest tertile and the highest tertile of plasma manganese were 1.89 (1.53, 2.33) and 1.56 (1.23, 1.97), respectively. In spline analysis, the U-shaped association was consistently indicated, with the lowest odds of T2D at the plasma manganese concentration of 4.95 μg/L. Minor allele frequencies (C allele) of the MnSOD Val16Ala polymorphism (rs4880) in the normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and the T2D groups were 13.57% and 14.50%, respectively. The MnSOD rs4880 polymorphism was not associated with T2D, and no interaction was found between plasma manganese and the MnSOD rs4880 polymorphism in relation to T2D.Conclusions:Our results suggested a U-shaped association between plasma manganese and T2D; both low and high levels of plasma manganese were associated with higher odds of newly diagnosed T2D. The U-shaped association was not modified by the MnSOD rs4880 polymorphism.Citation:Shan Z, Chen S, Sun T, Luo C, Guo Y, Yu X, Yang W, Hu FB, Liu L. 2016. U-shaped association between plasma manganese levels and type 2 diabetes. Environ Health Perspect 124:1876–1881; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP176