Effect Of Planting Depth Research Articles

Factors Influencing Crown Placement of Oats (Avena Sativa L.)

The depth of the grass crown nodes in the soil influences the susceptibility of the crown to environmental and management conditions which can affect grass establishment success and grain and forage yield levels. A controlled environment experiment was conducted to quantify the effect of planting depth (38 and 76 mm), temperature (25 and 10 degrees C), and light (full light [900 micromoles m(2) sec(-1)] and shaded at 55% full light [500 micromoles m(2) sec(-1)] on the elongation of oat (Avena sativa L. 'Valley') seedling internodes and the resulting final crown placement. The mesocotyl and 1st leaf internode increased in length with increased planting depth with no significant interactions. The length of the 2nd leaf internode increased more when developed under 25 degrees C temperatures than under 10 degrees C (significant temperature X depth interaction). However, the 2nd leaf internode elongated more under low light (55% full light) compared to full light (significant light X depth interaction). The 3rd leaf internode length was the same for the 38 and 76 mm planting depths when developed at 10 degrees C and under 55% full light. At 10 degrees C-full light and 25 degrees C-55% light, the deep planting depth resulted in increased 3rd leaf internode elongation, while at 25 degrees C-full light, the 3rd leaf internode was longer when developed from 38 mm planting depth (significant temperature X light X depth interaction). The ultimate elongation of these internodes resulted in the depth and structure of the final oat crown. This study points out the importance of naming and knowing each internode since the internodes do not respond in similar manner to environmental conditions. When all factors resulting in oat crown depth location and structure are considered, one expects crowns of oat seedlings developed under 10 degrees C to contain 4 nodes somewhat separated and crowns containing only 3 nodes more widely separated under temperature conditions of 25 degrees C. The most compact crown developed under reduced light conditions, from 38 mm planting depth, and a temperature of 10 degrees C. This information concerning the morphology of crown structure and location is expected to be similar for annual and perennial forage grasses with an oat type seedling morphology when seeded at similar temperatures, light intensities, and planting depths.

Green kyllinga (Kyllinga brevifolia): germination and herbicidal control

Green kyllinga is a relatively new weed species in well-irrigated turfs in the southwest US. To understand the germination requirements of green kyllinga, the effects of planting depth, temperature, pH, and osmotic potential were determined. Green kyllinga emergence was sensitive to planting depth. At 21 days after planting (DAP), emergence of green kyllinga was 60% when planted at the soil surface but only 20% at 0.5 cm and less than 5% at 1 cm. Germination occurred at temperatures between 17 and 30 C but was notably better between 20 and 24 C. Germination was uniform from pH 5.5 to 9.5. Germination decreased between the water potentials −0.1 to −0.6 MPa, although germination was high at water potentials found in irrigated turf. The environmental conditions found in nonstressed turf areas in Arizona will likely support the establishment of green kyllinga. The efficacy of herbicides for the control of green kyllinga was also determined. Control of kyllinga (95% or greater) was obtained with preemergence applications of oxadiazon, dithiopyr, and metolachlor, and with postemergence applications of DSMA, halosulfuron-methyl, and imazaquin.

TRANSPLANTING DEPTH OF PEPPER—BARE GROUND VS. MULCH EFFECTS

Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) has traditionally been transplanted to the top of the root ball or to the cotyledons of the transplant. Recent studies have shown increased and earlier yields are obtained by transplanting pepper deeper. Thus, a study was initiated to investigate effects of transplanting depth on pepper yield and plant growth. Pepper was transplanted to the top of the rootball, the cotyledons, and the first true leaf in two locations in 1994. `Camelot' hybrid and `Jupiter' (open pollinated) cultivars were planted into bare ground on Mar. 24 in Tifton, Ga. Only `Camelot' was transplanted into a plastic mulch with drip irrigation on Mar. 28 in Cool Springs. Plots consisted of single rows of seven plants with data collected from the internal five plants. Treatments were replicated three times. Normal cultural and pest control practices were used at both locations. Plant measurement data were taken 5 weeks after transplanting. Yield data were collected at harvest. Total weight per plant of three harvests was significantly greater with peppers planted to cotyledons and first true leaf than those planted to the rootball in `Jupiter'. There was no significant effect of planting depth on `Camelot', although there was a distinct trend toward greater yield with deeper planting on plastic. The same trend was evident for average weight per plant and average number of fancy-grade peppers per plant. Average stem diameter, plant height, and length of largest leaf were all greater among deeper planted peppers. Deeper planting seems to have a positive effect on yield and plant growth, particularly with hybrid pepper planted into a plastic mulch.

Comparison of imidacloprid with carbamate insecticides, and the role of planting depth in the control of false wireworms, Somaticus species, in maize

A nitromethylene insecticide (imidacloprid) was compared in laboratory experiments with three carbamate insecticides (carbofuran, carbosulfan and furathiocarb) for the control of false wireworms, Somaticus spp., in maize. In further greenhouse experiments, the effect of planting depth on the action of the above-mentioned insecticides and another two carbamates, benfuracarb and thiodicarb, was determined. The active ingredient of all insecticides was systemically translocated to the leaves. Imidacloprid had an antifeedant action in the subterranean stems, inhibiting larval feeding deeper than the outer leaf sheath. This restricted feeding resulted in lower larval mass gain than in carbamate treatments. Severe damage to maize stems in carbamate treatments indicated the absence of antifeedant action. The number of damaged plants increased with increasing planting depth, irrespective of the insecticide used. However, although the extent of damage was similar at all planting depths for a particular insecticide, the damage index value of imidacloprid-treated plants was significantly lower than that of carbamate-treated plants.

Seeding Depth and Packing Wheel Pressure Effects on Oilseed Rape Emergence

Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), including industrial (rapeseed) and canola quality cultivars, offers potential for doublecropping in the southeastern USA. Early attempts at commercialization of this crop in the Southeast have frequently encountered difficulties in establishing stands. This 3-yr project (1986-1989) was undertaken to evaluate the effects of seeding depth and planter configuration (i.e., packing wheel pressure) on emergence of oilseed rape. The two field sites used for this study contained Lakeland sand (thermic, coated Typic Quartzipsamment) and Tifton loamy sand (fine, loamy, siliceous Plinthic Paleudult) soil types, respectively. Treatment factors were planter configuration, seeding depth, and cultivar [...]

Relative Date of Wheat Seedling Emergence and Its Impact on Grain Yield

Emergence of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings usually occurs over a period of several days, resulting in nonuniformity among neighboring plants. The impact of nonuniformity in time of emergence on grain yield has not been determined. We determined effect of planting depth on relative date of seedling emergence, and of relative date of emergence on grain‐bearing tillers and grain yield per plant. Large seed (39.8 ± 4.59 mg kernel−1) in 1989, and large (41.7 ± 3.83 mg kernel−1) and small seeds (24.3 ± 4.56 mg kernel−1) in 1990 were obtained from ‘Roblin’ wheat. Seeds were hand.planted at 25‐, 50‐, and 75‐mm depths on Neuborst clay loam (fine‐loamy, frigid, Aquic Haploborolls) at Portage la Prairie, MB. Plants were tagged the day they emerged, and individual plant yield was determined at harvest. Planting depths did not differ for total percent emergence in 1989, but in 1990, increasing planting depth led to decreased total emergence. Gompertz growth model predictions of inflection time, maximum emergence rate, and cumulative percent emergence indicated that seedling emergence rate decreased as planting depth increased, and the decrease was greater with small seed than with large seed. The first date on which seedlings emerged each year was designated as Day 1. Averaged across 2 yr, plants that emerged on Day 1 to 3 produced 1.4 times the yield of those emerged on Day 4 to 6, and 3.2 times the yield of those emerged on Day 7 to 9. Reduced yield of late emerged plants was due primarily to fewer grain‐bearing tillers. This research demonstrates the benefit of shallow placement of large seeds in minimizing variation in time of seedling emergence among plants, and increasing grain yield.

Seed Size and Planting Depth Effects on Emergence and Yield of Pinto Bean

Seed size and planting depth affect plant performance of many crop species. Growers claim that large pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds emerge faster and produce higher seed yields than small seeds. A study was conducted during 1986 and 1987 on Billings silty clay loam soil (fine-silty, mixed [calcareous], mesic Typic Torrifluvents) at the Colorado State University Fruita Research Center to investigate the effects of seed size class (small, medium, and large), representing 30, 40, and 30% of the original bulk sample by weight, respectively, and a check; and planting depth (1-, 2-, and 3-in.) and their interaction on seedling emergence and yield of pinto bean. No seed size × planting depth interactions occurred. Seed size effects varied. Seedling emergence of small seeds in 1987 was greater than large and medium seeds. The plant stand from small seeds in 1986 was lower than large and check seeds. Plants grown from large and medium seeds yielded more than small seeds in 1986. Planting seeds at a 3-in. depth slowed seedling emergence and reduced plant stand both years, and lowered yield in 1987. These data suggest that an uneconomical, high cleanout percentage during seed conditioning would be necessary to obtain large seeds and the improved performance of large seeds would not be predictably advantageous. Currently recommended commercial seed conditioning practices to size pinto bean seed lots are probably adequate.

Germination and Seedling Development of Bigroot Morningglory (Ipomoea pandurata)

Studies were undertaken to determine effects of scarification, temperature, stratification, pH, and osmotic potential on seed germination; to determine the effect of planting depth on emergence; to describe the emergence sequence; and to quantify seedling development of bigroot morningglory. Mechanical and chemical scarification caused increased germination but cool, moist stratification did not break dormancy. Optimum germination occurred at 20 and 25 C and with alternating temperatures of 20/10 and 30/20 C. The optimum pH range for germination was between 6 and 8.5. Increasing the solution osmotic potential decreased germination linearly from 90% at −0.08 MPa to 0% at −0.8 MPa. Plant establishment was best at 2 to 4 cm and decreased at greater seeding depths. Seedling emergence was observed and recorded and found not to fit the classical models of hypogeal or epigeal emergence. Only 3% of 5-day-old seedlings sprouted after being clipped to the root crown. When seedlings were 11 days old at clipping, over 85% of the plants sprouted. These results indicate that bigroot morningglory has the potential to successfully reproduce by seed and that the rapid development of the plant should be considered when designing control programs.

Effect of Planting Depth on Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Seedling Development and Response to Cyanazine

Experiments were conducted in a growth chamber to determine the effects of planting depth on the developmental sequence of velvetleaf seedlings and the effect of cyanazine placement relative to velvetleaf planting depth on cyanazine toxicity. Velvetleaf seedling emergence was delayed when seeds were planted 6 cm deep compared to the 2- and 4-cm planting depths. Lateral roots did not appear until after the cotyledons had emerged and expanded. This was followed by secondary root emergence from the primary root which occurred before adventitious roots appeared from the hypocotyl for the 2- and 4-cm planting depths. The first true leaf did not unfold until after the secondary root system was well developed. The quantity of adventitious roots on the hypocotyl increased with increasing planting depth. Velvetleaf adventitious roots appeared to be involved in cyanazine toxicity when cyanazine was placed above the seed. Increasing planting depth increased the proportion of seedling absorptive tissue above compared to below the seed. This resulted in increased cyanazine exposure for the deeper planted velvetleaf seeds when herbicide was placed above the seed.

Planting Depth and Tillage Interactions on Corn Emergence

AbstractSurface crop residues lower soil temperatures delaying emergence of corn (Zea mays L.) under no‐till tillage systems in the northern Corn Belt. This study evaluates the use of planting depth as a management tool to overcome the disadvantages of cool temperature under residue covered soils. Growth chamber experiments evaluated the effects of planting depths, ranges of soil temperatures, and soil matric potentials on corn emergence. The seeding medium was aggregates of Webster clay loam (fine‐loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Haplaquolls). Deep planting (75 mm) delayed emergence from 2.8 to 18 d as the soil temperatures decreased from ranges of 15 to 25 °C and 5 to 15 ° C. Seed zone growing degree days (GDD) needed to achieve 75% emergence increased with an increase in planting depth and a decrease in soil matric potential. Relationships of corn emergence vs. seed zone GDD needed to achieve 75% corn emergence at various planting depths were tested in the field for three planting depths, three tillage and three surface residue conditions during 1984 and 1985. Predicted time to 75% corn emergence was within 2 d of the field‐measured values for three planting depths, and seven tillage and surface residue conditions, over two seasons. Simulation studies were conducted to predict the effects of tillage, planting depth, and planting date on the probability of obtaining 75% corn emergence within 14 d of planting. Input data for simulation studies included 10 to 20 yr of daily maximum and minimum air temperatures from Morris, MN and Lexington, KY. Tillage treatments included moldboard plow, no surface residue, and no‐till surface residues. Reducing the planting depth from 50 to 25 mm advanced the planting date from 2 d to several weeks, depending on the weather, soil matric potential, and tillage‐surface residue conditions. When soil water is nonlimiting, the effect of cooler temperatures on corn emergence under a no‐till tillage system (with surface residues) can be compensated for by reducing the planting depth by 25 mm or less from that of average planting depth under conventional tillage systems.

Grass Seedling Emergence, Morphology, and Establishment as Affected by Planting Depth

AbstractThe seeding depth of grasses affects emergence and adventitious root development. Seedling root morphology and development should be considered when determining planting depth for forage grasses. A field study was conducted on a Kennebec silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic Cumulic Hapludolls) during June to August 1985 and 1986 to investigate the effect of planting depth on seedling emergence, morphology, and establishment of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii var. gerardii Vitman), indiangrass [Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash], and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). Seeds were planted by hand to insure seeding depths of 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 cm. Emergence percentage decreased with increased planting depth for all grasses except switchgrass, which had similar percentages at the 1.5‐ and 3.0‐cm planting depths. Coleoptile length and seedling crown depth were positively correlated with actual planting depth in smooth bromegrass, while subcoleoptile internode length was positively correlated with actual planting depth in big bluestem, indiangrass, and switchgrass. Indiangrass differed from big bluestem and switchgrass, since its coleoptile length was positively correlated with actual planting depth. Smooth bromegrass may have the potential of increased adventitious root development due to deep placement of the seedling crown in the soil. Big bluestem, indiangrass, and switchgrass do not have the potential of increased adventitious root development as seeding depth increases, since there was no correlation of seedling crown depth with actual planting depth. Rapid increase in adventitious root number of big bluestem, indiangrass, and switchgrass was noted after three or more consecutive days of rainfall after 4 wk from planting.

Planting depth effects on overdrilled seedling survival in summer

Abstract Planting depth effects on post-emergence development and survival of red clover and ryegrass seedlings were studied by overdrilling seeds with a winged coulter at 0, 13, 26, and 39 mm depths in spring at 3 sites with different soil moisture regimes. Depth had no effect on survival or development of either species where the coulter penetrated below the soil surface (13, 26, and 39 mm). Where the coulter skimmed the surface (0 mm), early root development was restricted. The longest root was either shortened by up to 30 mm where the root penetrated the surface, or, in some red clover seedlings, restricted altogether (no penetration). In the latter instance, seedlings died quickly, adding to the disadvantage of lower emergence where a coulter skims the surface. It is concluded that coulter depth in these soils needs only to be sufficient to produce a moisture-retaining groove (13 mm). Results confirm that seedling density differences created by emergence responses to planting depth can be translated ...

グラジオラス球茎の植え付け深さと覆土時期が新球茎の休眠と肥大に及ぼす影響

Effects of planting depth and soil covering at different stages on the dormancy of gladiolus corms were studied.1. A significantly earlier sprouting was observed in corms from the plants planted 20 and 20cm deep.2. The weight of corms from the plants deeply planted was found to be remarkably heavier than that of corms from plants shallowly planted.3. The sprouting of corms from the plants covered with soil after the four-leaf stage was considerably promoted.4. The amount of inhibitors was decreased in the leaves and corms from the plants deeply planted.

Some effects of planting depth and time and height of hilling on Kennebec and Sebago potatoes

Kennebec and Sebago potatoes were grown under level culture and various hilling treatments at two planting depths. These treatments were applied at planting time or after tuber-set, or both. There were no differences in total yield but lower marketable yields were obtained under level culture due to the increased amount of sunburn. Hilling after tuberset caused the range of tuber-set to be displaced upwards so that the uppermost tubers were at a nearly constant depth below the soil surface, regardless of the height of hill applied. Hilling after tuber-set also tended to produce tubers of higher specific gravity than hilling only at planting.

The effect of planting depth on the survival of Pinus radiata, Pinus pinaster and Pinus taeda

The effect of planting depth on the survival of <i>Pinus radiata, Pinus pinaster</i> and <i>Pinus taeda</i>

Soil Strength and Seedling Emergence Relations. I. Soil Type, Moisture Tension, Temperature, and Planting Depth Effects1

SynopsisIn laboratory studies, the relation between soil strength and grain sorghum emergence was established for 6 soils. Soil moisture tension, planting depth and plant species affected the emergencea at specified soil strengths. Soil temperaturea ffected the rate of sorghum emergence but not the relation between soil strength and final emergence.

Effect of planting depth on yield and tuber set of potatoes

The results of three years’ depth-of-planting tests with potatoes grown at Shafter on a light sandy soil and of two years’ tests at Davis on a heavy silt loam soil are presented. All comparisons were made when the top of the seed piece was planted 2, 4, 6, and 9 inches below the surface of the ridge.