Plant Vegetation Research Articles

Morphological responses of shoots and fine roots to weed control in Abies sachalinensis and Picea jezoensis seedlings

ABSTRACT A mechanistic understanding of how morphological traits of seedlings are relevant to their functions against competition is the basis for managing vegetation in plantations. This study evaluated the growth responses and functional traits of shoots and fine roots in seedlings of boreal silvicultural species to manual weed control. Aboveground morphological traits reflecting competitive ability, including the total number of shoots per individual, length and weight per current shoot, area and weight per current leaf, and their ratio were evaluated. The fine roots were classified as pioneer roots or fibrous roots and were evaluated for diameter and specific root length (SRL). Compared with Picea jezoensis, Abies sachalinensis has superior competitive ability by reducing the total number of shoots by approximately 40%, preserving shoot length, and increasing specific leaf area by approximately 30% under competition. This finding is partly inconsistent with conventional strategies against shade, and A. sachalinensis is tolerant and partly avoidant of competing vegetation compared with P. jezoensis. The lack of interspecies differences in growth responses to weed control indicates that individual growth cannot be explained by aboveground responses alone. Thinner and higher SRL of fibrous roots in competing conditions were observed only in A. sachalinensis. However, thinner and higher SRL of pioneer roots in competing conditions were observed in both species. Altogether, these results highlighted that the fine root system widely adopts an avoidance strategy against competition regardless of aboveground competitive strategies. Because soil resources can be depleted, the preemptive strategy to access soil space against competition is responsible.

Эффективное использование отходов сельскохозяйственного производства для выращивания органической продукции в районах с неблагоприятными агроклиматическими и почвенными условиями

The article presents the results of research on the development of a technological method for the safe cultivation of essential oil plants Hyssop officinalis (Hyssopus officinalis L.), Moldovan Snakehead (Dracocephalum moldavica) and Elsholtzia patrinii using the protective and stimulating complex "ZSK-5" as an organomineral fertilizer, a preparation based on humic, fulvic- and amino acids, oligosaccharides, peptides in combination with macro and microelements and as soil improvers and substrate in soil-free cultivation, sugar production waste and humified cereal stalks - waste from cereal production, the chemical composition of which is rich in a high content of organic components (cellulose, starch, lipids, protein). The influence of the studied objects on the morphophysiological parameters and productivity of essential oil plants grown by hydroponic and traditional soil methods has been studied. It has been established that the developed technological method involves the use of beet production waste in the proportion of 50 g per 1 kg of soil (for the climate chamber) and coconut fiber for hydroponics, together with humified cereal stalks and the protective-stimulating complex ZSK-5 in concentration No. 2 (1:100), in the form of pre-sowing soaking of seeds. and spraying of vegetative plants, without the use of chemical fertilizers, contributed to obtaining a higher yield relative to control samples (with the use of fertilizers). This gives reason to recommend this technique in organic farming to confirm its effectiveness in large-scale organic production. Keywords: ZSK-5, HYSSOP OFFICINALIS, ELSGOLZIA PATREN, MOLDOVAN SNAKEHEAD, SUGAR PRODUCTION WASTE, HUMIFIED CEREAL STALKS, ORGANIC FARMING, PROTECTIVE AND STIMULATING COMPLEX

Исследование технологического приёма выращивания эфиромасличных растений гидропонным и почвенным способом с использованием соломы гречихи и физиологически активных веществ органического происхождения

The article presents the results of research on the development of a technological method for the safe cultivation of the essential oil plant hyssop officinalis L. using the protective-stimulating complex "ZSK-5" as an organomineral fertilizer - a preparation based on humic, fulvic and amino acids, oligosaccharides, peptides in combination with macro and microelements and as a soil improver. and the substrate in groundless cultivation, buckwheat straw - waste from buckwheat production, the chemical composition of which is rich in a high content of organic components (cellulose, starch, lipids, protein). The influence of the studied objects on the morphophysiological parameters and productivity of medicinal hyssop grown by hydroponic and traditional soil methods has been studied. It was found that the developed technological method in the form of using buckwheat production waste in the proportion of 1 g per 1 kg of soil (for the climate chamber)/peat substrate for hydroponics, together with ZSK-5 in concentration No. 3, in the form of pre-sowing soaking of seeds and spraying of vegetative plants, without the use of chemical fertilizers, contributed to obtaining a higher yield, regarding control samples (using fertilizers). This gives reason to recommend this technique in organic farming to confirm its effectiveness in large-scale organic production. Keywords: ZSK-5, MEDICINAL HYSSOP, BUCKWHEAT STRAW, PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT REGULATORS, ORGANIC FARMING, HYDROPONIC CULTIVATION, ORGANO-MINERAL COMPLEX

Evaluation of the impact of Momordica Charantia on the testis of cisplatin-treated albino rats: Biochemical, histopathological, and ultrastructural study.

Cisplatin is an antineoplastic drug that exhibits toxicity dependent on dosage and has adverse reproductive effects. Momordica charantia (Bitter melon) is a natural vegetable plant; its active ingredients possess antioxidant, apoptotic, antiproliferative, hypoglycemic, and other therapeutic properties. This study evaluates the effect of the administration of bitter melon extract, cisplatin, and cisplatin/bitter melon cotreatment on liver and kidney functions, serum and testicular oxidative status, testis histology, and sperm parameters. Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: Group I (Control) received normal saline, Group II received oral bitter melon extract (300 mg/kg), Group III received cisplatin (2.5 mg/kg), and Group IV received the same doses of cisplatin and bitter melon, for six successive weeks, daily. Our results showed that bitter melon extract stimulates antioxidant enzymes and has anti-lipid peroxidation properties through the significantly increased plasma levels of glutathione and significantly decreased testicular malondialdehyde. The cisplatin-treated group showed oxidative stress indicated by the significant decrease of catalase, glutathione, and superoxide dismutase levels and a significant increase in malondialdehyde levels in both serum and testis compared with the control group. In the cisplatin/bitter melon-cotreated group, there was a significant increase in superoxide dismutase and a significant decrease in malondialdehyde in both serum and testis compared with cisplatin-treated rats. The bitter melon alone or with cisplatin cotreatment resulted in reduced gonadosomatic index, sperm count, motility, and viability. These results were confirmed by histopathological examinations, apoptosis assay using flow cytometry, and immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen. In conclusion, the administration of bitter melon extract alone or in combination with cisplatin led to testicular structure disturbances and showed an anti-spermatogenic effect. These findings are likely due to a combination of inhibited cellular proliferation, increased cell death, minor decrease in testosterone levels, and localized oxidative stress that outweigh the antioxidant benefits of bitter melon extract.

ОЦЕНКА ВКЛАДА КОРНЕВОГО УГЛЕРОДНОГО ПИТАНИЯ В ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОЙ БИОМАССЫ В МОДЕЛЬНОМ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТЕ

The study of mechanisms of carbon dioxide transformation in agroecosystems from the position of ideas about CO2 absorption exclusively by chlorophyll-containing parts of vegetative plants does not allow to objectively evaluate the ecosystem role of each component. To evaluate the contribution of root carbon nutrition to the formation of plant biomass, a model experiment was laid down using the author’s device, which allows isolating the root and leaf parts of the plant from each other and recording the CO2 values to calculate its balance. A paulownia seedling (Paulownia tomentosa (Thuns.) Steud., 1841) with a known initial mass, vegetating under a 12-hour light regime, was used as an experimental plant. The contribution of root carbon nutrition to biomass formation was calculated from the difference in C-CO2 in the leaf chamber atmosphere and the content of elemental carbon in the plant at the end of the experiment. The carbon content in plant parts was determined on a MultiEA 200CS carbon analyzer at a temperature of 1100 °C. As a result of 30 days of observations, it was found that the mass of C-CO2, which was present throughout the experiment (6960 ppm) in the atmosphere of the leaf chamber with a volume of 0.06 m3, corresponded to 210 mg of carbon. At the same time, the carbon content in the incremented mass of the seedling (690 mg) in absolutely dry form contained 274.9 mg of elemental carbon, which indicates the presence of another alternative source of carbon supply. According to the authors, 64.9 mg of elemental carbon (23.6 % of the total mass), which went to the formation of the incremented biomass of the experimental plant, came through the root system. The obtained results allow us to explain cases when forest areas can form a balance shifted towards the CO2 flow. An idea of the mechanism of root carbon of plants and its potential allows us to more accurately create models of CO2 transformation in soil-plant systems.

Tolerance to insect herbivory increases with progressing plant development

Abstract Plants can sustain various degrees of damage or compensate for tissue loss by regrowth without significant fitness costs. This tolerance to insect herbivory depends on the plant's developmental stage during which the damage is inflicted and on how much tissue is removed. Plant fitness correlates, that is, biomass and germination of seeds, were determined at different ontogenetic stages, vegetative, budding, or flowering stages of three annual brassicaceous species exposed to feeding by Pieris brassicae caterpillars at different intensities. Fitness costs decreased with progressive ontogenetic stage at which damage was inflicted. Feeding on meristem tissues on vegetative and budding plants limited the plant's ability to fully compensate for tissue loss, whereas feeding on flowers resulted in full compensation or overcompensation in Sinapis arvensis and Brassica nigra. Herbivory promoted germination of seeds in the following year, thereby causing a shift in relative contribution to the next year's generation at the expense of contributing to the long‐lived seed bank. Herbivory intensity affected fitness correlates of B. nigra and to a lesser extent of Sisymbrium officinale, but not of S. arvensis, demonstrating that even closely related plant species can differ in their specific responses to herbivory and that these can differently affect reproductive output. In terms of fitness costs, annual plant species can be quite resilient to herbivory. However, the extent to which they tolerate tissue loss depends on the ontogenetic stage that is under attack. Seed persistence in the soil has been proposed as a bet‐hedging strategy of short‐lived species to increase long‐term fitness. Herbivore‐induced changes in seed germination can result in a shift in the relative contribution of seeds to the seed bank and next year's generation.

Conservation and threatened status of plant species with extremely small populations in the karst region of southeastern Yunnan, China.

The southeastern Yunnan is one of the most typical areas in China with karst landforms. The rich variety of vegetation types and plant diversity means that threatened status are also synchronized. Over the past 20 years, the comprehensive conservation team for plant species with extremely small populations (PSESP) has conducted in-depth field surveys in the region, combining relevant literature and conservation projects to compile a list of PSESP which including conservation and endangered status, conservation actions, and scientific research. Among all 116 PSESP, relatively abundant families include Cycadaceae (12 species), Magnoliaceae (17species) and Orchidaceae (18 species). Hekou and Malipo are the counties with the highest number, with 44 and 43 species respectively. A total of 81 species are included in the List of National Key Protected Wild Plants in China. For threatened status, 24 critically endangered (CR) species and 41 endangered (EN) species represent levels of severe threat. Up to now, 96 species have taken at least one protective measure from in situ conservation, ex situ conservation, breeding or reintroduction/reinforcement. But there are still 20 species that have not taken any protective measures. Additionally, scientific research has been conducted on 86 species, but 30 species have not had any research initiated. The threat of human interference mainly including overcollection and habitat destruction, and the threats of limitations imposed on PSESP itself and natural disasters cannot be ignored. Our findings underscore the importance of integrated conservation strategies, in addition to the in situ conservation, ex situ conservation, breeding or reintroduction/reinforcement, we should also pay attention to the scientific research, germplasm conservation, environmental education and ethnic culture. We also propose to consider establishing a professional karst botanical garden in southeastern Yunnan, and hope this study can offer valuable insights for the conservation of PSESP and biodiversity in southeastern Yunnan.

Impact of COVID-19 on Consumer Behavior in Home Gardening

The COVID-19 pandemic has reshaped various aspects of life, influencing consumer behaviors and economic activities worldwide. This paper delves into the shifts in consumer preferences and shopping patterns for gardening products and services during and after the pandemic era. Through nationwide online surveys conducted from 2020 to 2022, we analyze changes in time spent and expenses on gardening and identify key demographic and pandemic-related factors influencing these behaviors during the pandemic era. We employed both generalized and standard ordered logistic regression models to assess the impact of various variables on the ordinal dependent variable. The findings reveal a significant surge in both time spending on home gardening activities and money invested in gardening products and services, especially among individuals who considered gardening beneficial for well-being and as a family activity. Notably, the preference for online shopping and mail delivery for gardening supplies emerged as a prominent trend during the pandemic, accompanied by a significant increase in the purchase of fruit plants, vegetable plants, and seeds, indicating that primary motivation for gardening was self-food consumption. These insights provide valuable guidance for businesses in the green industry, informing production, marketing practices, and economic recovery efforts post-COVID-19.

Effectiveness of Eco-Engineering Structures in Salt Marsh Restoration: Using Benthic Macroinvertebrates as Indicators of Success

Salt marshes are vital coastal ecosystems, increasingly threatened by rising sea level and human pressures, that provide essential services, including coastal protection, habitat support, and carbon sequestration. This study examines the effectiveness of different eco-engineering structures in restoring salt marshes in the Mondego Estuary, Portugal, by assessing their impacts on benthic macroinvertebrate communities as bioindicators of ecosystem health. The experimental design included five experimental cells: wood palisade (Fence), geotextile fabric (Geotextile), geotextile bags filled with sand (Bags), a cell with autochthonous vegetation (Plants), and a Control cell with bare soil. Monitoring took place from 2019 to 2021, with both before and after intervention sampling to evaluate species composition, biomass, and density. Key ecological indices, such as the AZTI’s Marine Biotic Index (AMBI), Shannon-Wiener Diversity, and Pielou’s Evenness, were calculated alongside measurements of environmental variables. The results indicated minimal impacts on biodiversity, with observed variations primarily attributed to seasonal dynamics. While the wood palisade enhanced species richness and density, geotextile provided better community stability. The findings emphasize the importance of long-term monitoring, stakeholder engagement, and sustainable use of materials to optimize restoration efforts and better inform coastal management strategies in the face of climate change.

Changes in Plant Genetic Resources in the Southeast Region of Poland from the 1980s to 2023

This paper presents data from sixteen collecting missions conducted over three decades (2000–2023) in the Lubelskie Voivodeship, located in Southeastern Poland. During these missions, 756 samples of functional plants were collected, along with accompanying species such as weeds, crop wild relatives, ornamental plants, spice plants, and grafts of fruit trees. These materials were compared with those collected during six expeditions in two earlier decades (1980–1999), which resulted in the collection of 665 genotypes. The samples were primarily obtained from local farmers or gathered directly from fields. This study aims to summarise and compare the results of the collecting missions across decades. The analysis indicates that the Lubelskie region remains a place where old varieties of annual vegetable plants, rare weed species (on a national scale), crop wild relatives, and old varieties of fruit trees can still be found. However, old cereal varieties have nearly disappeared. The collected materials were characterised and stored as a base collection under long-term storage conditions at the Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute. Vegetable plant materials were deposited in the active collection at the National Institute of Horticultural Research (INHORT). Fruit tree collections were also deposited at INHORT, as well as in the Botanical Garden of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Poland.

Influence of land use intensity on ecological corridors and wildlife crossings’ effectiveness: comparison of 2 pilot areas in Austria

Human development and induced activities significantly affect the natural functioning of ecosystems and hence landscape connectivity. Ecological corridors are essential for maintaining structural as well as functional connectivity in cultural landscapes for wildlife, while providing interchange between core areas. In two pilot areas in the north-western and eastern part of Austria, ecological corridors were delineated using a geographic information system (GIS). The pilot areas are key to preserving ecological connectivity and are located along important international migration corridors (Bohemian Forest-Northern Alps corridor, Alpine-Carpathian corridor). Both areas are situated in highly human-altered and therefore dissected as well as fragmented landscapes. A one-year monitoring campaign using camera traps was carried out at selected locations along proposed ecological corridors in the cultural landscape and at wildlife crossings structures (WCSs) at intersections with road infrastructure. The monitoring was focused on mammals with a total of 18 species being observed. The most abundant species were roe deer, European hare and wild boar. European otter, European beaver, golden jackal and wildcat have only rarely been observed. Mammal species richness was positively correlated with the presence of vegetation cover and the coefficient of ecological stability (CES). The insights obtained can be used for recommendations and support in planning the planting of vegetation (use of grasslands, scattered and continuous woody vegetation, agroforestry systems) on the sites and in the vicinity of ecological corridors. The green bridges (wildlife overpasses) were used more frequently as well as by a larger number of mammal species compared to other studied WCSs showing characteristics that are less favourable for animals. The effectiveness of WCSs is mainly influenced by human activities, resulting in the recommendation to limit them on WCSs located along the routes of ecological corridors. We point out that actual wildlife migration corridors are likely to differ from designated data-driven ecological corridors generated by spatially explicit models, because these generally do not take into account all factors relating to the effectiveness of corridors. Our results suggest, that the application of the concept of functional connectivity is able to enhance the quality of ecological corridor designations, since usually they are based only on the concept of structural connectivity. For this reason, further studies are needed to help understanding factors and their specificities influencing the interplay between structural and functional connectivity of ecological corridors.

ПОПУЛЯЦИОННЫЕ И РЕСУРСНЫЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES L. В ЗАРАФШАНСКОМ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОМ ПРИРОДНОМ ПАРКЕ (РЕСПУБЛИКА УЗБЕКИСТАН)

The article presents the results of the assessment of the current state of populations, morphological, biochem- ical and form diversity of Hippophae rhamnoides L. in the territory of the Zarafshan National Nature Park (Re- public of Uzbekistan). On the territory of 3.5 hectares, 10 sample plots of 15 m² each were laid out. The age and sex population structure, number and density of partial shoots in clones, degree and form of anthropogenic impact. The forms were identified based on 17 qualitative and quantitative morphological characteristics of vegetative (plant height (m), shape, density and type of crown, angle of departure of main skeletal branches, thorniness, length of thorns (cm), leaf color) and reproductive (degree of fruiting, number of fruits in the node (pcs.), length of the peduncle (mm), color, shape, length and width (mm), nature of separation, weight of 100 fruits (g)) of or- gans; organoleptic (taste) and biochemical (antioxidant activity) characteristics of fruits. It was established against the background of increasing anthropogenic impact, a decrease in the number and density of individuals in the population, incomplete age spectra with the absence of pregenerative (seedlings, juvenile, immature), generative (young and old generative) and senile fractions, a shift in the sexual structure towards the predominance of male individuals. A significant decrease in the diversity of H. rhamnoides forms is shown by a combination of the con- sidered qualitative and quantitative morphological features of vegetative and reproductive organs, organoleptic properties and antioxidant activity. The following forms are distinguished: tall (above 4 m) plants and medium- sized (2.7–3.5 m); with a crown from spreading to oval and conical; thornless to very thorny; fruit color from yel- low to red, shape - oval and cylindrical; taste from sour to sour-sweet and sour-sweet with bitterness; small-fruited and relatively large-fruited (weight 100 plov 12.9–13.7 g). Forms with relatively high antioxidant activity were identified, reducing the oxidation rate of the model substrate ethylbenzene by 2–4 times.

PENERAPAN TEKNOLOGI PEMBUATAN PUPUK ORGANIK BERBENTUK KOMPOS DAN CAIR DARI SERASAH DAUN LAMUN DI RUMAH TANGGA NELAYAN DESA TAPULAGA KABUPATEN KONAWE SULAWESI TENGGARA

The seagrass meadow ecosystem along the coast of Tapulaga Village plays a crucial role in the nutrient cycle in the marine environment. The photosynthesis process transforms carbon dioxide into carbohydrates, which are stored in the tissues of seagrass, resulting in sucrose production. The availability and content of seagrass leaf litter trapped in fishermen's fish traps initiated a community service activity integrated with thematic real-work lectures (KKN). The focus of this activity is on fulfilling balanced nutrition, aiming to increase the interest of fishing families in consuming vegetables. The objective of the community service is to promote balanced nutrition by diversifying food consumption with various vegetables grown on their own land, using compost and organic fertilizer derived from seagrass leaf litter. The method used is the Takakura method, which involves composting organic waste using a composter with holes. Organic waste is placed in the composter and EM4 (decomposer bacteria) and molasses are added. Stirring is done daily to accelerate the waste decomposition process. Organic liquid fertilizer is produced by utilizing the liquid from the composter. The results show that vegetable plants grown in compost and treated with organic liquid fertilizer from seagrass leaf litter exhibit good growth and can be harvested on the 18th day. The use of seagrass leaf litter as a raw material for making compost and organic liquid fertilizer has a significant impact on vegetable plant growth. The community service activity had a positive effect on the fisherwomen, including their strong determination to apply this planting method at home and their increased interest in consuming vegetables as part of their daily meals.

SCREENING OF ANTIOXIDANT AND NUTRIENT COMPOUNDS FROM SEVERAL VARIETIES OF ZUCCHINI (Cucurbita Pepo L.) AT DIFFERENT HARVEST AGES IN THE MIDDLE PLAINS

In an effort to accelerate the fulfillment of weekly vegetable needs, short-lived vegetable plants are needed. One of the short-lived vegetable plants is zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L), with a harvest age of 28 - 60 days. Zucchini is included in the category of immature fruit vegetables, harvested before they are physiologically ripe in order to obtain the color and size desired by the market. This research aims to determine the types of antioxidant compounds in several varieties of zucchini harvested at different ages in the midlands. The research was carried out from September 2023 to January 2024, in Tawangargo Village, Karangploso District, Malang Regency at an altitude of 624 meters above sea level. Thus, 4 (four) samples were obtained, namely: harvested green zucchini aged 10 days (H1); harvested green zucchini fruit aged 20 days (H2); harvested yellow zucchini fruit aged 10 days (K1); yellow zucchini fruit harvested at 20 days (K2). The fruit obtained was then observed in the laboratory using LC-HRMS analysis. As a result of observing the number of compounds detected in each variety and different harvest ages, there were differences in the number of compounds found, from the groups of phenols, polyphenols, amino acids, fatty acids and glucose. The screening results of zucchini with green fruit detected more diverse types of compounds than yellow zucchini. Fruit harvested young shows more diverse screening results for anti-oxidant compounds and nutrients than fruit harvested old.

Distribution, Accumulation Characteristics, and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Vegetable Soils of Different Planting Years

To ascertain the influence of prolonged planting on the distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in protected vegetable soil, samples from typical vegetable planting areas in Shenyang were gathered to evaluate the distribution features of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in such soil. The Hakanson index, heavy metal risk assessment standard, and secondary phase to primary ratio methods were employed to evaluate the ecological hazard of soil in the research area, while the human health risk model was utilized to evaluate the health of inhabitants. The findings indicated that：① The amount of heavy metals Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Cd in the topsoil （0~20 cm） of protected vegetable land in the study region decreased successively, and the content of heavy metals in the topsoil increased with the extension of planting years, of which Cd, Zn, and Cu increased most obviously, with maximum increases of 219%, 189%, and 134%, respectively. ② Heavy metals Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb were mainly in the residual state, whereas Cd was mainly in the weak acidic state, with a maximum proportion of 53%. ③ The potential ecological risk index of Cd in the topsoil of the study area was 95.77, showing a medium ecological risk； however, the comprehensive potential ecological risk of the six heavy metals was not high. ④ The HI values of the six heavy metals in the study area were less than 1 and the risk of non-carcinogenesis was negligible； however, the carcinogenic risk of heavy metals in some sampling sites should not be ignored.

Geoinformation monitoring of the condition of rice fields in Giang Province (Vietnam) according to multispectral ERS data and field spectroradiometering

The spatial distribution of areas of territory used for agricultural work is of great importance for the development of measures for managing territories and planning the rational use of land and water resources. As a result of the high development of land and its use for agricultural production, timely assessment of both the condition of soils and the growing season of crops in the fields plays an important role. Since in the conditions of the study area it is possible to choose the timing of sowing, growing and harvesting, spatial data on the location of fields for growing rice can be used to estimate the volume of water consumed for its cultivation and develop a crop rotation model for different volumes of available water based on the level of water reserves of the main crop. source. Geoinformation classification of Earth remote sensing data and the use of spectral indices can be used to monitor the dynamics of rice crop formation under existing conditions. Refinement of the results of geoinformation processing of satellite images is carried out using field standardization methods, including photo standardization, showing the real value of reflected energy during large-scale photography, and spectroradiometry, which makes it possible to determine the characteristics of the reflected energy by these objects in various spectral ranges. The results obtained made it possible to obtain statistical data on the values of the area of plots based on 4844 measurements; the average values of the area of plots were established – 0.447, standard deviation – 0.309, maximum area – 5.84 hectares, minimum 0.02 hectares. The obtained statistical results make it possible to determine on average the estimated number of plots in the territory of An Giang province, which is 442 thousand fields. Thus, when deciphering images of rice fields on satellite images, local geoinformation cartographic layers of such fields are developed, taking into account the actual characteristics and stage of plant vegetation, as well as the stage of harvesting and the stage of tillage.

ANALISIS PENGGUNAAN AIR IRIGASI TETES BERTINGKAT EMPAT PADA USAHATANI TANAMAN CABAI DI PERMUKIMAN PERKOTAAN.

The use of a multilevel drip irrigation system for agriculture in urban residential areas needs to be done so that food availability can always be available, which must be supported by the use of appropriate planting media. This study aims to determine the amount of use by chili plants in polybag media irrigated by a four-level drip irrigation system with a mixture of soil and compost and livestock waste. Tests were carried out on the provision of drip irrigation, infiltration capacity and soil moisture produced at certain durations for each phase of plant growth (chili). The composition of the soil planting media to the compost is 60%: 40%, 70%: 30%, 80%: 20%. The test was carried out on a PVC drip irrigation network with emitters in a 2m x 4m x 2m room with 96 polybags, water sources from a 150 liter tank with a height of 2.5 m. Data analysis was carried out on irrigation discharge data, uniformity, irrigation depth and soil moisture against irrigation water use. The test results show that the amount of irrigation water used for chili plants in the early growth phase is around 40 liters, the use of water in the vegetative plant growth phase is around 60 liters to 120 liters, in the generative phase it is 130 liters to 300 liters and in the fruiting phase until the harvest phase, around 325 liters - 500 liters of water are used. The use of irrigation water is the cumulative amount from early irrigation to post-harvest. The highest water use needs to be given to plants on the first and fourth floors in the dry season and in the rainy season the lowest irrigation water use is for plants on the first and fourth floors.

Evaluation of Urban Plant Vegetation on the Effects of Flight Noise Around the Airport Area

In urban and industrial regions, noise pollution is becoming a bigger environmental issue, particularly around airports. Excessive noise can have a number of detrimental effects on people's physical and mental well-being. The World Health Organization (WHO) states that extended exposure to noise can raise blood pressure, cause sleep disruptions, cause hearing loss, and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. The fast expansion of air travel and heightened airport operations in Indonesia have made the noise issue worse. A lot of study has been done on how to lessen airport noise. More environmentally friendly natural solutions, such as the use of plants as noise barriers, have attracted attention as effective and sustainable alternatives. It is hoped that this research can provide practical and effective solutions that not only reduce noise but also support environmental sustainability. Thus, the results of this research will provide long-term benefits for the community around the airport and educational institutions such as the Indonesian Aviation Academy Banyuwangi. With an average noise reduction percentage of 46.79%, the study's results demonstrate the most notable decrease in noise levels. With a noise reduction of 29.54%, Tunas Merah comes in second. With a noise reduction of 23.94%, the TFan spruce comes in third. Noise is only decreased by 17.77% in the absence of barrier plants.

Evaluation of Vegetation Health in the PT X Reclamation Area Using the NDVI Method Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Multispectral Orthophoto Data

Abstract According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) in 2023, Indonesia became the third-largest coal-producing country globally after China and India. Indonesia’s coal production amounted to 775.2 million tons in 2023, and around 27% was used for domestic needs. Coal mining in Indonesia generally uses an open-pit mining system, which impacts changes in land cover, landscape form, and the loss of flora and fauna. To dismiss this stigma, good mining practices must be applied in every process to ensure the balance of post-mining land’s natural and social functions. One effort to restore the condition of post-mining land is revegetation. Revegetation activities on ex-mining land require much time, money, and energy, so the planted vegetation must be monitored and evaluated. The problem often encountered when using Landsat and Sentinel satellite image data is that clouds cover many areas because the island of Kalimantan has a tropical climate with high rainfall, humidity, and temperature throughout the year. Then, using multispectral aerial photography data is one solution for monitoring plant health. With the advancement of photogrammetric technology using multispectral cameras, it is possible to analyze the health of reclaimed plants using the NDVI method. The results of the NDVI analysis on reclaimed plants produced the highest index value of 0.877 and the lowest value of 0.013. With very healthy plant criteria covering 12.47 ha (71.5%), healthy plant criteria covering 4.95 ha (28.4%), and unhealthy criteria covering 0.02 ha (0.1%).

An Analysis of Plant Vegetation Types and Structures on Popaya Island, North Gorontalo

An Analysis of Plant Vegetation Types and Structures on Popaya Island, North Gorontalo