Plant Density Research Articles

Adjusting Sowing Date and Seeding Rate for Cultivated Lentil to Contrasting Rainfall Conditions in a Semi-arid Region

Adjusting the sowing date and seeding rate of lentils are important practices, which largely affect plant performance and need greater focus under semi-arid conditions. Our study aimed to optimize the sowing window and plant density specific to dry and wet conditions. A two-year field experiment was carried out under dry and wet cropping seasons (2016/2017 and 2017/2018). Two commercial lentil varieties (Syrie229 and Idleb2) were sown at early (late October/early November), normal (December), and late (January) sowing dates and with low (90 seeds/m2), medium (120 seeds/m2) and high (150 seeds/m2) seeding rate. Several traits were recorded namely plant height at first filled pod (HFFP), plant height (PH), days to flowering (DTF), days to maturity (DTM), stem diameter (SD), weight of 100 seeds (100-SW) and seed yield (SY). Our results revealed that the dry year considerably reduced all trait values except the weight of 100 seeds compared to the wet year. Sowing date had a significant effect on most traits, with the highest values being found for early sowing date compared to normal and late dates, including seed yield (1.83 vs. 1.36 and 0.94 ton/ha, respectively). It is worth noting that the difference among sowing dates was detected only under wet years for most traits. The seeding rate affected only HFFP and stem diameter under a wet year, where a high seeding rate increased HFFP while a low seeding rate increased stem diameter. To conclude, cropping season was the main driver of growth and yield, and then the effect of sowing date was dependent on climatic conditions. Our results highlight the importance of adjusting the sowing window and seeding rate to cope with the future climatic change effects.

Spatial distribution of shrubs and perennial plants under grazing disturbance in the desert steppe of Inner Mongolia

The desert steppe is unique as a transition zone from the steppe to the desert of the Eurasian Steppe. The spatial distribution of shrubs and perennial plants has changed due to long-term disturbance caused by overgrazing in the ecosystem. This study aimed to determine the degree of patchiness of shrubs and perennial plants under grazing disturbance, which is of great significance to better understand the succession mechanism of plant community in the desert steppe. This study investigated the spatial distribution of shrubs and perennial plants under four stocking rates (no grazing, CK, 0 sheep·hm−2·half year−1; light grazing, LG, 0.93 sheep·hm−2·half year−1; moderate grazing, MG, 1.82 sheep·hm−2·half year−1; heavy grazing, HG, 2.71 sheep·hm−2·half year−1) in the desert steppe of Inner Mongolia, primarily using geostatistical methods. The density of perennial grasses increased with increasing stocking rate, while its height decreased (except for HG). The density and height of the shrubs and the perennial forbs showed an exponential or gradual decline. The spatial distribution of shrubs and perennial plants is mainly affected by structural factors such as topography, soil parent material, and climate, and the density of shrubs and perennial plants is most sensitive to changes in stocking rate. An appropriate stocking rate increases the spatial heterogeneity of shrubs and perennial plants, but heavy grazing reduces the spatial heterogeneity of shrubs and perennial plants.

Efisiensi Kerapatan Tananaman Pakcoy (Brassica Rapa) terhadap Kualitas Air untuk Mendukung Kelangsungan Hidup Ikan Nila

Asnan Ridoanrisna. Efficiency Of Pakcoy Plants (Brassica Rapa) In Maintaining Water Quality To Support The Survival Rate Of Tilapia. Under Guidance By Robin And Novita Mz. Tilapia is a freshwater fish commodity with high economic value. According to data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), tilapia exports reached 12.29 thousand tons with a value of USD 78.44 million. Tilapia farming faces the risk of mortality which can lead to economic losses, one of which is caused by organic pollution. To address this issue, this research employs phytoremediation methods with varying plant densities to improve water quality and tilapia survival. The study was conducted with four treatments: A75 (plant density 75% of the aquarium surface area), A50 (50%), A25 (25%), and A0 (no plants), using an aquarium size of 60 x 30 x 50 cm³. Each treatment received chicken manure at 1.8 grams per aquarium and 40 tilapia fish per aquarium. Observations were made over 15 days in March 2023, measuring physical and chemical water parameters including DO, pH, TDS, temperature, and ammonia, as well as calculating the survival rate of tilapia. Using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), the study found that treatment A75 achieved the highest survival rate at 62.5%. This result indicates that higher plant density in the phytoremediation method is more effective in maintaining water quality and supporting tilapia survival.

Influence of Different Planting Methods and High-Density Planting on Yield and Economic Parameters in Banana cv. Williams

High density planting is one of novel concepts and it’s effectively increase productivity of per unit area without affecting the fruit quality. Gross yield of banana per hectare mainly depends on yield of per plant and number of plants per hectare. The study was carried out at ICAR- All India Coordinated Research Project on Fruits, Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi in Belgavi district, Karnataka to study influence of different planting density on both yield and economic parameters of banana cv. Williams during 2021-22. It was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications and eight treatments. The results revealed that, the highest values for bunch parameters like bunch length (97.77 cm), bunch width (93.57 cm), number of hands per bunch (11.93), number of fingers in third hand (21.53) and weight of third hand (2.97 kg) was recorded in wider spacing treatment T4 (Single row - 2.4×1.8 m). Regarding to yield parameters like highest bunch weight per hill (36.09 kg) was recorded in T6 (3 plants per hill- 2.7×1.8×0.3 m). While, highest yield per hectare (108.75 t/ha) was found in treatment T8 (Paired row with zig-zag - 2.1×1.2×1.2 m). With respect to the highest gross returns (10,33, 125.00 Rs/ha), net returns (5, 53,725.00 Rs/ha) and highest benefit cost ratio (2.15) was observed in T8 (paired row system of with zig-zag planting).

Advances in breeding, biotechnology, and nanotechnological approaches to combat sheath blight disease in rice.

Sheath blight, caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani, is a major problem that significantly impacts rice production and can lead to substantial yield losses. The disease has become increasingly problematic in recent years due to the widespread use of high-yielding semi-dwarf rice cultivars, dense planting, and heavy application of nitrogenous fertilizers. The disease has become more challenging to manage due to its diverse host range and the lack of resistant cultivars. Despite utilizing traditional methods, the problem persists without a satisfactory solution. Therefore, modern approaches, including advanced breeding, transgenic methods, genome editing using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and nanotechnological interventions, are being explored to develop rice plants resistant to sheath blight disease. This review primarily focuses on these recent advancements in combating the sheath blight disease.

Planting Geometry May Be Used to Optimize Plant Density and Yields without Changing Yield Potential per Plant in Sweet Corn.

Planting geometry is one of the most important management practices that determine plant growth and yield of corn. The effects of eight planting geometries (35 × 23 cm, 40 × 21 cm, 45 × 19 cm, 50 × 18 cm, 55 × 17 cm, 60 × 16 cm, 65 × 15 cm, 70 × 15 cm) on plant growth and yields of three sweet corn hybrids (Argos F1, Challenger F1, Khan F1) were investigated under Erzurum, Türkiye conditions in 2022 and 2023 years. Variance analysis of the main factors shows a highly significant effect on whole traits but in two-way interactions some of the traits were significant and in the three-way interactions, it was insignificant. As an average of years, the number of plants per hectare at the harvest varied between 92,307 (35 × 23 cm) and 120,444 (70 × 15 cm) according to the planting geometries. The highest marketable ear number per hectare (107,456), marketable ear yield (24,887 kg ha-1), and fresh kernel yield (19,493 kg ha-1) were obtained from the 40 × 21 cm planting geometry. The results showed that the variety Khan F1 grown at 40 × 21 cm planting geometry obtained the highest marketable ear number (112,472), marketable ear yield (29,788 kg ha-1), and fresh kernel yield (22,432 kg ha-1). The plant density was positively correlated with marketable ear number (r = 0.904 **), marketable ear yield (r = 0.853 **), and fresh kernel yield (r = 0.801 **). The differences among the varieties were significant for the studied traits, except for plant density and kernel number per ear. In conclusion, the variety Khan F1 should be grown at the 40 × 21 cm planting geometry to maximize yields under study area conditions without water and nutrient limitations.

Influence of thinning on carbon storage mediated by soil physicochemical properties and microbial community composition in large Chinese fir timber plantation

BackgroundThinning practices are useful measures in forest management and play an essential role in maintaining ecological stability. However, the effects of thinning on the soil properties and microbial community in large Chinese fir timber plantations remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in soil physicochemical properties and microbial community composition in topsoil (0–20 cm) under six different intensities (i.e., 300 (R300), 450 (R450), 600 (R600), 750 (R750) and 900 (R900) trees per hectare and 1650 (R1650) as a control) in a large Chinese fir timber plantation.ResultsCompared with the CK treatment, thinning significantly altered the contents of soil organic carbon (SOC) and its fractions but not in a linear fashion; these indicators were highest in R900. In addition, thinning did not significantly affect the soil microbial community diversity indices but significantly affected the relative abundance of the core microbial community. Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Actinobacteria were the dominant bacterial phyla; the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria were highest in R900, and that of Actinobacteria was lowest in R900. The dominant fungal phyla were Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Mucoromycota; the relative abundance of Ascomycota was lowest in R900, and that of Mucoromycota was highest in R900. The fungal microbial community composition was more sensitive than the bacterial community composition. The activity of the carbon-cycling genes was not linearly correlated with thinning, and the abundance of C-cycle genes was highest in R900.ConclusionsThese findings are important because they show that SOC and its fractions and the abundance of the soil microorganism community in large Chinese fir timber plantations can be significantly altered by thinning, thus affecting the capacity for carbon storage. These results may advance our understanding of how the density of large timber plantations could be modified to promote soil carbon storage.

Parental Effect on Agronomic and Olive Oil Traits in Olive Progenies from Reciprocal Crosses.

Olive growing is undergoing a transition from traditional cultivation systems to a more technological model characterized by increased mechanization and a higher density of plants per hectare. This shift implies the use of less vigorous varieties that can adapt to the new system. Most traditional varieties are highly vigorous, and breeding programs can provide solutions to this challenge. This study investigates the parental effect on different agronomic and olive oil characteristics and its role in breeding programs. The objectives were to evaluate and characterize different agronomic and olive oil traits in the progenies from 'Arbosana' × 'Sikitita' cross and its reciprocal cross 'Sikitita' × 'Arbosana'. The results showed a high variability of the characters evaluated in the progenitors of the reciprocal crosses. The highest coefficients of variation were observed in traits related to ripening index, phenolic compounds, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and Δ5-avenasterol, with phenolic content exhibiting the greatest variability. No statistically significant maternal effect was detected for any of the evaluated traits, although a slight positive maternal effect was systematically observed in the mean values of the evaluated traits. These results suggest that the maternal effect on olive is quite subtle, although due to a slight tendency of the maternal effect in the descriptive analyses, future studies are suggested to understand in depth the possible maternal effect on olive breeding.

The Effects of Planting Density, Training System and Cultivar on Vegetative Growth and Fruit Production in Young Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Trees

Increasing the planting density of mango orchards appears promising for obtaining higher yields, particularly during the first productive years. However, the challenge is to maintain a good balance between vegetative growth and fruit production in the longer term. The objective of this study was to decipher the effects of planting density, training system and cultivar on young mango trees’ growth and production. The experiment, conducted in North Queensland, consisted of five combinations of planting density and training system applied to the cultivars Keitt, Calypso and NMBP-1243. The planting densities were low (208 tree ha−1), medium (416 tree ha−1) and high (1250 tree ha−1). The closed vase conventional training system was applied at each density. Single leader and espalier on trellis training systems were applied at medium and high densities, respectively. The tree canopy dimensions were measured every 6 months from planting, and tree production was recorded from the third to the fifth years after planting. Vegetative growth and fruit production were the results of complex interactions between planting density, training system, cultivar and/or time. The expected increase in orchard yield with higher planting density was observed from the first productive year, despite lower individual tree production at high planting density. Lower vegetative growth and fruit production at high planting density were probably caused by competition between trees. NMBP-1243 and Keitt showed more rapid vegetative growth. Keitt was the most productive cultivar during the first three productive years. The detailed results of this study provide avenues to further explore the behaviour of mango trees at high planting densities.

SEED POTATO PRODUCTIVITY AS INFLUENCED BY ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF THE NUTRIENT SOLUTION IN SOILLESS MEDIA DURING SPRING SEASON IN SUBTROPICAL REGIONS OF N- W INDIA

Soilless cultivation under controlled conditions is used for rapid multiplication of early generation virus-free potato seed using aeroponics and other mediums. The plant growth under these systems is affected by different factors like soilless media, nutrient solution concentration used, environment, genotype etc. Besides the composition of nutrient solution its electrical conductivity (EC) influences availability of nutrients and affects plant growth and yield. The two-factorial study on water source and EC was carried out on a cocopeat based medium for a nutrient efficient variety Kufri Gaurav. Well sprouted aeroponically produced minitubers of the variety were planted (at 30 x 15 cm planting density) in soilless medium filled troughs placed under net house. The water source Normal tap water was compared with RO (demineralized) water, while EC was considered at three levels 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0. The results indicated a proficient growth of the genotype at EC 2.0 (plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf length and number of stems). However, for the yield characters, EC 1.0 was found to produce both higher number of tubers, yield as well as harvest index per meter square. Based on the observations it can be inferred that at lower EC the partitioning of the photosynthates is towards the sink (tubers) as compared to the vegetative growth, which would be more desirable under the soilless systems, where limited/ managed canopy growth is more desirable, with higher productivity. The study also indicated virus free seed production in soilless medium during the spring season (seed plot period lasts up to December) in northwestern plains of India under net house, giving indication for successive/ multiple seed crops under soilless controlled conditions.

Impact of planting density and shoot thinning on alstroemeria flowering, soil attributes and cost economics

A field experiment was conducted to assess the impact of various planting densities and levels of shoot thinning on cut flower yield, quality, soil chemical properties and cost economics in the commercially cultivated alstroemeria cultivar 'Capri'. The experiment involved three planting densities (4, 6 and 8 plants/m2) along with three shoot thinning levels (10 %, 20 % and 30 %). It was observed that higher planting density (4 plants/m2) promoted the length of cut stem, early bud formation, and flowering, optimal quality parameters, including maximum stem thickness, cut stem weight, floret quantity/stem, floret size, number of flowering stems/plant (yield) and vase life. Exclusive use of higher vegetative mass removal (30 % shoot thinning) was found to improve quality parameters such as the length of cut stem, number of flowering stems, stem thickness, weight of cut stem, floret quantity/stem, floret size, vase life, and early flowering. Soil samples were collected from each treatment and the consequent lab analysis revealed that the lower planting density and shoot thinning level resulted in maximum soil organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content. In conclusion, planting density of 4 plants/m2 and 30 % shoot thinning emerged as the optimal combination for enhancing quantitative parameters in commercial alstroemeria cultivation. The study underscores the importance of strategic planting practices and vegetative mass management for maximizing yield and quality in alstroemeria production, along with ensuring higher economic returns.

Enhancing yield of modern maize (ZeamaysL.) hybrids through the optimization of population photosynthetic capacity and light-nitrogen efficiency under high density

Due to the breeding of dense-resistant and lodging-resistant varieties in maize production, dense planting has become an effective means for achieving high and stable yields, while excellent hybrids are a prerequisite for reasonable dense planting in maize production. Nonetheless, the photosynthetic mechanism of improving plant density tolerance of maize hybrids released at different era in China remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the 40-year breeding effort for enhanced photosynthetic trait at different densities, and elucidate the physiological and ecological mechanisms of improving the density tolerance of maize hybrids. We conducted a 3-year study in 2019, 2020, and 2021. From 1970 to 2009, a comparison was made between the eight major hybrids promoted in China, divided into four decades, under three planting densities (45,000 (D1), 67,500 (D2), and 90,000 (D3) plants ha−1). At high density, modern hybrids had more rational canopy structure and leaf photosynthetic performance compared with old hybrids and specific leaf nitrogen has decreased slightly. Among all treatments, the modern hybrids (2000s) were able to maintain higher net photosynthetic rate and photosynthetic nitrogen utilization efficiency (PNUE) at D3 density, and therefore possessed the highest grain yield (GY), which was 118.47% higher than that of the old hybrids (1970s). Leaf area duration after anthesis, total chlorophyll content, photosynthesis key enzyme activities, and maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry were all positively correlated with GY, with PNUE was more significantly correlated with GY indeed and is a key indicator for maize hybrids optimization. Based on these results, breeders should continue to conduct hybrid selections under adverse and high-density conditions, focusing on the optimization of population structure and the continuous improvement of photosynthetic capacity, searching for the optimal leaf nitrogen-content status, so as to select and breed high-yielding and density-tolerance hybrids, which resulted in a sustained increase in maize GY.

Optimizing mangrove afforestation: Mollusc biodiversity comparisons reveal optimal mudflat-mangrove area ratio.

In recent decades, mangrove wetlands globally have suffered from human activities and climate change, leading to issues like area reduction, degraded ecological functions and declining biodiversity. Restoration efforts, primarily through mangrove afforestation (i.e. mangrove plantation in mudflats), have been widespread, yet they often overlook the significance of unvegetated mudflats. In addition, under the condition that the total area of suitable mudflats is limited, the problem of what is the threshold of mangrove forests and unvegetated mudflats to better protect mangrove biodiversity has not been solved. Therefore, this study conducted a field survey of molluscs in mangrove wetlands in Hainan Island in China and explored the relative importance of mangroves and unvegetated mudflats through taxonomic alpha diversity and functional diversity. The results showed that (1) mollusc abundance of unvegetated mudflats was notably higher than this of mangrove forests, and the species richness, functional richness and functional vulnerability were significantly lower than those of mangrove forests; (2) the abundance and functional vulnerability of molluscs were mainly affected by sediment properties (pH, interstitial water salinity, median diameter, total nitrogen, C/N ratio), while the species richness and functional richness of molluscs were primarily influenced by vegetation structure (plant density); and (3) retaining at least 20% of the unvegetated mudflat area could well protect the biodiversity of mangrove wetlands. To our knowledge, our study is the first to propose the proportion of mangrove forests and unvegetated mudflats on the basis of benthic biodiversity, providing theoretical support and decision-making reference for mangrove protection and restoration.

Light condition during grain-filling stage of main crop strongly influences ratooning ability of low-stubble ratoon rice

Compared with high-stubble ratoon rice (RR), low-stubble RR is superior in yield potential, grain quality, and economic benefit. However, the unstable ratooning ability limits the grain yield of low-stubble RR production. Light condition during the grain-filling stage of main crop (GFMC) may be important for rice ratooning. To elucidate the role of light condition during GFMC in affecting ratooning ability, the key response periods, and their underlying mechanisms, field experiments were conducted using two indica cultivars in 2021 and 2022. To create varied light conditions at the canopy base during GFMC, two planting density treatments combining three nitrogen (N) treatments were established in 2021, and three density treatments combining two N treatments and four shading treatments were established in 2022 for the main crop. Light intensity (LI), light quality as reflected by the ratio of red light/far red light (R/FR), and light transmission ratio (LTR) at the canopy base during GFMC and ratooning ability were dramatically altered by N fertilization but not by planting density. With increased N application, LTR, root bleeding rate, and maximum ratooning rate significantly decreased in 2021. In 2022, low N rate increased LI, R/FR, and maximum ratooning rate by 155.7-241.4%, 47.4-65.3%, and 15.6-27.5%, respectively, but reduced missing hill percentage (proportion of hills without regenerated tillers to the total number of hills) by 30.0-62.1% compared with high N rate. The missing hill percentage was negatively correlated with the indices of light condition, while the maximum ratooning rate was positively correlated with them for both cultivars. Root activity and the ratios of abscisic acid (ABA) to cytokinins (CTK), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and IAA+CTK could explain the effect of light condition during GFMC on ratooning ability. Shading experiment confirmed the effect of light condition on ratooning ability and further revealed that only shading during middle and late GFMC affected ratooning ability. These findings provide new insights into the regulation of ratooning ability, which are useful for developing management practices to increase the grain yield and yield stability of low-stubble RR.

The Effect of Different Sowing Dates and Plant Densities on Plant Development Periods in Pea Under Rainfed Conditions in Early Spring

The Effect of Different Sowing Dates and Plant Densities on Plant Development Periods in Pea Under Rainfed Conditions in Early Spring

Long-term performance of ‘Bosc’ pear trees at three planting densities on Pyrus rootstocks

Long-term performance of ‘Bosc’ pear trees at three planting densities on <i>Pyrus</i> rootstocks

Design and Experiment of Double-Nest Eye-Type Hole-Wheel Dense-Planting Wheat Dibbler

To address the problems of the inaccurate seeding rate and uneven seeding in the process of dense planting of winter wheat in Xinjiang, according to the physical characteristics of the wheat seeds and the agronomic requirements of the high-yield cultivation techniques for the winter wheat “well” type, a double-hole wheel-type densely planted wheat hole sower was designed and produced. Through theoretical design and research, the structural design of the overall hole seeder and its key components was completed. The findings indicated that 5–7 wheat seeds could be planted in each hole at a 9.2 mm nest depth and 610 mm3 nest volume, which was consistent with the “well”-type high-yield dense-planting cultivation technology’s need for 400,000–500,000 basic seedlings per mu. The rotation speed and the quantity of the wave guide teeth were used as test factors and the qualifying index, replay index, and missed sowing index were used as test indicators to create the two-factor, three-level central composite design center combination test. It was possible to derive the mathematical model connecting the test factors and test indexes. The regression model underwent multi-objective optimization using the Design-Expert 13 program to determine the optimal parameters: the qualifying index was 91.24%, the replay index was 6.14%, and the missed seeding index was 2.62% when the wave guide rail had four teeth and the seed drill rotated at a speed of 40 revolutions per minute. The best parameter combinations were used for a bench verification test, and the test indicated that the qualified index was 90.25%, the replay index was 4.59%, and the missed broadcast index was 5.16%. The results demonstrated that the densely planted wheat hole seeder performs well, satisfies the requirements for winter wheat dense-planting and sowing operations, and serves as a model for the densely planted wheat hole seeders that will be optimized in the future.

Dense planting and nitrogen fertilizer management improve drip-irrigated spring maize yield and nitrogen use efficiency in Northeast China

Farmers in China often use nitrogen (N) fertilizers to ensure adequate crop growth. However, injudicious applications have increased the risk of environmental pollution, lower maize yields, and reduced profits for farmers. Appropriate N fertilizer management is crucial for improving yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). This study conducted a three-year experiment involving nine N treatments (0, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270, 315, and 360 kg ha-1) on a field under nitrogen fertilizer precision management (NFPM) in Northeast China. These results were compared with studies published within the past decade that analyzed yield and dry matter (DM) content under two management practices in Northeast China: conventional nitrogen fertilization management (CNFM) and water-saving fertilization management (WSFM). The findings reveal that maize yield increases with rising N application rates up to 270 kg ha-1, after which yield decreases. The kernel number (KN) and kernel weights (KW) of maize grown under NFPM were 13.7 and 14.7% higher than those grown under WSFM, respectively. Furthermore, they surpassed crops grown under CNFM by 38.4 and 21.2%, respectively. The maximum total yield of the NFPM treatment was 41.8 and 78.8% higher than WSFM and CNFM, respectively. Additionally, compared with CNFM and WSFM, NFPM significantly increased nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) across various N-level treatments. Optimizing nitrogen management could help farmers achieve higher yields and promote sustainable agricultural development.

Genetic Basis and Exploration of Major Expressed QTL qLA2-3 Underlying Leaf Angle in Maize

Leaf angle (LA) is closely related to plant architecture, photosynthesis and density tolerance in maize. In the current study, we used a recombinant inbred line population constructed by two maize-inbred lines to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling LA. Based on the average LA in three environments, 13 QTLs were detected, with the logarithm of odds ranging from 2.7 to 7.21, and the phenotypic variation explained by a single QTL ranged from 3.93% to 12.64%. A stable QTL, qLA2-3, on chromosome 2 was detected and was considered to be the major QTL controlling the LA. On the basis of verifying the genetic effect of qLA2-3, a fine map was used to narrow the candidate interval, and finally, the target segment was located at a physical distance of approximately 338.46 kb (B73 RefGen_v4 version), containing 16 genes. Re-sequencing and transcriptome results revealed that five candidate genes may be involved in the regulation of LA. The results enrich the information for molecular marker-assisted selection of maize LA and provide genetic resources for the breeding of dense planting varieties.

Effects of planting densities on the growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under continuous lighting by blue, red and far-red light emitting diodes

Effects of planting densities on the growth of lettuce (<i>Lactuca sativa</i>) under continuous lighting by blue, red and far-red light emitting diodes