Plant Spacing Research Articles

Factors Influencing Jajar Legowo Innovation Decisions: (Case Study Of Budi Sepakat Farmer Group, Koto Tangah District, Padang City)

This study aims to describe the diffusion of legowo jar innovation in the Budi Sepakat farmer group and find out the factors that influence the decision of legowo jajar innovation in the Budi Agree farmer group, Koto Tangah District, Padang City. This research method uses qualitative and descriptive quantitative with a case study approach in Budi Sepakat's farmer group. The analysis of the first objective data was carried out by interactive analysis of Miles and Huberman in [1] The data used in this study are primary data and secondary data. The results showed that the innovation of legowo rows is an innovation regarding rice planting spacing with alternating planting patterns between two or more rice planting rows and one empty row. The legowo jajar innovation was first introduced by the Department of Agriculture through the 2017 Penas event in Aceh. Communication runs smoothly with the communication channel used, namely interpersonal communication channels. This innovation was communicated in 2017 and implemented in 2021. This innovation does not oppose customs and culture and is fully supported by the community. The factors that influence farmers' decisions on legowo line innovation are the nature of successive innovations, namely: Compatibility, complexity, relative advantage, trialability, and observability. And factors that do not influence farmers' decisions on legowo line innovation are age, land area, and education.

Optimization of Growth, Yield, and Quality of Edamame : Effect of Doses of NPK fertilizer and Plant Spacing

Produksi edamame di Indonesia saat ini sekitar 3,5 ton/ ha, lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kedelai biasa yang memiliki produksi rata-rata 1,7±3,2 ton/ha. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi produktivitas edamame adalah jarak tanam, yang dapat mempengaruhi proses fotosintesis tanaman dan serapan unsur hara dan air. Pemupukan dengan menggunakan pupuk NPK juga dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan produksi edamame, namun penggunaan pupuk kimia tanpa bahan organik dapat menurunkan produktivitas dan kualitas tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perubahan jarak tanam dan perlakuan pupuk NPK terhadap produktivitas dan kualitas edamame di Indonesia Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak kelompok dengan lima ulangan dan tiga perlakuan: Faktor pertama jarak tanam dan faktor kedua adalah dosis pupuk NPK Bianglala. Faktor Pertama Pupuk NPK Bianglala (P): P0 = NPK 3 g/tanaman yaitu sesuai SOP PT.GMIT sebagai kontrol), P1 = NPK 250kg/ha = 2 g/tanaman), P2 = NPK 300kg/ha = 2,5 g/tanaman). Faktor kedua yaitu jarak tanam (J): J0 = 10 cm x 30 cm yaitu sesuai SOP PT.GMIT sebagai kontrol), J1 = 20 cm x 20cm, J2 = 20 cm x 30 cm, J3 = 15 cm x 30 cm. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengaturan jarak tanam dan dosis pupuk NPK berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman dan jumlah polong pada tanaman edamame. Kombinasi jarak tanam 20 x 20 cm dan dosis pupuk NPK 3 g/tanaman memberikan tinggi tanaman tertinggi. Jarak tanam yang lebih rapat dapat meningkatkan tinggi tanaman. Namun, tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap jumlah daun. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pengaturan jarak tanam dan dosis pupuk NPK yang tepat dapat meningkatkan produktivitas dan kualitas edamame di Indonesia.

Power Efficiency Analysis based on Lightning Effect on Large-Scale Solar Photovoltaic System

Currently, a large-scale solar photovoltaic (LSSPV) has become one of the fastest developments of electrical generation power for Malaysian Renewable Energy. However, lightning strikes are common in Malaysia due to its geographical position and tropical climate, especially in the open space of large-scale site power plants. This paper discussed the scientific basis and key assumptions that should be included in the layout of a lightning protection scheme in a large-scale solar photovoltaic installation. The framework proposal aims to ensure compliance with standards and guidelines, mitigating the risk of significantly induced currents in the LSSPV power plant. A 2.5 MW solar PV farm system was modelled using MATLAB software for assessing a solar PV farm’s electrical performance under various lightning current waveforms and lightning magnitude currents. These lightning strikes will impact photovoltaic modules, thus deteriorating the system’s ratio generation. The effects of lightning current on LSSPV were accessed based on simulation work in MATLAB Simulink. The induced current protection scheme covered rating selection and collecting data on lightning that may hit the modules or arrays. This data was then analysed according to the standard guidelines to ascertain the most effective protection measures for the 50MW PV farm within the LSSPV system. Minimising the maintenance and replacement cost of equipment is possible. The performance of a 2.5MW solar PV power plant with a grid connection was evaluated. A maximum and minimum power output of 2.47MW and 522.50kW, respectively, were observed. However, when the lightning impulsive current is included through the system, the power output decrease to 407.33kW due to the high magnitude induced.

Response of Mungbean (<i>Vigna radiata</i>L Wilczek) Genotypes to Different Spacing Types in Derived Savannah Agroecology of Southeast Nigeria

Population density is an important determinant of crop yield. For optimum crop production, the best spacing requirement must be adopted. Although the recommended spacing requirement of mungbean is abundant in literature globally, there is no such information on studies conducted within derived savannah agroecological zone of southeast Nigeria, despite the crop’s usefulness as food, green manure, and nitrogen fixer. We hypothesized that the spacing requirement of mungbean may vary with genotype. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate the response of three mungbean genotypes to four spacing types in derived savannah agroecology. The experiment was a split-plot design with genotype (Tvr18, Tvr65, and Tvr83) as the main plot treatment and plant spacing (30x10, 40x10, 30x15, and 40x15 cm) as the sub-plot treatment. Data were collected on 19 agronomic traits. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that plant spacing of 30x10 cm influenced significantly higher (p<0.05) values in most agronomic traits measured while Tvr18 was higher in pod and seed attributes with higher seed-yield (0.80 t/ha) compared to Tvr83 (0.52 t/ha) which was the least. The interaction effect of Tvr18 by 30x10 cm gave a higher seed yield of (1.37) t/ha compared to Tvr83 by 30x10 cm (0.62 t/ha) which was the least. GGE biplot analysis showed a higher seed yield of the genotype-Tvr83 with wider spacing 40x15 compared to 30x10 cm.

Maize stover transfers from maize fields to banana-based agroforestry homegardens and the corresponding nutrient flows in central-northern Tanzania

Maize (Zea mays) stover produced in the drier lowland areas on the volcanic foot slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro serves as an important additional fodder for smallholder zero-grazed dairy cattle farming in the humid highland areas of the region. The obtained cattle manure is used to replenish nutrients and manage soil fertility in banana-based agroforestry homegardens of the highlands, which contributes significantly to sustaining crop production, thus food security and the livelihoods of the community. The study aims to provide a preliminary evaluation of the amounts of stover removed from smallholder maize-based fields in the lowlands and the subsequent nutrient flows to the banana-based agroforestry homegardens of the highlands. In 54 smallholder maize fields selected at random from 11 villages in the Hai and Siha districts of the Kilimanjaro region, we conducted an agronomic survey to record the types and amounts of fertilizer used, plant spacing at harvest, and maize stover biomass yield. Most of the surveyed maize-based fields received inadequate nutrient inputs, which were limited to mineral nitrogen alone if any. Of the surveyed fields, 16.7% received recommended amounts of 74 kg N ha–1 by the Ministry of Agriculture, 46.3% sub-optimal amounts and 37.0% did not receive fertilizer at all. Plant density was only 50% of the recommended population density. While this was only a preliminary study on nutrient flows between maize and banana-based agroecosystems, our findings demonstrated that potassium exports via harvested banana bunches exceeded the inputs in the homegardens. We conclude that (i) soil fertility management techniques, preferably integrated soil fertility management, suitable for small-scale maize production in the lowlands should be formulated while optimizing plant density to increase production, (ii) maize-based agroforestry farming system adapted to drier conditions to deal with windstorm and soil erosion problems in the lowlands is urgently needed, and (iii) wider and more detailed research on nutrient flows between maize and banana-based agroecosystems should be conducted to document their respective soil nutrient balances and the sustainability of such practice.

Modelling Salvia sclarea L. yields depending on plants spacing, mineral fertilisers and depth of ploughing in the irrigated conditions of cold Steppe zone

Ukraine has favourable natural conditions for the cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants, but there is a lack of scientific knowledge and practical guidelines for their cultivation. Clary sage is a valuable and prospective crop for the South of Ukraine and deserves special attention. This study is aimed to investigate theoretical mechanisms of clary sage productivity formation on the irrigated lands of the Southern Ukraine. The experimental basis for the study is the data on crop inflorescence yields, collected during field investigation of clary sage cultivation technology in the dripirrigated lands of the Kherson Oblast during 2013-2018. Theoretical study on the yield formation depending on the cultivation technology elements was performed through rank correlation and heteroscedasticity analyses, while the mathematical model for the crop yield prediction was developed using multiple regression. As a result, the null hypothesis about the influence of the factors studied on crop yields was denied according to the Breusch-Pagan and Glejser tests, although the results of the analysis of variances revealed no significant effect of the depth of the plough and the spacing of the crop on the yields. Rank correlation analysis revealed that the highest influence on crop yield is attributed to phosphorus fertilisers. In addition, information on the influence of each agrotechnological factor on the yield of clary sage was determined, namely: 1 kg of nitrogen fertilisers applied per ha reduces the yield by 6.34 kg; 1 kg of phosphorus fertilisers applied per ha increases the yield by 156.44 kg; 1 extra cm of row spacing reduces the yield by 3.33 kg; 1 cm deeper ploughing improves the yield by 56.56 kg. The model has moderate fitting quality (correlation coefficient 0.5885) and reasonably good yield prediction accuracy (mean absolute percentage error 24.12%). The study has no analogues in Ukraine or in the world and provides novel theoretical and practical insights on the formation of clary sage productivity in the cold Steppe zone

Construction and application of an applicability evaluation system for garlic planters based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation.

The widespread use of garlic planters has been hampered by the lack of comprehensive applicability evaluation criteria, as their functional and structural designs are sometimes subpar and their purchase and use are not always financially advantageous. In order to close this gap in the applicability evaluation system for garlic planters, a three-level index system based on Technical indicators, Economic indicators, and Working condition indicators was proposed in the current study. A fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was then applied to achieve the evaluation with the help of an analytical hierarchy process and validity test. By providing basic descriptions, physical test results and specific calculation results to the consulted ten experts and collecting the scores for the 3rd level indicators, the first-generation garlic planter was analyzed for the practical application of the Pizhou-white garlic planting area based on the established applicability evaluation system. The evaluated score of 74.47 was towards the bottom of the "good" range. The findings also suggest that enhancing operational safety, implementing plant spacing and planting depth adjustments, enhancing ease of operation, and to some extent lowering capital cost will improve functional performance and economic performance. The upgraded machine was subsequently created using the optimization guidelines. Its applicability score was 77.52, representing a 4.1% gain over the original computer. It has reached the midpoint of the "good" range and has achieved the optimization goal. The proposed applicability evaluation system can generally draw unbiased conclusions and provide scientific evaluation methods for the promotion of garlic planters in specific areas, benefiting not only the design and improvement of garlic planters but also the purchasing and application of them. However, further indicator refinement and a more thorough evaluation method appear necessary before the evaluation system is made more widely available.

Evaluation of High Harvest Index Urdbean (Vigna mungo L.) Varieties using Path Analysis in Various Crop Spacing under Rainfed Conditions in Tamil Nadu

Background: One of the most valuable crops is black gram, which has a high nutritional value, a short growing season and is suitable for many different farming systems. This study aims to evaluate the high harvest index urdbean varieties using path analysis in various crop spacing under rainfed conditions in Tamil Nadu. Methods: The experiments was carried out during three consecutive years (2016-2017, 2017-2018 and 20218-2019) of Kharif season at Agricultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Virinjipuram, Tamil Nadu. The experiments was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications. Result: The pooled results of three years revealed that the urdbean variety VBN (Bg) 6 had the maximum seed yield of 691 kg ha-1, whereas MDU 1 had the lowest seed yield of 536 kg ha-1. When compared to other crop spacing, 20 cm x 10 cm had the maximum seed output of 683 kg ha-1. The ideal plant spacing of 20 cm x 10 cm enhanced seed production by 38.0 percent and harvest index by 16 per cent when compared to the advised crop spacing of 30 cm x 10 cm.

Yield Performance of Three Sulawesi Local Aromatic Upland Rice Varieties at Various Planting Spacing Distance with Alley Cropping System

The experiement was carried out to examine the production performance of 3 local Sulawesi aromatic upland rice varieties planted with the alley cropping system at various planting distances pattern in Sampano Village, South Larompong District, Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi from February to June 2022. Plant spacing and selection of more adaptive varieties was one aspect for testing. The plants were laid out in a Split Plots Design in a factorial Randomized Completely Block Design. The main plots were 3 local varieties of Ngapa, Sassa, and Latimojong. Subplots were planting spacing consisting of random spacing (spread), 25 cm x 25 cm, 20 cm x 20 cm, and 15 cm x 15 cm. The results showed that 15 cm x 15 cm was the best spacing for planting local aromatic upland rice varieties in the alley cropping system which produced 1,433.24 kg dry grain weight per hectare, while Ngappa variety outperformed Sassa and Latimojong by registering 1,350 kg/ha.

Yield, nutrient uptake and economics of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) influenced by nutrient doses and planting geometry under new alluvial zone of West Bengal

Field experiments were conducted during 2017-19 to study the effect of different doses of nutrients and planting geometries on the performance ofIndian mustard under new alluvial zone ofWest Bengal. The field experiment was conducted in split plot design with three replications, having twenty treatment combinations of five nutrient doses in main plot and four crop geometries in subplot. Seed yield (1751 kg/ha) of Indian mustard with 75:50:50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha, respectively (125 % RDF) was at par with 60:40:40 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha, respectively i.e. 100% RDF (1674 kg/ha) and 90:60:60 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha, respectively i.e. 150 % RDF (1733 kg/ha) andsignificantly higher than 45:30:30 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha, respectively i.e. 75 % RDF. Application of 90:60:60 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha, respectively registered 42.5 % more stover yield over 45:30:30 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha,respectively and was significantly superior to all lower doses of nutrients. Application of 45:30:30 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha, respectively resulted in higher oil content than other nutrient doses. Highest protein content obtained with the 75:50:50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha, respectively was significantly higher than 30:20:20 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha, respectively and 45:30:30 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha, respectively. Highest oil and protein yield registered with application of 75:50:50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha, respectively were at par with the 60:40:40 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha, respectively and 90:60:60 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha, respectively for oil yield and 90:60:60 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha, respectively for protein yield. Economics revealed that application of 75:50:50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha, respectively gave maximum net return (` 43,250/ha) and B:C ratio of 3.01. The highest seed yield obtained with the 25 x 20 cm spacing (1644 kg/ha) was significantly higher than all other treatments of planting geometry. This treatment registered 24.2 % more seed yield over 25 x 15 cm planting geometry. Plant spacing of 25 x 20 cm registered more stover yield and showed parity with 30 x 15 cm spacing. Closer spacing (25 x 20 cm and 25 x 15 cm) resulted in significantly higher oil content over all other crop geometries. Planting geometry of 25 x 20 cm registered highest oil yield and was comparable only with 30 x 15 cm. However, highest protein yield observed with the 30 x 30 cm spacing was on par with 25 x 20 cm and 30 x 20 cm plant spacing. Plant spacing of 25 x 20 cm gave highest net return (`43,260). However, maximum benefit: cost ratio (3.51) was recorded with the plant spacing of 30 x 15 cm.

Effect of Planting Spaces and Basgran Herbicide on Growth and Yield of Pisum sativum L. and Weeds Accompanying It

The experiment was carried out at winter agricultural season (2021-2022) at two location Al-Rashedia and Talkef, the experiment include two factors, planting space, (25, 50 and 75 cm) between the rows and four doses of Basgran herbicide (750, 1500 and 3000 ml / h−1 in addition the control). The experiment applied according factorial experiments system using Randomize Complete Block Design with three replication. the seeds of the Spanish cultivar were sown on 10 and 11 of December the data was analyzed according to the factorial experiments system using R.C.B.D significantly different treatments were distinguished with different letters. The most important results can be summarized as follow : the second distance exceeded than another at decrease the number and dry weight of broad leaves weed at Al-Rashedia location but non-significant differences among the planting space at Talkef location whether at number and dry weight of narrow and broad leaves weeds. The second distance exceeded than another at the yield seeds at Al-Rashedia location while the third distance exceeded at Talkef location.non-significant differences among the doses of Basagran herbicide at effect on No and dry weight of broad and narrow leaves weeds at Talkef location and broad leaves weed at Al-Rashedia location.non-significant differences among the doses of Basagran herbicide at effect on seed yield of Pea at two location.

Genetic Studies for some Bean Traits in Relation to Stability and Insect Infestations

This research was carried out at a private farm located at Qaha, Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt during the two successive summer seasons of 2018 and 2019 to estimate the stability parameters of ten dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes for yield, insect infestation and some economic traits under different planting densities as well as to assess the annual variation of some insect pests through different growing densities and seasons in relation to certain climatic factors, synchronization of plant age with insect infestation percentage on plant due to insect activity. There were significant genotype × densities interactions for the studied bean’s traits, i.e., number of days to flowering, pod length, 100-seeds weight, number of pods/plant, yield/feddan and insect infestation. Combined analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all studied traits. Pooled deviation mean squares for number of days to flowering, yield/fed. and insect infestation were not significant suggesting the consistency of the genotypes yielding ability under environmental conditions tested. The high yielding genotypes G6, G1 and G10 produced high yielding performance based on wide adaptation and stability of performance over all environments. Genotypes G3, G5, G7 and G10 were insensitive to environmental changes and could be recommended for cultivation under all conditions. Genotype G8 also had minimum aphid infestation over range of environments showed below regression coefficients for yield/fed. and insect infestation and low deviation from regression, indicated specific adaptability of this genotype to unfavorable environments. Genetic variation (σ2g) was large in magnitude compared to error one (σ2e) in all studied traits of all cases except pod length in all densities of 2nd season (Env. 5-8) and number of pods under 10 cm/2 rows of Env.8, reflecting the genetic differences among genotypes for all studied traits except of those two cases. The population of both leaf miners (Melanogromyza phaseoli) and aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) was observed from the third week of March (5th week after planting date) and continued till to 3rd week of May (14th week after planting) and reached to a peak level 55.2 and 85.9% for aphid and leaf miners during 9th and 11th weeks after planting date, respectively, i.e. 2nd and 4th week of April. Genotype G8 interacted with planting space of (5 cm ×2 rows) were explained the lowest Melanagromyza phaseoli (Tryon) and Aphis craccivora Koch, infestations (18.8% and 12.6%, respectively) followed by G1 and G5 with the same planting space for leaf miners (29.6%) and aphid (15.3%) infestations, respectively.

Effect of blended fertilizer rates and planting density on yield and yield components of Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) at Gombora condition, Hadiya zone, Southern Ethiopia

Potato is an important food and cash crop and it has high yielding potential in many parts of Ethiopia; however the yield of the crop is often constrained due to low and imbalanced rates of inorganic fertilizers and inappropriate spacing. The field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of five rates of blended fertilizer (0, 100, 150, 200, and 250) kg NPS ha−1 and intra-row planting spacing of 20 cm, 30 cm and 40 cm and laid out by randomized complete block design with three replication in a factorial arrangement. The analysis of variance revealed that, marketable tuber yield, total tuber yield, stem number per hill, total fresh mass, underground fresh and dry mass were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by the interaction of Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Sulfur (NPS blended fertilizer) and intra-row spacing. The highest plant height (96.60 cm), highest marketable tuber yield (34.29 tha-1), highest total tuber yield (38.36 t ha−1) and highest total fresh biomass (1274.2 g plant−1) were recorded from NPS rate of 250 kg NPS ha−1 and intra-row spacing of 20 cm while the lowest recorded from control treatment in wider intra-row spacing (40 cm). Therefore, the application of 250 kg NPS ha−1 with the intra-row spacing of 20 cm can give an optimum tuber yield and it could be recommended for the production of potato in the study area.

Performance of different fertilizers and plant spacing on the growth of mungbean

Performance of different fertilizers and plant spacing on the growth of mungbean

Dar dikim aralıklarında kurulan kavak (Populus x euramericana ve Populus deltoides klonları) ağaçlandırmalarında artım ve büyüme

Bu çalışmada, levha ve kağıt endüstrisinin talebine uygun odun üretimine yönelik, dar dikim aralıklarındaki kavak ağaçlandırmalarının gelişimleri araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, P.x euramericana ve P. deltoides klonlarıyla (I-214, I-45/51, SAMSUN (I-77/51), İZMİT (S.307-26) ve 89.M.060) deneme ağaçlandırmaları tesis edilmiştir. Denemelerde 3m x 1,5m (4,5 m2/ağaç), 3m x 2m (6,0 m2), 3m x 3m (9,0 m2), 3m x 4m (12,0 m2) ve 3m x 5m (15,0 m2) olmak üzere, 5 değişik dikim aralığı uygulanmıştır. Tüm kavak klonları için, bonitet tabloları ve çift girişli hacim tabloları düzenlenmiştir. Ayrıca, 3 bonitet sınıfı ve 5 değişik dikim aralığına göre, 3 – 12 yaş kademesi için hasılat tabloları hazırlanmıştır. Dar dikim aralıklarındaki kavak ağaçlandırmalarında çap, boy ve meşcere unsurlarının artım ve büyüme ilişkileri ortaya konulmuştur. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, en uygun klonun 89.M.060 ve dikim aralığının 4,5 m2/ağaç olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Yield and economics of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as affected by blended NPS fertilizer rates and inter row spacing at maenitgoldia, Southwest Ethiopia

The common bean is one of Ethiopia's most economically important legumes. However, its national average yield remains lower than the potential yield obtained at research stations. This is because of low soil fertility, inappropriate plant spacing, disease and insect pest problems. As a result, this experiment was carried out during the 2021 to investigate the impact of blended NPS fertilizer rates and spacing between crops on the growth and yield of common bean and to analyze the economic feasibility of blended NPS rates with common bean spacing. A four-factorial combination of mixed NPS levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1) and three row spacing (30, 40, and 50 cm) were used in a three-replicate randomized complete block design. After collecting plant phenology, growth, yield, and yield attribute parameters were analyzed by using SAS version 9.3 software. The results revealed significant differences for the main effect of the NPS blended fertilizer, row spacings, and their interaction on most of the measured phenological, growth, yield, and yield attributes of the common bean, however, neither the main effect nor the interaction effects affected seedling emergence. The combined use of 150 kg of mixed NPS ha-1 with a row spacing of 40 cm resulted in a higher grain yield (2.5 t ha-1) and maximum net benefit (41775 ETB ha-1). Hence, it can be established that earlier mentioned NPS fertilizer rate and row spacing isa better choice for farmers in the area and similar agro-ecologies in order to achieve the highest possible grain yield and a higher net return.

Design and Analysis of a High-Precision Dynamic Compensation System for Seed Dropping Position in Corn Sowing Operations

In response to the problem of imprecise maintenance of plant spacing and row spacing during corn sowing operations in the middle of existing corn farms, this study designed a dynamic compensation system for corn seed dropping position. The test system includes a corn seeding machine operating unit, a seed dropping variable measurement and control system unit, a terminal control system, and a dynamic compensation system. The dynamic performance of the control system was tested experimentally. When undisturbed signals were loaded, regardless of whether the machine used the position compensation function or not, the coefficient of variation of longitudinal grain spacing was 2.6% ± 0.2%, and the longitudinal grain spacing was basically consistent. After adding disturbance signals, compared with not using the dynamic compensation function, the variation coefficient of seed spacing decreased by an average of 6.94% when using the dynamic compensation function. When using the dynamic compensation function, compared with not using dynamic compensation function, the variation coefficient of lateral grain spacing decreased by an average of 9.16%. Stability analysis of longitudinal and lateral grain spacing was conducted through bench tests, verifying the stability of the proposed dynamic compensation system for seed dropping position.

Cultivation of Plants About Planting Distance of Kale Withdraw in Pattiro Riolo Village, Sibulue District, Bone Regency

KKLP students from the Yapi Bone College of Agricultural Sciences carried out a work program on Plant Cultivation About Distance to Plant Kale Withdrawn in Pattiro Riolo Village, Sibulue District, Bone Regency by utilizing empty land owned by local residents as an experimental land. Kale plants are classified as a type of vegetable that is very popular in society. The materials used in this experiment of kale plants were the seeds of the Bangkok LP-1 land kale variety, and used cow manure, Bioboost biological fertilizer, water, organic pesticides. The number of treatment combinations obtained was 4 x 4 = 16 combinations, namely: S0H0, S0H1, S0H2, S0H3, S1H0, S1H1, S1H2, S1H3, S2H0, S2H1, S2H2, S2H3, S3H0, S3H1, S3H2, S3H3. With 3 repetitions, 48 plots were obtained, the distance between plots was 40 cm and the distance between replicates was 60 cm, the plot size was 100 cm x 100 cm, so 25 plants/plot were obtained and the plant spacing was 20 cm x 20 cm and a total of 1200 plants. Land spinach seedlings are planted in prepared beds. Planting holes are made with a spacing of 20 cm x 20 cm, and in each hole one seed of kale is planted. Watering is done in the morning and evening depending on the weather conditions. When the weather is raining, watering does not need to be done with a note that the rainwater is sufficient for the needs of the kale, and insertion is done on 4 - 7 HSPT (Day after Transplanting) and to prevent the kale plants from pests and diseases, control is carried out every week . Initially, control was carried out manually by killing visible pests on the plants and removing dead or severely attacked plants. After that, the kale can be harvested at the age of 25 HSPT

Plot-Level Maize Early Stage Stand Counting and Spacing Detection Using Advanced Deep Learning Algorithms Based on UAV Imagery

Phenotyping is one of the most important processes in modern breeding, especially for maize, which is an important crop for food, feeds, and industrial uses. Breeders invest considerable time in identifying genotypes with high productivity and stress tolerance. Plant spacing plays a critical role in determining the yield of crops in production settings to provide useful management information. In this study, we propose an automated solution using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery and deep learning algorithms to provide accurate stand counting and plant-level spacing variabilities (PSV) in order to facilitate the breeders’ decision making. A high-resolution UAV was used to train three deep learning models, namely, YOLOv5, YOLOX, and YOLOR, for both maize stand counting and PSV detection. The results indicate that after optimizing the non-maximum suppression (NMS) intersection of union (IoU) threshold, YOLOv5 obtained the best stand counting accuracy, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.936 and mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.958. Furthermore, the YOLOX model subsequently achieved an F1-score value of 0.896 for PSV detection. This study shows the promising accuracy and reliability of processed UAV imagery for automating stand counting and spacing evaluation and its potential to be implemented further into real-time breeding decision making.

EFFECT OF PLANTING DENSITY, SEEDLING NUMBERS, AND AGE AT TRANSPLANTING ON YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF LOCAL TRADITIONAL RICE VARIETY

Sarawak currently has the ability to establish itself as a producer of unique traditional rice that is designated with a geographical indicator (GI) due to its wide variety of traditional rice. The traditional rice varieties are diverse in grain shape, aroma, colour, texture and eating quality. However, because of traditional cultivars’ longer maturation and photoperiod-sensitive, Sarawak only grows rice once a year. Compared to modern rice varieties, it also needs a distinct approach to fertilization management. Therefore, to ensure that the rice plant receives the nutrients it requires and does not receive too much fertilizer, which would cause vigorous droopy leaves the rate and timing of fertilizer application are crucial. In addition to reducing the yield, this circumstance will also attract numerous pests and diseases and result in fertilizer waste. Results showed that for Mamut rice, the optimal age and number of seedlings are 30 days and 3 respectively, while for the plant spacing, 30 cm is recommended. Although no specific fertilization rates are carried out, existing subsidized fertilizers showed the best results for Mamut rice with yield recorded at 3.69 t/ha. However, the optimal rate for each element requires a more detailed study since the study was conducted in a controlled manner. Therefore, verification in the farmer’s field is recommended to confirm the findings of these studies.