Production Of Planting Stock Research Articles

Quality citrus planting stock production program – a success story from Central India

Quality citrus planting stock production program – a success story from Central India

Investigations on magnitude and symptomatology of newly invasive leaf spot and tip blight of Nandi (Lagerstroemia lanceolata Wall.)

Leaf spot and tip blight of Lagerstroemia lanceolata, two new invasive foliar diseases pose a serious threat to the quality planting stock production. Investigations were done in three eco-climatic zones of Canara circle (i.e., plain, hilly and coastal of Uttara Kannada district) revealed the incidence positivity of both the diseases in all nine nurseries surveyed. Maximum mean leaf spot incidence was in hilly zone (DI- 85.46%; PDI- 69.55) and coastal zone had highest tip blight (DI- 76.71; PDI- 59.49). The leaf spot disease induced seedling mortality was dominated by Kyadagi nursery in hilly zone (32.37%) and Sharavathi nursery (coastal zone) for tip blight disease (37.21%). The distinct leaf symptoms were red circular spots covered by a yellow halo. Similarly, tip blight showed white cottony growth on lower and corresponding yellow symptoms on upper leaf lamina.

Efficacy of Seed Grading and Priming on Germination and Seedling Vigour of Sandal

Rational and effective use of forest seed resources is essential especially for those species facing threat and wherein the standing population available in the forests is drastically declining. Sandal is one such species of concern which demands research inputs starting from good seed sources, appropriate seed handling and nursery techniques for sustainable utilization. Application of simple and effective seed grading techniques combined with germination enhancement methods for Sandal ensures the utilization of seed germplasm in a highly productive manner to facilitate quality planting stock production. Size grading of sandal seedlot helped to separate quality seeds and those of diameter class 6.7mm and above expressed very high seedling vigour. Size graded sandal seeds on primimg by incubation at 45°C for one hour followed by soaking in 500 ppm GA3 improved germination significantly. The outcome of the study will serve the State Forest Departments, Non-Governmental Organizations and nursery entrepreneurs to produce quality seedlings of Sandal for ecorestoration and raising plantations.

Nutripriming of Seeds with Manganese Sulphate for Better Germination and Seedling Vigour in the East Indian Sandalwood (Santalum album L.)

Poor and staggered seeds germination is the major hurdle in plantation establishment of sandalwood (Santalum album L) which is one among the esteemed timber species of the world. Nutrient priming is an innovative approach that combines the positive effects of seed priming and improved nutrient supply thereby helping in mass production of quality seedlings. In the present investigation, the effect of nutripriming using MnSO4 on germination and seedling growth of the sandal was studied. The experiment was conducted in two factorial CRD with concentration of MnSO4 (0.4M, 0.6M, 0.8 M and 1 M) and duration of treatment (3, 6, 9 and 12 days) as factors. Results indicated that seeds subjected to nutripriming at 0.8 M for 3 days recorded the highest germination (88.0%) followed by those soaked at 0.4 (86.7%), 0.6 (86.7%) and 1.0 M (86.0%) concentrations respectively. The nutri-primed seeds incubated for more than 3 days recorded a germination < 10%. Multivariate analysis indicated that the seedling growth and biomass production were also higher at 0.8 M concentration for 3 days followed by 0.4 M for 6 days. Hence, we recommend nutripriming at 0.8 M for 3 days and 0.4 M for 6 days for superior planting stock production of sandal.

Adventitious Root Induction in Cinnamomum heyneanum and C. riparium: The Endemic Tree Species of Western Ghats

Cinnamomum heyneanum Nees and C. riparium Gamble (family Lauraceae) are the two wild riparian species of Cinnamomum endemic to Western Ghats of Peninsular India. Overexploitation along with the lack of efforts replenish the resources have urged the ex situ and in situ conservation of these species. The objective of the present study was to explore the possibility of vegetative propagation through branch cuttings and juvenile epicormic shoots in planting stock production of these species. The effect of cutting type, time of collection, auxin type and auxin concentration on adventitious rhizogenesis of branch cuttings and epicormic shoots were studied. Results indicated that all these factors significantly affected the rooting efficacy of cuttings. The branch cuttings of C. heyneanum recorded a maximum rooting of 69.0 ± 2.0% and that of C. riparium was 70.7 ± 7.4%. The highest percentage of rooting was obtained in semi-hardwood cuttings treated with IBA 7000 mg l−1collected during September–December. Meanwhile, the juvenile epicormic shoots under best treatment combination could produce rooting up to 94% in C. heyneanum and 93% in C. riparian. The highest sprouting and rooting were observed in the epicormic shoots produced in the cuttings collected during January to April treated with 5000 mg l−1 IBA. The present study reveals that both the Cinnamomum species are amenable to macro-propagation and a better sprouting and rooting response can be obtained by using juvenile epicormic shoots compared to branch cuttings.

The Influences of Seed Source on Germination and Production of Abnormal Seedling in Big-Leaf Mahogany (&lt;i&gt;Swietenia macrophylla&lt;/i&gt; King)

The big-leaf mahogany is one of the fast growing and highly demanded tropical timber species in the world. It is widely grown as an avenue tree as well as commercial plantations due to narrow crown, straightness, wide adaptability and desirable wood qualities. The morphological evaluation and grading of seedling at the early is one of most important aspects for quality planting stock production. The present study was attempted to document the influence of seed source on germination and occurrence of abnormal seedlings in big-leaf mahogany. A total of 25 seed sources collected from Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka was used in this study. The 100-seed weight, germination % and number of abnormal seedlings were recorded. The results revealed that the seed source had significant influence on these parameters. The highest germination and branched seedlings were found in Karnataka seed sources. The abnormal seedlings percent was high in Mayampady (Tamil Nadu) where as it was absent in Chaliyarmukku (Kerala).

Establishment and Development of Forestry Operation Mechanization

Development of machinery and equipment for forestry operation mechanization at the institute started practically right after its establishment. Special focus was on development of horse and tractor driven machinery for soil preparation, sowing and agrotechnical treatments. In post war years a new forestry mechanization development stage commenced in particular development of special power sources. A design bureau and production experimental workshop were established for engineering documentation development. In early 60es laboratories for mechanization of key forestry operation technologies, forest seed harvest and treatment, planting stock production, forest plantation establishment, afforestation of gullied and mountain slopes, thinning were founded. Longterm work of the Insitute mechanization experts and Tsokbleshozmash officers resulted in development and introduction into serial production of over 150 brands of new machines, equipment and tools most of them is secured with inventors certificates and patents. The developed machinery and equipment was introduced in many regions of the nation and its applications enabled mechanization of practically all forestry technological operations with sufficient quality and performance growth. Приведены основные этапы становления и развития научноисследовательских и опытноконструкторских работ во ВНИИЛМ по созданию машин и оборудования для лесного хозяйства. Отмечены наиболее важные достижения в этой области и сотрудники института, внесшие существенный вклад в решение проблемы механизации лесохозяйственных работ.

Standardization of adventitious root induction in stem cuttings of Cynometra travancorica Bedd Willd., an endangered tree species of Western Ghats

Cynometra travancorica Bedd. belonging to family Fabaceae is an endangered tree species endemic to Western Ghats with restricted distribution. There is an urgent need for conservation of this endangered species and the vegetative propagation techniques can play major role in planting stock production. Present study focuses on the standardisation of vegetative propagation protocol of C. travancorica using stem cuttings with different concentrations of three plant growth regulating substances in different season. The anatomical, physiological and biochemical changes of the sprouted cuttings belonging to different growth regulator treatments were also conducted. Softwood, semi hardwood and hardwood cuttings were collected in three seasons (January–April, May–August and September–December) and treated with indole 3 butyric acid, indole 3 acetic acid and naphthalene acetic acid in different concentrations. Rooting response was measured after 45 days in the mist chamber. The adventitious rhizogenesis of C. travancorica stem cuttings was influenced by type of cutting, season of collection, type of growth regulator and its concentration. Semi hardwood cuttings collected during season III treated with 8000 mg l−1 IBA recorded about 84% rooting. Anatomical studies on the sprouted cuttings treated with different growth regulator did not show any significant differences, whereas physiological and biochemical parameters of sprouted cuttings varied. Hence, we recommend this treatment combination for the large scale planting stock production.

Standardisation of propagation through stem cuttings in Celastrus paniculatus Willd, a threatened medicinal plant

Celastrus paniculatus is one of the red listed medicinal plant species belonging to the family Celastraceae. Traditional propagation techniques cannot cater to large-scale planting stock production of this valuable species due to poor seed set and seed germination hence, the vegetative propagation has to be resorted. Present investigation was carried out to standardize the vegetative propagation protocol of C. paniculatus through stem cuttings with growth regulators in different season. The anatomical, physiological and biochemical changes of the sprouted cuttings were also analysed. The adventitious rhizogenesis of C. paniculatus stem cuttings was influenced by type of cutting, season of collection, type of growth regulator and its concentration. Semi hardwood cuttings collected during season III treated with 8000 mg l−1 IBA recorded over 80% rooting. Hence, we recommend this treatment combination for the large scale planting production of C. paniculatus. Anatomical studies on the sprouted cuttings treated with different growth regulator did not show any significant differences, whereas physiological and biochemical parameters of sprouted cuttings varied due to growth regulator application.

Growth performance of Ceriops decandra (Griff.) Ding Hou propagules as influenced by PGR – a conservation effort

Vegetative propagation could be an important advantage and also envisioned to be the best alternative for planting stock production in the absence or lack of seeds. In the Pichavaram mangrove forest Ceriops decandra (Rhizophoraceae) is one of the most endangered species and IUCN also declared this species as near threatened. Propagation of Ceriops decandra, by propagule cuttings, treated with Plant growth regulators is feasible and it was possible to produce three saplings from one propagule. The effect of plant growth regulators like IBA, NAA, GA3 on optimum growth medium and period of nursery care for mangrove saplings of Ceriops decandra were studied and the results revealed that best growth performance was recorded when the cuttings were treated with GA3 alone up to 2000 ppm. Combination of NAA and IBA increased the rooting and leaf formation. Among the treatments GA3 enhanced the number of leaves and roots, Shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight of roots increased to larger extent. All the plants are transferred to field in the mangrove forest of Pichavaram, Tamilnadu, India.ECOPRINT 22: 21-28, 2015

Increased Biomass of Nursery-Grown Douglas-Fir Seedlings upon Inoculation with Diazotrophic Endophytic Consortia

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings are periodically challenged by biotic and abiotic stresses. The ability of endophytes to colonize the interior of plants could confer benefits to host plants that may play an important role in plant adaptation to environmental changes. In this greenhouse study, nursery-grown Douglas-fir seedlings were inoculated with diazotrophic endophytes previously isolated from poplar and willow trees and grown for fifteen months in nutrient-poor conditions. Inoculated seedlings had significant increases in biomass (48%), root length (13%) and shoot height (16%) compared to the control seedlings. Characterization of these endophytes for symbiotic traits in addition to nitrogen fixation revealed that they can also solubilize phosphate and produce siderophores. Colonization was observed through fluorescent microscopy in seedlings inoculated with gfp- and mkate-tagged strains. Inoculation with beneficial endophytes could prove to be valuable for increasing the production of planting stocks in forest nurseries.

Slow sand filtration for elimination of phytopathogens in water used in forest nurseries

Irrigation water from natural sources can be contaminated by fungi, Oomycota, or bacteria capable of causing serious diseases in seedlings in forest nurseries. Slow sand filtration (SSF) is a cost-effective technique for water decontamination prior to irrigation. The aim of the current study was to assess the effectiveness of SSF as a means of eliminating plant pathogens including Pythium sterilum, Fusarium solani, Xanthomonas campestris, Pseudomonas syringae pv. Syringae and Rhizobium radiobacter from the lake water source used for irrigation. The applied SSF was effective in removing 80–90% of fungal and Oomycota inoculum as well as 70% of the bacteria in the investigated water. Therefore, SSF represents a practical step to lowering the use of pesticides during production of planting stocks in forest nurseries and a valuable element in an integrated plant protection system.

Standardization of Propagation through cuttings inSalacia fruticosaHeyne ex Lawson: A Medicinal Plant Endemic to Western Ghats

Salacia fruticosa Heyne ex Lawson, one of the red listed medicinal plants belonging to the family Celastraceae which is categorised as threatened by IUCN due to unsustainable and indiscriminate harvesting for commercial purposes. Traditional propagation techniques cannot cater to large scale planting stock production of this valuable species due to poor fruit set and seed germination hence the vegetative propagation has to be resorted to meet the planting stock requirement. Present investigation was carried out at Kerala Forest Research Institute to standardize the vegetative propagation protocol of S. fruticosa through stem cuttings with growth regulators in different season. Semi hard wood and hardwood cuttins were collected in three seasons (January-April, May-August and September- December) and treated with Indole Butyric Acid and Naphthalene Acetic Acid in different concentrations. Rooting response was measured after two weeks in the mist chamber. The adventitious rhizogenesis of S. fruticosa stem cuttings was influenced by type of cutting, season of collection, type of growth regulator and its concentration. Semi hardwood leafy cuttings, treated with 3000 mg/l of IBA during January – April was the successful method for vegetative propagation (80% rooting) to produce the planting stock. Significant increase in number of new leaves, root length also recorded for the same treatment. Hence, we recommend the same treatment combination for the large scale planting production in S. Fruticosa.

PERTUMBUHAN DAN PERKEMBANGAN TUNAS PADA BIBIT NYAMPLUNG HASIL PEMBIAKAN DENGAN TEKNIK SAMBUNGAN

Callophyllum inophyllum Linn. is one of potential tree species for commercial plantation as biofuel sources. This species was generally propagated by generative method and seldom vegetative method in mass planting stock production. A completely randomized design was arranged in factorial experiment to identify the effect of three grafting methods and four origins of scion in mother tree on the growth of grafted plants. The growth of grafted plants was observed at nursery and the development of graft union anatomy was observed through microscopic method in laboratory. The result showed that grafting method significantly influenced to shoot number and shoot length, with the best result showed by veneer graft method. Position of scion in mother trees influenced shooting rate and the best result was gained through the scion from the lower part of the tree crown. The survival rate was 72-100%, shooting rate was 68-100% with 1,9 shoots per grafted and average of shoot length was 0,65 cm.The growth of graft union showed earlier by callus formation and then differentiated to a vascular tissue

PENGARUH CARA PENYEMAIAN DAN PEMUPUKAN NPK TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT MAHONI DAUN LEBAR DI PESEMAIAN

Swietenia macrophylla King is one of popular tree species for timber product in Java. In order to increase the productivity of planting stock production at nursery, this research was conducted. The objectives of this research was to study the influences of sowing method and NPK fertilizer application on the growth of mahogany seedlings at nursery. The treatments were sowing methods (with and without pricking out), types of NPK fertilizer (grain and solution) and the dosages of NPK fertilizer (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 gram/seedlings). The result showed that sowing methods and type of NPK fertilizer did not give significant effect on the growth of mahogany seedlings. The dosages of NPK fertilizer caused significant different on the variation of height, diameter, total dry weight and seedling quality index. The application of NPK fertilizer at 0.6 g/seedlings/month showed the best result i.e: the seedling heigth (42 cm), stem diameter (5.15 mm), total dry weight (5.28 g) and seedling quality index (0.38).

Indução de embriões somáticos a partir de embriões zigóticos de Heliconia bihai (L.) L. cv. Lobster Claw Two

As flores tropicais têm contribuído para o aumento do mercado florístico no Brasil; dentre elas destacam-se as do gênero Heliconia. A propagação de helicônias que atinge maior número de mudas ocorre por via vegetativa, por meio da divisão de rizomas, aumentando a probabilidade de disseminação de doenças, podendo, num futuro próximo, comprometer a produção de flores. O cultivo in vitro surge como importante alternativa para proporcionar a produção de mudas de helicônia com elevado padrão de qualidade. Entretanto, a micropropagação de helicônias via ápices caulinares depara-se com problemas de contaminação endofítica, dificultando a multiplicação do explante. Diante disso, fez-se necessário avaliar alternativas que promovam a produção de mudas in vitro, por meio da utilização de outros explantes. Para tanto, realizou-se um experimento, utilizando embriões zigóticos, provenientes de frutos imaturos e maduros de H. bihai (L.) L. cv. Lobster Claw Two, em combinações de AIA (0; 5,70 e 11,41 µm L-1) e 2,4-D (0; 22,62; 45,24; 67,86 e 90,48 µm L-1), para induzir a formação de embriões somáticos durante 90 dias. Por meio de análise histológica, observou-se a formação de embriões somáticos apenas nos embriões zigóticos, provenientes de frutos maduros, cultivados na ausência de reguladores de crescimento.

PENGARUH UMUR POHON INDUK, UMUR TUNAS DAN JENIS MEDIA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN STEK PUCUK SUKUN

The study was conducted to develop methods for planting stock production by shoot cuttings. The objectives of the study were to identify the effect of parent tree age, shoot age and rooting media on the growth of shoot cuttings. The study was conducted in 2 experimental steps. The first was to examine the effect of parent tree age and shoot age on the groeth of cutting: parent tree age class of 5 years (KU-1), 6-10 years (KU-2), 11-15 years (KU-3) and 16-20 years (KU-4), and shoot ages of 3 and 4 months. The second was to test 6 rooting media types (volcanic sands, soil, rice husk charcoal, coconut husk, sand + rice husk charcoal/4:1 and sand + coconut husk/4:1). The results showed that shoot cuttings from root cuttings grew successfully. It reached 90-100% of survival rate. Parent tree age and shoot age significantly influenced the number of roots with the highest root number was 5,42 from 4 months shoot taken from KU-4 root cuttings. Types of media significantly affected rooting rate with the best was 98% shown in sand + rice husk charcoal (4:1) media.

Studies on raising and preparation of planting stock of three indigenous forest timber species in Nigeria

Seed germination studies, seedling growth, planting stock preparation and field trial at planting espacement of 3 m x 3 m were evaluated in the study. Soaking seeds in tap water for ten days with daily replacement of water yielded 100% seed germination for A. africana, 100% for A. boonei and 90% for A. lebbeck respectively in light condition. These values were better than those obtained in the control and dark condition. Growth values observed in forest topsoil were significantly different from those from river sand. From Forest Topsoil the total plant heights were 98 ± 16.33 cm for A. africana, 41 ± 6.83 cm for A. lebbeck and 70 ± 11.66 cm for A. boonei while from the river sand, A. Africana had 36 ± 6.0 cm, A. lebbeck had 26.3 ± 4.38 cm and A. boonei had 25.6 ± 4.27 cm. The field trial showed that there is prospect of successful domestication of these species using stumps or seedlings as planting stock. Significant difference was not observed in the trial. The only observed advantage is that more stumps can be transported than the seedlings. For quality planting stock production, soaking the seeds of the species under study for 10 days with daily replacement of water, forest topsoil as seedling growth medium, stumps and seedlings as planting stock are recommended. Keywords: Afzelia africana, Albizia lebbec, Alstonia boonei,Planting stock, agroforestryInternational Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences Vol. 2 (4) 2008: pp. 573-578

Effects of Nursery Pre‐Conditioning on Panicum hemitomon and Sagittaria lancifolia Used for Wetland Restoration

AbstractA study was conducted to examine nursery protocols for production of planting stocks used in wetland mitigation projects. Two commercial soil mixtures were tested along with waterlogging, fertilization, and combination treatments. Two marsh species, Panicum hemitomon and Sagittaria lancifolia, were subjected to a two‐phase study. During Phase I, watering and fertilization treatments were applied in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with two soils, two watering regimes, and two fertilizer treatments. In Phase II, all plants were subjected to continuous waterlogging (no fertilizer). Soil redox potential was measured, along with plant gas exchange and growth responses. Our data do not support the hypothesis that flood “pre‐conditioning” alone can significantly improve plant growth under subsequent flooding. However, fertilization alone or in combination with flooding appeared to enhance shoot and root production in both species during the subsequent flooding. In contrast, flooding alone produced Panicum plants that appeared to remain somewhat susceptible to subsequent flooding as compared to fertilized plants. Sagittaria plants subjected to fertilizer treatment alone did not produce significantly greater total dry weights compared to their controls. Our data indicate that the growth of planting stocks for wetland mitigation can be improved by fertilization in the nursery.Key words: fertilizer, flooding, nursery production, wetland mitigation.

A scheme of plant certification for production of nematode‐free stocks1

A scheme for the control of plant‐parasitic nematodes in the production of planting stocks of garlic (Allium sativum) and strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is described. Nematodes controlled are Ditylenchus dipsaci on garlic and D. dipsaci, Aphelenchoides ritzema‐bosi, A. fragariae and Meloidogyne spp. on strawberry. The scheme gave very satisfactory results in the protection of garlic cultivations for over 10 years and strawberry plantations for at least 8 years.