Plasma Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase Research Articles

A Clinical Evaluation of Chickens Inoculated with Several Avian Adenovirus Isolants

Clinical-chemistry values were determined in young specific-pathogen-free single-comb White Leghorn chickens, both uninoculated and inoculated intra-abdominally at one day old with one of several avian adenovirus isolants. Clinical values for plasma proteins and enzymes indicative of liver function were determined at 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days postinoculation. Plasma glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase activities were elevated in the virus-inoculated birds, along with decreased albumin levels suggesting liver necrosis, Subsequent histopathologic evaluations confirmed hepatic necrosis in the virus-inoculated groups, demonstrating the potential value of clinical-chemistry assay techniques for diagnosing subclinical disease associated with avian adenoviruses.

Enhanced hepatotoxicity of dimethylnitrosamine by pretreatment of rats with the antioxidant ethoxyquin

Pretreatment with a single oral dose of ethoxyquin (EMQ) (500 mg/kg) given 48 hr before dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) and pretreatment with dietary doses (0.015% w/v) were found to enhance the elevated plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) activity induced by the ip administration of DMNA (30 mg/kg) to male rats. The increased hepatotoxicity of DMNA was confirmed by histologic evaluation. Pretreatment with EMQ caused increases in relative liver weights. These increases were reduced when DMNA was given 24 hr before measurements. Protein and cytochrome P-450 concentrations in liver were reduced by EMQ pretreatment. The observed inhibiting effect of DMNA on protein and cytochrome P-450 concentrations of rats that had received no pretreatment could not be measured following EMQ pretreatment. Concentrations of EMQ in liver and plasma varied in the range 0.2 to 1.7 ppm. Eighty to ninety-five percent of EMQ measured fluorimetrically was unchanged EMQ as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. No correlation was found to exist between the grade of necrosis and the EMQ concentration in liver and plasma. However, correlation seemed to exist between enhancement of DMNA-induced toxicity and stimulation of liver growth. It was suggested that EMQ-induced growth of some hepatic systems was not related to cytochrome P-450, and that this induction mechanism led to an increased hepatotoxicity of DMNA.

Vitamin B6 deficiency in uremia

Significant decreases in plasma pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP), plasma glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (PGOT) and erythrocyte glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (EGOT) were found in 29 uremic patients including 14 who had been on hemodialysis an average of 15.8 months. The mean PLP values of the uremic patients (5.39 +/- 0.37 ng/ml) were clearly lower than the values obtained for the normal group (9.30 +/- 0.80 mg/ml). The mean PGOT values of the uremic patients (dialyzed 4.07 +/- 0.29 U/liter, undialyzed 5.31 +/- 0.49 U/liter) were significantly lower than the normal group (6.57 +/- 0.39 U/liter). The mean EGOT value of the uremic patients (325 +/- 17 U/liter) was also lower than normal subjects (416 +/-21 U/liter). Stimulation of the EGOT by exogenous PLP (EGOT index) was less in dialyzed patients (1.60) than normal subjects (1.80) while the undialyzed uremic subjects had a greater than normal stimulation (2.12). All of these results indicate that uremic patients are vitamin B6 deficient and that those undergoing hemodialysis may have decreased amounts of the EGOT apoenzyme.

Lead, cadmium, endotoxin interaction: Effect on mortality and hepatic function

Although iv administration of certain heavy metals, particularly lead, markedly enhances the sensitivity of animals to bacterial endotoxins, the endotoxin-sensitizing potency of the heavy metal cadmium has not been previously investigated. Endotoxin sensitivity and liver function were evaluated comparatively in rats receiving equimolar doses of either lead or cadmium acetate. Additionally, methylprednisolone, which prevents lethality following lead-endotoxin interaction, was administered to cadmium-endotoxin-treated rats. Rats receiving iv cadmium acetate or lead acetate demonstrated enhanced responsiveness to Salmonella enteriditis endotoxin as denoted by increased mortality, impaired sulfobromophthalein (BSP) removal, hypoglycemia, and elevated activity of plasma glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT). The administration of cadmium acetate alone produced a moderate degree of hepatic dysfunction which was not observed in the lead-treated group. Mortality as well as alterations of blood glucose concentrations and plasma activity of GOT and GPT was greater following combined treatment with cadmium and endotoxin than lead and endotoxin. Animals receiving methylprednisolone were refractory to lead-endotoxin-induced lethality and displayed reduced alterations of plasma BSP removal, plasma glucose, and enzyme activity. However, methylprednisolone did not alleviate the detrimental effect of combined cadmium and endotoxin treatment. Cadmium acetate administration increased intravascular clearance and enhanced Kupffer cell localization of the reticuloendothelial test lipid emulsion. In contrast, clearance rates and hepatic localization of the labeled emulsion were depressed following lead acetate administration. These divergent findings indicate that endotoxin sensitivity induced by lead or cadmium cannot be attributed to phagocytic alterations. Our composite study suggests that hepatic parenchymal cell dysfunction is one facet of the pathophysiology manifested by cadmium or lead interaction with endotoxin.

Plasma Glutamic Oxalacetic Transaminase as Related to Liver Lesions from Histomoniasis in Turkeys

SUMMARY Glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) was elevated significantly 11 days later in all turkeys inoculated with Histomonas meleagridis. The number of liver lesions was correlated significantly with GOT level. The lesions were both small and large, the small lesions being most abundant, and the large lesions being aggregated small lesions. Salfuride, a histomonastat, reduced the number of liver lesions along with a significant lowering of plasma GOT level. Plasma GOT level can be used clinically as an indicator of the course of histomoniasis and would be useful for quick and accurate screening of potential histomonastats.

Changes in the blood of the brown bullhead ( Ictalurus nebulosus (Lesueur)) following short and long term exposure to copper(II)

Blood from brown bullheads exposed to Cu(II) from 3.4 to 104 μg/l for 6, 30 and 600 days was analyzed to identify and evaluate changes in red blood cells, hematocrit, hemoglobin, plasma chloride, plasma total protein, plasma glucose, plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (PGOT, l-aspartate: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase) and plasma lactic dehydrogenase (PLDH, l-lactate: NAD oxido-reductase). After 6 days, glucose and hematocrit increased significantly above the controls; after 30 days, chloride and protein decreased, and hematocrit, hemoglobin and glucose increased; after 600 days, the transaminase decreased. The maximum concentration of Cu(II) having no detectable effect upon the brown bullhead was determined to be between 11 and 16 μg/l.

A Study of the Relationship of Plasma Glutamicoxaloacetic Transaminase Activity to Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy in the Chick

A Study of the Relationship of Plasma Glutamicoxaloacetic Transaminase Activity to Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy in the Chick

EFFECTS OF VITAMIN E OR ETHOXYQUIN AND RUMEN DEVELOPMENT UPON MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY IN LAMBS

In a 2 × 3 factorial procedure, torula yeast-lard (10%) diets supplemented with either vitamin E (68 IU/kg) or ethoxyquin (0.01 or 0.1%) were fed to 27 1-week-old crossbred lambs to promote or prevent rumen development. After a 12-week trial period, myopathy was apparent in 100, 25, and 0% of lambs fed diets supplemented with ethoxyquin (0.01, 0.1%) or vitamin E, respectively. Seven lambs died prematurely but only one of these deaths was attributed to myopathy. Rumen development did not affect the occurrence of myopathy but reduced (P < 0.05) the elevation of plasma glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) in myopathic lambs during the trial. Vitamin E improved (P < 0.05) average daily gain of lambs (mean 142.0 g) compared with 0.01% ethoxyquin (0.1% ethoxyquin intermediate) and rumen development had no apparent effect. Tissue ethoxyquin levels reflected amounts fed and were unaffected by rumen development. Rumen development generally reduced the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in muscle phospholipids and adipose tissue, whereas vitamin E or ethoxyquin specifically affected linoleic acid.

Effect of hypoxia and physical activity on plasma enzyme levels in man.

9 males, ages 19–29 were exercised strenuously on a treadmill for 10 min. The test was repeated on 3 separate occasions during which the subjects inspired gas mixtures of 16% O2, 21% O2 (Balance N2), or 100% O2. Before and after each of these tests blood samples were taken for analyses of blood lactate, plasma glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, creatine phosphokinase, and lactic dehydrogenase, and hematocrit.

Plasma Glutamic-Oxaloacetic and Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase Activities in Lactating Holstein Cattle. II. Some Effects of Environmental Temperature, Season, Body Weight, and Age

Glutamic-oxaloacetic and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activities and protein-bound iodine were measured in 748 jugular vein plasma samples taken monthly from 69 Holstein cows throughout one lactation and the corresponding gestation period A negative linear relationship (P<0.01) was observed between protein-bound iodine and temperature. Both transaminases were affected by the stress of temperature (P<0.01), positively and linearly (b = 0.336 and 0.182 Karmen units per degree centigrade) for glutamic-oxaloacetic and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity. The effects of age were linearly but negatively related (P<0.01) to glutamic-pyruvic transaminase but not to glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity. There were also significant (P<0.01) quadratic relationships between body weight and activities of both enzymes.

Changes in the Blood of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) After Short-Term and Long-Term Exposure to Copper

Seven blood characteristics — red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit (Hc), hemoglobin (Hb), plasma chloride (Cl), plasma glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (PGOT, L-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate amino transferase), osmolarity (Os), and total protein (TP) — were measured in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) that had been exposed to three concentrations (67.5–69.2, 38.2–39.0, and 22.8–24.0 μg/liter) of Cu(II) for 6 and 21 days. Concentrations of 67.5–69.2 and 38.2–39.0 μg/liter caused statistically significant increases in RBC, Hc (6-day only), Hb, PGOT, and TP (6-day only), whereas Cl and Os decreased during both exposure periods. Five blood characteristics (RBC, Hb, Hc, Cl, and PGOT) were also measured in brook trout, which were exposed for 337 days to Cu(II) concentrations of 32.5, 17.4, 9.5, 5.7, and 3.4 μg/liter. After this long-term exposure, no changes were observed in the blood except for a measurable decrease in PGOT values at 32.5 and 17.4 μg/liter. The disappearance of initial blood changes, after extended exposure, suggests the transient nature of these early responses. Application of this study to the evaluation of the physical condition of fish and the possible long-range forecasting of reproductive success and survival of a species is discussed.

Plasma Glutamic-Oxaloacetic and Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase Activities in Holstein Cattle. I. Effects of Stage of Lactation, Gestation, and Level of Milk Production

A total of 748 jugular vein plasma samples was taken from 69 Holstein cows sampled monthly throughout one lactation and the corresponding gestation period. Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity varied significantly (P<0.01) between the seven, 60-day stages of lactation and also showed a significant (P<0.01) linear relationship, with the highest activity in the first stage, and lowest in the dry cows (52.57 and 31.59 Karmen units, respectively). Glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity also varied significantly (P<0.01) between the stages of lactation and showed significant linear (P<0.01), quadratic (P<0.01), and cubic (P<0.05) relationships. The variations in enzyme activity among the 11, 30-day stages of gestation were not significant, but a significant (P<0.05) linear relationship was observed for glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase. A regression analysis indicated that milk production was linearly, but negatively, related (P<0.01) to glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity, whereas glutamic-pyruvic transaminase was related in a quadratic manner (P<0.05).

Influence of Sulfur on Incidence of White Muscle Disease in Lambs ,

Two trials were conducted with sheep to investigate the effect of sulfur on the incidence of white muscle disease (WMD). Neither methionine nor sulfate increased the incidence of WMD in either trial, but sulfate significantly increased the number of lambs with degenerative lesions of the heart. There was a fivefold increase of plasma glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and malic dehydrogenase (MDH) of the lambs at 2 weeks of age with the nonsupplemented ewes as compared with those from ewes receiving selenium. The GOT, LDH and MDH levels of the lambs from ewes fed sulfate or methionine were twofold greater than comparable values of the control lot. At 6 weeks of age, however, the levels of these enzymes of the sulfate and methionine lots had approached the levels of the nonsupplemented group. White muscle disease had no effect on blood glucose, lactate or choleserol. Based on the enzyme levels, the sulfur sources appeared to delay the onset of WMD. A significant “carryover” of selenium was noted.

Effects of Age, Body Weight, Stage of Gestation, and Sex on Plasma Glutamic-Oxaloacetic and Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase Activities in Immature Holstein Cattle

Glutamic-oxaloacetic and glutamic-pyruvic transaminases were measured in the peripheral plasma of 367 Holsteins in three herds, including open and bred heifers and young bulls. All animals were sampled within a three-week period when the daily mean temperature varied only 13 degrees Fahrenheit, making possible a within-season analysis. Since there was a highly significant difference (P<0.01) among open heifers between herds for glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, all data were analyzed within individual herds. In Herd 2, age affected the glutamic-oxaloacetic (P<0.05) and glutamic-pyruvic (P<0.01) activity of open heifers, while in Herd 1 age affected only glutamic-oxaloacetic activity (P<0.05). When the age groups were partitioned into individual degrees of freedom, there were also quadratic and cubic relationships (P<0.01) of age with both transaminases in Herd 2. In Herd 3 there was a linear relationship between body weight and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase for open heifers (P<0.05).Age affected both enzymes in young bulls (P<0.01), and a quadratic effect of age on glutamic-oxaloacetic, and quadratic, quartic, and quintic effects of age on glutamic-pyruvic transaminase were observed. No significant differences were observed between open heifers and young bulls, the means being 41.71 and 22.53 units, respectively, for glutamic-oxaloacetic and glutamic-pyruvic transaminases for open heifers, while the means were 42.72 and 23.59, respectively, for glutamic-oxaloacetic and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase for young bulls. Lowered enzyme activity in bred heifers was associated with advancing stages of pregnancy, but no relation to age or body weight was observed.Growth rate, age of puberty, and physiological as well as chronological age, and other components of management and environment cause differences in plasma of both transaminases.

Effect of regional shielding on plasma enzyme changes in rats after 800 R x-irradiation.

Groups of unshielded and regionally shielded rats were exposed to 800 R X-irradiation and compared with nonirradiated controls. As reported in an earlier study , unshielded rats showed a moderate rise in plasma glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (PGOT) at 6 hr and a marked fall in plasma alkaline phosphatase (PAkP) at 4 days after irradiation. Shielding the abdomen prevented or greatly lessened these changes. Irradiating only the abdomen produced a relatively moderate rise in PGOT at 6 hr but caused a marked fall in PAkP at 4 days after irradiation comparable to that found after whole-body X-irradiation. It is suggested that the rise in PGOT is derived in part from excess GOT released from overtly damaged lymphoid and other radiosensitive tissues and in part from other tissues due to a wide-spread initial increase in cellular permeability induced by X-irradiation. The fall in PAkP is attributed to a reduced contribution of intestinal AkP to the circulation due to radiation injury to the intestinal mucosa.

Effects of pregnancy on several cortisol-responsive enzymes in rat liver.

ARTICLESEffects of pregnancy on several cortisol-responsive enzymes in rat liverHR Harding, F Rosen, and CA NicholHR Harding, F Rosen, and CA NicholPublished Online:01 Dec 1966https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1966.211.6.1361MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByRelationships between pregnancy and vitamin B-6 nutriture on hepatic tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase activity in miceNutrition Research, Vol. 16, No. 5Grundsatzreferat: „Effects of Progestins on Carbohydrate Metabolism“Aspartate- and tyrosine transaminase activities in the organs of the rat during its breeding cycle26 September 2008 | Archives Internationales de Physiologie et de Biochimie, Vol. 91, No. 2Metabolic effects of progesteroneAmerican Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vol. 142, No. 6Investigations of gestation-induced metabolic changes in the rat liverArchives of Gynecology, Vol. 227, No. 4Interaction of steroids with hepatoma cells: Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid hormone actionJournal of Steroid Biochemistry, Vol. 6, No. 1Studies on Tryptophan Metabolism in Man: The Effect of Hormones and Vitamin B 6 on Urinary Excretion of Metabolites of the Kynurenine Pathway: Part 28 July 2009 | Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, Vol. 33, No. sup136Effect of pregnancy and feeding pattern on tryptophan pyrrolase in the ratExperientia, Vol. 28, No. 2Plasma Glutamic-Oxaloacetic and Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase Activities in Holstein Cattle. I. Effects of Stage of Lactation, Gestation, and Level of Milk ProductionJournal of Dairy Science, Vol. 53, No. 4The Physiology of Liver EnlargementHormones and the liverAmerican Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vol. 105, No. 5Effects of Age, Body Weight, Stage of Gestation, and Sex on Plasma Glutamic-Oxaloacetic and Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase Activities in Immature Holstein CattleJournal of Dairy Science, Vol. 52, No. 2The Influence of Estrogens, Progestins, and Pregnancy on the LiverOn the Pharmacologic Actions of 21-Carbon Hormonal Steroids (“Glucocorticoids”) of the Adrenal Cortex in Mammals More from this issue > Volume 211Issue 6December 1966Pages 1361-1365 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1966 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1966.211.6.1361PubMed5956550History Published online 1 December 1966 Published in print 1 December 1966 Metrics

The Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Copper Poisoning in Housed Lambs

An experiment is described which demonstrates the value of plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (G.O.T.) assay as an aid in the diagnosis and in the assessment of treatment of copper poisoning in housed lambs. Plasma G.O.T. concentrations increased rapidly during a period of approximately four weeks before death. The effectiveness of treatment could be assessed by a reduction in the plasma G.O.T. concentration. Ammonium molybdate and sodium sulphate prevented the accumulation of toxic amounts of copper in lambs with a high intake, and also prevented any deaths in lambs which had already absorbed potentially toxic amounts of the element. Plasma arginase assay was useful as an aid to differential diagnosis, in that an. increase in this enzyme occurs in liver damage; an increase in G.O.T. concentration occurs in damage to liver and also to other tissues.

Effects of pyridoxine deficiency and dietary cholesterol supplementation in the chick on plasma protein-bound iodine, glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activity, and 14-C-acetate incorporation into cholesterol.

The influence of B6 avitaminosis and the feeding of cholesterol on protein-bound iodine (PBI) of plasma and plasma glutamic–oxalacetic transaminase (PGOT) levels of chicks was studied, and the findings related to relative rates of 14C-acetate incorporation into plasma and liver cholesterol of chicks 3, 5, 11, and 15 days old.High plasma cholesterol levels were noted in the 11-day-old vitamin B6-deficient chicks. Liver cholesterol levels of this group were not significantly altered. Dietary cholesterol added at a level of 1% significantly increased liver and plasma cholesterol levels of the cholesterol-fed control and vitamin B6-deficient chicks; it also inhibited 14C-acetate incorporation into plasma and liver cholesterol to a much greater extent than did simple B6 avitaminosis or exogenous cholesterol per se. PBI parameters for control and vitamin B6-deficient chicks resembled those of plasma and liver cholesterol specific activity curves during the experimental period. Decreased PBI levels were noted 8 days after the beginning of the experiment in the vitamin B6-deficient birds. Dietary cholesterol significantly decreased PBI levels of 11-day-old control birds but increased it markedly 4 days later. PBI levels of the 11-day-old cholesterol-fed birds deficient in vitamin B6 were not changed, but were significantly increased 4 days later. PGOT levels were highest in 3-day-old control birds, and decreased rapidly thereafter. PGOT levels of the vitamin B6-deficient chicks were significantly decreased 3 to 4 days after the beginning of the experiment. The supplementary dietary cholesterol increased PGOT levels of 15-day-old cholesterol-fed control birds, but decreased PGOT levels of cholesterol-fed chicks deficient in vitamin B6. Although preliminary, these observations suggest an interrelationship between pyridoxine, thyroxine, and the mechanism responsible for the synthesis of cholesterol.

ABSENCE OF HEPATIC IMPAIRMENT IN LONG TERM ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE USERS

This study was prompted by uncertainties engendered by several recent reports of the hepatotoxic effect of contraceptive drugs. The 12 patients studied were ages 29 to 42 years. All had been using oral contraceptives for 3-6 years continuously. A number of preparations had been used for varying periods of time. The liver-function tests have included cephalin cholesterol colloidal red thymol turbidity plasma bilirubin plasma glutamic oxalo-acetic transaminase (PGOT) bromsulphthalein retention and plasma alkaline phosphatase. The highest value of plasma bilirubin found was 1.7 mg/100 ml in 1 case (upper limit of normal .8 mg/100 ml). All other results were within normal limits. However there were a number of abnormal variations in the empirical tests but it is doubtful if importance need be attached to these. With the exception of these findings the results in all 12 cases have been normal. Since submitting this paper other relevant reports have appeared. A favorable report by Bakke from Seattle was at variance with a report by Cullberg from Sweden describing jaundice and hepatic damage. In 4 cancer-of-the-breast cases treated with 6 times the normal dose of Lyndiol jaundice and liver damage were produced by C ullberg.

ABSENCE OF HEPATIC IMPAIRMENT IN LONG-TERM ORAL-CONTRACEPTIVE USERS.

This study was prompted by uncertainties engendered by several recent reports of the hepatotoxic effect of contraceptive drugs. The 12 patients studied were ages 29 to 42 years. All had been using oral contraceptives for 3-6 years continuously. A number of preparations had been used for varying periods of time. The liver-function tests have included cephalin cholesterol colloidal red thymol turbidity plasma bilirubin plasma glutamic oxalo-acetic transaminase (PGOT) bromsulphthalein retention and plasma alkaline phosphatase. The highest value of plasma bilirubin found was 1.7 mg/100 ml in 1 case (upper limit of normal .8 mg/100 ml). All other results were within normal limits. However there were a number of abnormal variations in the empirical tests but it is doubtful if importance need be attached to these. With the exception of these findings the results in all 12 cases have been normal. Since submitting this paper other relevant reports have appeared. A favorable report by Bakke from Seattle was at variance with a report by Cullberg from Sweden describing jaundice and hepatic damage. In 4 cancer-of-the-breast cases treated with 6 times the normal dose of Lyndiol jaundice and liver damage were produced by C ullberg.