Effect Of Planting Depth Research Articles

Impact of eco-physiological factors on the weed seed germination and emergence: A review on its role in weed management

Dormancy is a typical feature of many weed seed populations, which makes forecasting the time and magnitude of weed emergence difficult. The mean minimum temperatures required for undergoing germination of different weed seeds varies considerably depending on the place of their origin as well as the season on which the plants grow. For instance, the temperature requirement for the germination of summer weeds was observed to be 40% higher than for the winter weeds. Decreasing the water potential from 0 Mpa (mega pascal) to -1.0 Mpa tends to reduce the germination capacity of many weed seeds with some seeds totally failing to germinate at -1.0 Mpa (Chloris truncate, Retama raetam). The effects of planting depth on seed germination and seedling growth of Aframomum citratum on varied soil types indicated that sowing depth greatly influenced the plant's cumulative germination percentage and early growth. The seeds of Sysimbrium officinale (L.), a summer annual species, displayed greater sensitivity to nitrates and lost dormancy throughout the winter. The germination of Thlaspi arvense was also discovered to be stimulated by nitrate only in the presence of light. Tilling the surface of soil has a positive impact in the weed seed germination, however if the tillage depth increases more than 9cm, it tends to lower down the germination of several weed species. However, weed seeds of Bernard grass are among the exceptions in which they germinate better at a shallow depth (2cm). The nature and the thickness of the mulching component influence the germination of weed seeds. Thicker mulches and mulching materials like pearl millet resulted in a greater suppression of the weed seed germination due to an increased allelopathic effects.

Evaluating the Effects of Bacillus subtilis Treatment and Planting Depth on Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Production in a Green Roof System

Given the current urbanization context and rising interest in green roof systems, growing a high-value crop such as saffron crocus in green roof medium could be an opportunity to use the benefits of both the crop and the green roof system; the drainage, aeration, and sand-like texture of green roof media make it suited for saffron production, and the saffron market price could make green roof production commercially viable. Various factors, including plant diseases and planting depth, could affect saffron production. Therefore, this research was conducted to evaluate the effects of planting depth and biofungicide treatments using Bacillus subtilis on saffron production in a green roof system. A completely randomized factorial block design was used with planting depth (10 cm and 15 cm) and B. subtilis strain QST 713 biofungicide treatments (an untreated control, 15.6 × 109 cfu/L, and 31.2 × 109 cfu/L) as independent variables. In 2019, fresh flower yield, fresh stigma yield, and dry stigma yield were calculated during harvesting, and additional data on flower number, tepal length and width, stigma length, and harvest time were collected in 2020. All variables were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with planting depth and biofungicide treatments as fixed effects using R. Fresh stigma yield and dry stigma yield were higher in the 10-cm planting depth in 2019. Results were opposite in 2020: flower number, fresh flower yield, fresh stigma yield, dry stigma yield, and harvest time were higher in the 15-cm planting depth than the 10-cm planting depth. B. subtilis treatments did not affect any studied variable in 2020, but in 2019, the higher level of fungicide treatment resulted in lower fresh flower yield and dry stigma yield. There was no effect of biofungicide treatment and planting depth on tepal length, tepal width, and stigma length in both years. This study showed that growing saffron crocus on green roofs is feasible and even resulted in higher yield than field production in many saffron-producing regions and countries. In addition, results indicated that shallow planting might be suitable for annual production, whereas deeper planting could be ideal for perennial production based on the objective. Our findings demonstrated the feasibility of saffron production in the green roof system and suggest further research to develop best management practices.

Improving Potato Productivity through Optimum Agronomic Management to Ensure Food Security of Smallholder Farmers

Potatoes are one of the most important vegetable crops which play an important role in improving household income and nutrition thereby contributing to food security in smallholder farmers. However, yield and productivity of the crop have been far below the world average. The present study was, therefore, undertaken to improve the productivity and quality of potato through proper planting depth and time of earthing up under supplemental irrigation using Jalane variety. The result revealed that days to flowering, days to physiological maturity, plant height, leaf number per plant, number of main stem per plant, unmarketable tuber number, marketable tuber yield, unmarketable tuber yield, total tuber yield, dry matter content, size category and specific gravity were significantly different due to the main effects of planting depth and time of earthing up. Interaction effect of planting depth and time of earthing up significantly affected the yield and quality of potato plants. The highest marketable and total tuber yield was recorded from the earthing up at 25 days after emergence using 12 cm depth of planting. The result may give firsthand information for potato producers to maximize their productivity. The production of potato is improved through the combination of 12 cm planting depth and earthing up at 25 days after emergence.

Germination of Triticum aestivum L.: Effects of Soil–Seed Interaction on the Growth of Seedlings

Seed size, sowing depth, and seed disinfection can affect seed germination and seedling establishment, which, in turn, can directly affect crop growth and yield. The current study was comprised of two experiments, the first of which was conducted in the laboratory, and a second which was performed under glasshouse conditions. The objective of these experiments was to investigate the effects of seed size, sowing depth, and seed disinfection on seed germination and initial seedling growth of selected wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. The treatments in laboratory experiment were arranged in a completely randomized design, which included: (Ι) four wheat cultivars (Pishgam, Haydari, Soissons, and Mihan), (ΙΙ) two seed size classes (x < 2.25 mm, and x > 2.25 mm), and two disinfection treatments (no-disinfection and disinfection), (ΙΙΙ) with five replicates. In addition to the aforementioned treatments, the effect of planting depth (4, 6, and 8 cm) was also investigated in the subsequent glasshouse experiment. The best results were obtained at a sowing depth of 4 cm, in the non-disinfected treatment, using large seeds. In contrast, the lowest percentage and speed of seed germination and vigor index were observed in seeds sown at 8 cm depth, in the disinfected seed treatment, using small seeds. Large seeds contain larger nutrient stores which may improve seed germination indices, which would therefore result in improved percentage and speed of seed germination, followed by faster coleoptile and seedling growth, higher seedling dry weight and seed vigor. These data also illustrated that seed disinfection in the Pishgam and Haydari cultivars had inhibitory effects upon coleoptile growth and seedling length, which could be related to the fungicide’s chemical composition. Unlike other cultivars, disinfection did not show a significant effect on the Soissons cultivar. Based on our data, in order to improve both the speed of wheat seed germination and subsequent plant growth and development; it is necessary to select high-quality, large seeds, planted at a specific planting depth, which have been treated with an effective disinfectant; all of which will be specific for the wheat cultivar in question. Overall, the current study has provided useful information on the effect size seed, sowing depth, and disinfection have upon germination characteristics and seedling growth of wheat cultivars, which can form the basis for future field scale trails.

Planting depth affects corn emergence, growth and development, and yield

AbstractCurrent planting depth recommendations for corn (Zea mays L.) producers range from 38 to 51 mm in the midwestern United States. Characterization of emergence and soil conditions at a range of depths under later‐planted scenarios is important as days adequate for field work in April have been reducing and may affect planting dates. Field studies were conducted in Ohio from 2017 to 2019 to determine the effects of planting depth and soil type on emergence, growth, and grain yield. The research was conducted in two soil types (Strawn–Crosby or Kokomo) using a randomized complete block design with four replications targeting three planting depths (25, 51, and 76 mm). Sensors were installed at the depth of seeding to measure soil moisture and temperature during the emergence period. Plants were harvested to assess growth at V3 and yield at R6. Seeds targeted at 25‐mm depth resulted in the shortest time to 10% emerged but had the least uniform emergence (longest time from 10–90% emerged) compared to the 51 and 76 mm targeted depths. Shallow planting depth also correlated to fewer leaves per plant and fewer kernels produced per plant. Emergence 7 d or 86 soil accumulated growing degree units (sGDU) after planting across fields resulted in a per plant yield reduction of 5% per day or 0.6% per sGDU, respectively. In the Strawn–Crosby field, plot yields did not differ between planting depths; in the Kokomo field yields increased by 8 or 10% when planting at 51 and 76 mm, respectively, as compared to 25 mm. Planting depth adjustments can enhance crop performance, though grain yield responses may differ by soil type.

Early Field Performance of Small-Sized Silver Birch and Scots Pine Container Seedlings at Different Planting Depths

Deep planting is recommended in Nordic countries only for normal-sized container seedlings planted on mounds. Its effects on smaller-sized seedlings are poorly understood. We studied the effects of planting depth on the early field performance of small-sized silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) container seedlings. Silver birch seedlings (mean height of 16 cm) were planted to depths of 3, 6 and 8 cm on spot mounds in May 2016. Scots pine seedlings (mean height of 9 cm) were planted to depths of 2, 5 and 8 cm on inverted mounds in September 2018 and May 2019. At the end of the first growing season, the deeper-planted birch seedlings were the tallest, as opposed to the deeper-planted Scots pine seedlings. However, the height differences between the planting depths were not apparent until the end of the second growing season in both tree species. Deeper planting decreased damage in Scots pine seedlings in the first growing season, which was not observed in silver birch. Based on our findings, small-sized Scots pine and silver birch seedlings can be planted safely at 6–8 cm planting depths, if at least 20% and 50% of their shoots, respectively, are above ground.

Carolina redroot (Lachnanthes caroliniana) vegetative growth and rhizome production as affected by environmental factors and planting depth

AbstractCarolina redroot [Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy] is a frequent weed of New Jersey cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) bogs that competes with the crop for nutritional resources. Studies were conducted in 2018 to determine the effects of planting depth, soil moisture, lighting conditions, rhizome water content, and duration of rhizome submersion under water on L. caroliniana shoot emergence, vegetative growth, and rhizome development. Only planting depth greater than 12 cm significantly reduced shoot emergence (54%), biomass shoot and root production (27% and 65%, respectively), and rhizome formation (65%) compared with a 2-cm depth. Complete inhibition of new rhizome production was observed when the rhizome water content dropped to 30%. Soil moisture ≤30% decreased shoot biomass by ≥53% compared to 60% soil moisture, but marginally affected root biomass and had no impact on rhizome formation. Rhizome submersion for at least 120 d had minor effect on shoot emergence but reduced plant biomass by ≥28% and completely inhibited the formation of rhizomes. Finally, shading did not influence emergence but had a more dramatic effect on root and shoot biomass, which were reduced by 53% and 75%, respectively, and prevented the development of new rhizomes. This study demonstrates the plasticity of L. caroliniana to drought stress or long-lasting flooding conditions, therefore preventing consideration of cranberry bed temporary flooding or limitation of irrigation volume and frequency as viable management options. Sanding would not provide a layer of material sufficiently thick for reducing L. caroliniana shoot emergence. Reducing the quantity of light reaching the soil with black tarps or promoting rapid crop canopy closure are options that can complement the use of mesotrione for controlling L. caroliniana. Future research should address the practicality of these options, especially in bogs with low L. caroliniana pressure when early-summer weed regrowth occurs following dissipation of PRE herbicide activity.

Mother corm origin and planting depth affect physiological responses in saffron (Crocus sativus L.) under controlled freezing conditions

Considering the prevalence of cold and dry winter in many saffron cultivation regions, the freezing-induced damage is one of the most adverse factors increasing electrolyte leakage and reducing corm growth. These effects justify the necessity of studying agronomic strategies to promote plant tolerance to freezing stress. Herein the effects of planting depth, freezing injury and mother corm origin on some biochemical responses and regrowth mechanisms of saffron were evaluated based on a completely randomized design arranged in factorial with four replicates. In this study, different planting depths (10, 15 and 20 cm), mother corms harvested from different farms (1–4 years old), and freezing stress (natural temperature, −10 and −20 °C) were tested. The maximum N, P, and K concentrations in leaf, root and corm mass were found when mother corms originated from a 4-year-old farm. By contrast, the minimum values were obtained in the mother corms originating from a 1-year-old farm. The same trend was also observed for proline accumulation in above- and underground organs. With dropping temperature, electrolyte leakage in leaf (ELL) and whole underground part (ELU) significantly increased, while the proline accumulation increased. Moreover, ELL and ELU significantly decreased with increasing planting depth. Although chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid contents decreased on account of freezing stress, the pigments recovery process accelerated at −20 °C, compared with −10 °C. Moreover, the highest recovery rate of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid was observed when the planted corms originated from a 4-year-old farm. Overall, it seems that mother corms planting, harvested from 4-year-old farms, at 20 cm soil depth can effectively alleviate the adverse effects of freezing injury in saffron.

Planting Depth and Seed Size Affect Edamame Emergence Individually

Edamame growers currently rely heavily on planting depth recommendations for grain-type soybean, despite stark differences in seed characteristics between the two types of cultivars, most notably seed size. Therefore, the objective of the study was to determine the effects of planting depth and seed size on edamame emergence. A popular edamame cultivar used in commercial production was sorted into “small” (23.7 g/100-seed) and “large” (36.8 g/100-seed) seed-size classes, then planted at depths of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 5.0 cm in field experiments. Experiments were conducted in four environments as a split-plot experimental design with four replications. Seed size did not influence total emergence; however, small seed emerged 10% faster than large seed. Although planting depth recommendations for grain-type soybean are 3.2 to 4.5 cm, our results showed edamame emerged more completely and quicker at the shallowest depths examined. The research could be expanded to capture greater diversity in growing environments and crop cultivars; however, the vegetable industry now has research-based information to guide preliminary recommendations regarding appropriate planting depth of edamame.

Deep planting of Norway spruce seedlings: effects on pine weevil feeding damage and growth

As the use of mounding as a soil preparation method and mechanized planting become more common, the use of deep planting has increased. In deep planting, a greater portion of the stem is buried below the soil surface. However, it is feared that this increases the risk of insect damage, especially damage from the pine weevil Hylobius abietis (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The effects of planting depth on the feeding preference of adult pine weevils in 1.5-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings were investigated using choice experiments. Seedlings were planted at two depths in a pot to compare (i) normal planting depth (target depth 3 cm) and (ii) deep planting (8 cm). In deep-planted seedlings, the number of feeding scars on lower stem parts above the soil surface, as well as severe feeding, was effectively reduced. After planting, the aboveground portion of the stem in deep-planted seedlings was clearly shorter and thinner, but the stems grew more both in height and diameter during the 5-week growing period than did normal-planted seedlings. At the end of the experiment, the deep-planted seedlings were still shorter, but there was no difference in diameter. In conclusion, deep planting protected 1.5-year-old seedlings from pine weevil feeding and improved seedling growth.

Effects of planting depth and mulching on perennialization on several small geophyte species

Effects of planting depth and mulching on perennialization on several small geophyte species

Influence of Planting Depth and Application Timing onS-metolachlor Injury in Sesame (Sesamum indicumL.)

Two experiments were conducted in 2015 at multiple locations in Florida to evaluate the effects of planting depth and application timing onS-metolachlor injury in sesame. In both studies, sesame responded negatively to increases inS-metolachlor rate. Altering sesame planting depth did not provide increased safety to PRES-metolachlor applications. Sesame establishment declined with increased planting depth, likely because of the physical inability of the small seed to emerge from the 3.8-cm depth. Delaying applications ofS-metolachlor by 3 or 6 d after planting (DAP) consistently improved sesame establishment. Applications 3 and 6 DAP resulted in 89 to 92% seedling emergence at 2 wk after planting (WAP), relative to 55 to 63% emergence whenS-metolachlor was applied the day of planting (0 DAP) or 3 days before (−3 DAP), respectively. Applications 3 DAP resulted in 21 and 2% plant stunting when evaluated 3 and 6 WAP, respectively, whereas all other timings caused 25 to 51% stunting. Yield was reduced 22 and 33% by the −3 DAP and 0 DAP application timings, respectively, whereas no reduction in yield was observed by the delayed application timings. Therefore, delaying applications ofS-metolachlor by 3 to 6 days will likely result in improved sesame seedling establishment and total seed yield.

Evaluación de sistemas de mecanización, en el cultivo de soya de temporal, en el Centro de Veracruz.

The objective of the work was the evaluation of the soybean no-till system as a mean of reducing production cost without affecting the crop yield also toperform an economical analysis comparing this system with the traditional one. There was evaluated the performance of three different furrow opener under no-till system; the results showed that the better crop response was obtained with the chisel type furrow opener compared with the double disc. Also was tested the effect of planting depth and seed density over the effect of final stablished plant, these results showed that it is necessary to increase by 15% the seed dendity compared with the traditional system and the better planting depth response was obtained between three to four centimeters. The economical analysis showed that with the no-till system was possible to obtain a higher marginal return rate of investment in the order of 127% compared with 105% of the traditional system.

Some biological aspects of the weed Lesser celandine (Ranunculus ficaria)

Lesser celandine (Ranunculaceae) is a perennial weed with tuberous root. Tubers are the most important means of reproduction and dispersion of this weed. In recent years, it has spread into wheat fields in Western Iran, mainly in the Lorestan province. A series of experiments were conducted to determine cardinal temperatures and to study the effects of pre-chilling, temperature fluctuations, tuber size, freezing and drying on germination of the tubers, as well as the effect of planting depth on sprouting of the tubers. The results obtained showed that the highest percentage of germination occurred when tubers were stored for more than 2 weeks at 4 or 8 ºC. The optimum temperature for germination differed in large and small tubers (8 and 14oC, respectively). Germination was the highest (almost 100%) at temperature fluctuations of 5-10oC. Germination of the finger-like and small tubers was the highest (95%); however, very small, small, and broken tubers showed the lowest germination percentage. In the freezing experiment, decreasing the temperature and increasing the storage duration decreased the germination of tubers. Increasing the osmotic potential and temperature resulted in decreased tuber germination of Lesser celandine. Lesser celandine could sprout down to 20 cm depth but heat demand for tubers from superficial depth was smaller than for tubers planted at greater depth.

English

  Possibilities to enhance potato productivity in the Sahel region of Tunisia have been the domain of active investigation during the last several years. Many field experiments were carried out on the potential of using different plating depths to grow profitable potato crops. In the research station of the higher institute of agronomy of Chott-Mariem in the Sahel region of Tunisia, two varieties of potato: Alaska and Safrane, were mechanically planted at two different depths: 10 and 15 cm in a sandy loam soil. After three months of growth, the effect of planting depth was determined using fresh and dry weights of the above and below ground biomass as well as tuber yield. The results showed that in a light textured soil, plants of two potato varieties planted at 15 cm depth outperformed those planted at a 10 cm depth. In addition, for tuber yield, the Alaska variety was more productive than the Safrane variety with increasing yield of tubers than 2% for depths of 15 cm and 11, 9% for depths of 10 cm.   Key words: Potato, planting depth, light soil, agronomic parameters, Tunisia.

Soil Texture and Planting Depth Affect Large Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), Virginia buttonweed (Diodia virginiana), and Cock’s-comb Kyllinga (Kyllinga squamulata) Emergence

Greenhouse studies were conducted to explore soil texture and planting depth effects on emergence of large crabgrass, Virginia buttonweed, and cock’s-comb kyllinga. Soil textures examined were sand, loamy sand, and clay loam with planting depths of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 cm. Percent emergence was standardized relative to surface emergence to allow comparisons among tested weed species. The three-way interaction of weed species, planting depth, and soil texture was never significant for emergence. Significant interactions occurred between weed species and soil texture, weed species and planting depth, and soil texture and planting depth. For all weed species and soil textures, emergence decreased as planting depth increased with the greatest percent emergence at the soil surface. The planting depth at which weed emergence was decreased 50% [relative to surface emergence (D50)] was predicted by regression analysis. Large crabgrass emerged from deepest depths (8 cm) followed by Virginia buttonweed (6 cm) and cock’s-comb kyllinga (2 cm). Large crabgrass, Virginia buttonweed, and cock’s-comb kyllinga D50 occurred at 3.9, 1.1, and 0.8 cm, respectively. Sand, loamy sand, and clay loam D50 occurred at 0.9, 2.3, and 1.9 cm, respectively, with D50 higher in the soils with greater water-holding capacity.

Profundidade de plantio e dominância apical na estaquia de pitaia vermelha

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of planting depth and breaking apical dominance on cutting of red pitaya Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton & Rose. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four replications in a 2x3 factorial, with two kinds of cuttings (with or without apical dominance), cutting not sectioned and sectioned at 5 cm from the upper portion, and three planting depths (1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 cm) and each plot consisted of ten 20 cm long cuttings. After 60 days of planting, counts of the number of shoots were began weekly and 90 days after planting survival rooting, number and length of shoots, dry weight of shoots and root dry mass were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and polynomial regression at 5% significance level. The percentage of rooting and the survival were 100% in all treatments. With increasing depth of planting it was observed linear reduction in numbers of shoots, dry weight of shoot and root dry mass. The cladodes with apical dominance had longer shoots. The planting of red pitaya cuttings at 1 cm of planting depth with apical dominance is more suited to the production of nursery plants.

Planting Deep Increases Early Survival and Growth of Pinus echinata Seedlings

Two studies were established to determine the effects of planting depth on early performance of bareroot shortleaf pine seedlings (Pinus echinata). The studies involved planting seedlings either with the root-collar slightly below the groundline (GL) or with the root-collar planted about 11 cm below the soil surface (DEEP). After transplanting, DEEP seedlings had about 7.9 cm of shoot remaining aboveground. In one study, seedlings were planted in open sand pits where seedlings received 352 mm of rain by April 30. The second study involved planting seedlings in boxes (containing sand) in a roofed shade-house. Without rain, survival of DEEP seedlings in April was 96% which was significantly greater (P>F =0.007) than survival of GL seedlings (67%). With rainfall, survival (95%) was the same for both planting depths (P>F = 0.39). Therefore, planting seedlings with the root-collar level with the soil surface can, in some years, increase mortality. This might help explain why bareroot survival of shortleaf pine in some forest districts averages less than 80%.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alleviate growth of Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. at suboptimal planting depths

Planting depth (location of root collar in relation to substrate surface grade) varies in the container production industry. Optimum planting depth varies for different species. Most container-produced plants are grown in a soilless media to allow better aeration and drainage conditions, so the effects of planting depth observed in landscape establishment may be different from those seen in container-production. This study tested if inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) would enhance the tolerance of container-grown Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. (lacebark elm) to above and/or below grade planting depths. The AMF plants and non-AMF plants were planted into 2.1L black plastic containers with their root collars at substrate surface (grade), 3cm above grade, 1cm above grade, 1cm below grade, or 3cm below grade under greenhouse conditions. Growth (stem diameter, total plant dry mass) and physiological responses (leaf nutrient concentration, chlorophyll concentration, total antioxidant and nitrate reductase activities, and total phenolic content) were measured. In general, AMF plants had greater growth when planted above or below grade when compared to non-AMF plants at the same planting depth, but this was not correlated with enhanced nutrient tissue levels. Non-AMF plants planted at grade had greater growth than AMF plants at grade. Planting at grade resulted in optimum growth for U. parvifolia. Poor transplanting techniques during container production (above or below grade) were partially alleviated by inoculating plants with AMF.

Effect of seed planting depth on brewing qualities of barley grain and malt

The work is devoted to the effect of planting depth of seeds depending on their size on productivity formation and brewing quality of barley grain and malt. At a planting depth of 8 and 12 cm compared with the adopted depth of 4 cm, the grain protein content increased. In this case, malt solubility on the basis of the difference in fine- and coarse-grind extract content improves, but becomes worse with respect to coarse-grind flour extraction and malt hardness traits.