Indonesian Plantation Research Articles

KOPI PAPUA: STRATEGI PEMBERDAYAAN ORANG ASLI PAPUA DALAM INDUSTRI KREATIF DI ERA OTSUS PAPUA

This paper aims to illustrate Papuan coffee made by indigenous Papuans (OAP) as part of creative industries in the era of Special Autonomy Papua. The facts show that 96 percent coffee plantation in Indonesia is a coffee plantation owned by around 1.7 million farmers families in Indonesia with production of about 0.72 tons per hectare. Based on the above description, half the coffee in Papua need revitalization because the coffee crop is not productive. The total area of coffee is 9,400 hectares in Jayawijaya, Tolikara, Puncak Jaya Lanny Jaya, Dogiyai, Deiyai and Paniai, 50 percent are unproductive. In terms of planting area is indeed an increase of 100 to 200 hectares per year. However, from the production side, Papua’s coffee is only 1,900 tons per year or the productivity of coffee is only 300 kilograms per year. The development of creative industries through Papuan coffee aims to (1) encourage the creation of the creative and socio-cultural sectors of the nation in the dignified Papua Land, and (2) contribute to the productivity of Papuan coffee.

ADSORPSI ASAM LEMAK BEBAS PADA CRUDE PALM OIL MENGGUNAKAN ZEOLIT TERAKTIVASI K2CO3

Research on the use of K2CO3-activated zeolite as an adsorbent for free fatty acid (FFA) adsorption on crude palm oil (CPO) has been done. CPO is one of the mainstay products of Indonesian plantations which are used as raw material for cooking oil. The aim of this study to determine the adsorption capacity of activated zeolites against free fatty acid of CPO. The results showed that the iodium uptake capacity of zeolites before activation was 495.6%, activated zeolites were 527.1% and impregnated zeolites were 642.6%. The number of zeolites with the best absorption was 2 grams and ALB was absorbed 4.079% for activated zeolites (ZAA), 4.98% for impregnated zeolites (ZAI), and the water content and impurities were still below SNI standards. The CPO adsorption process with zeolites shows the Langmuir model with a correlation value (R2) of 0.9999 for ZAA and (R2) of 0.9976 for ZAI. The results showed that activated zeolites had lower absorption than impregnated zeolites.

Impact of oil palm plantation on the butterfly diversity: a Case study in KGP & CNG, Ketapang, West Kalimantan

Oil palm plantation in Indonesia is rapidly growing, encouraging the expansion of oil palm plantation area. The expansion estimated may decrease the biodiversity including the butterfly diversity. The research aimed to see the impact of oil palm plantation on the butterfly diversity that occurs in KGP and CNG oil palm plantation. The research was conducted in July 2018 by strip transect method. Impact of the establishment oil palm plantation on butterfly diversity was determined by comparing the current butterflies found on oil palm plantations area with the butterflies found on the baseline (shrub area). The result showed an increase in butterfly diversity and species richness index in KGP and CNG oil palm plantation. Total number of species and richness index in both oil palm plantations area were higher than the baseline area. The establishment of oil palm plantation in KGP oil palm plantation result gaining 22 species and losing 2 species, while in CNG oil palm plantation result is gaining 31 species and losing 5 species.

Impact of oil palm plantation on species diversity of tropical vegetation

The area size of oil palm plantation in Indonesia increases significantly every year. The great expansion of oil palm plantation stimulates the emergence of negative accusation that oil palm plantation development caused deforestation, reduction of biodiversity, and environmental degradation. This research aimed to analyze the impact of oil palm plantation development on species diversity of tropical vegetation. This research was conducted on 5 types of land cover in BPME oil palm plantation (young growth oil palm, medium growth oil palm, and old growth oil palm, bush land, and coconut plantation) by single plot method. Research results show that, the change of bush land to oil palm plantation caused biodiversity loss as many as 7 species (38.89%), biodiversity gain as many as 44 species (244.44%) and 18 species being found both in bush land and oil palm plantation, while 3 species of epiphyte moss were found too. On the other hand, change from coconut plantation to become oil palm plantation caused biodiversity loss as many as 6 species (60%), biodiversity gain as many as 52 species (520%) and 10 species being found both in coconut plantation and oil palm plantation, while 3 species of epiphyte moss were also found.

Replanting policy of Indonesian palm oil plantation in strengthening the implementation of sustainable development goals

Indonesia’s palm oil industry is one of the National strategic commodities. This industry is inclusive and has a very broad impact on Indonesia’s economic development, regional development, poverty alleviation, the country’s foreign exchange resources and attempted to help overcome Indonesia’s balance of payments deficit. Along with the end of the first 25 years of age in most of oil palm plantations in Indonesia, the replanting policy has become an important momentum, because it concerns the future of the Indonesian oil industry, then continued with the second milestone of the 2040s. With replanting, Indonesia also improves productivity and is followed by improvements in technical culture. Indonesian oil palm productivity is directed to reach the 35-26 scenario, which is the production of 35 tons of FFB per ha and 26 percent yield so that Indonesia’s palm productivity will shift from productivity levels of 4.4 tons of CPO per hectare to 9 tons of CPO per hectare. With this level of productivity, Indonesia’s CPO production will increase from 77.17 million tons in 2050 to 94.64 million tons. The purpose of this study is not merely to look at oil palm plantations from an economic standpoint because in a broader scope, oil palm plantations have four multifunction agriculture, namely green functions, blue functions, yellow functions, and white functions. The replanting policy of Indonesian palm oil also plays a role in strengthening Indonesia’s palm oil industry in the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, which includes the economic fields (8 SDGs), social fields (6 SDGs) and the environment (3 SDGs).

Palm oil spills on the performance of non-palm plantations in Indonesia: an empirical analysis

Rapid development of oil palm plantations is predicted to cause various problems, one of which is the conversion of land and the shift of non-palm oil businesses to palm oil businesses. This research is aimed at analyzing the impacts of palm oil industry, through the price of palm oil in the international market, to the area and production of non-oil palm plantations (rubber, cacao, and coffee). The study employed time series data from 1991 to 2015. An econometric model was built to connect variables that affect the area and the production level of non-palm plantation and use multiple regression methods to determine its effect. The results showed that the price of palm oil had a positive effect on the expansion of rubber, cocoa, and coffee plantations. The effect of the price of palm oil on the production of non-palm plantations also shows a positive direction. Thus, the development of oil palm plantations does not have a negative impact on the development of non-palm plantations. The policy implications of the results of this study are the need to utilize the positive impacts of development of the palm oil industry for the development of plantations in the broadest sense.

SWOT analysis in improving the quality of basic education at palm plantation in Indonesia

This research is conducted by thorough observation and anecdotal notes taken during the field research. The data was analysed with SWOT, resulting these points: teachers’ educational background is S1/D4; the teachers are discipline; the schools are provided with sufficient facilitations and are free tuition. The identified barriers are no sufficient trainings for the teachers; the places (schools) are isolated; and lack of local government’s attention. The schools have the opportunities to receive school operation fund from central government, called BOS (Bantuan Operasional Sekolah) and have internet connection provided by the company. On the other hands, there are many issues which need to be solved: teachers are lack of trainings; there’s a possibility that. The school operation fund is stopped by government; some company policies which may not support school programs; and disorganized school management because students can leave before the school year ends. There are some underpin points to be done to increase the quality of teaching-learning process and school management, they are to give the teachers opportunities have external and internal trainings, and to provide facilities needed step by step.

The hard c-means algorithm for clustering Indonesian plantation commodity based on metabolites composition

Indonesia is the second largest biodiversity country in the world. Indonesia has a variety of top agricultural and plantation commodities, whereas each commodity has premium products which are normally related to its specific character/flavour and are generally associated with the producing origins. Specific character/flavour is represented by composition of metabolites each origin. To find out the specific character/flavour in various Indonesian plantation commodities, clustering is needed. In this paper, we perform clustering on an Indonesian plantation commodity based on their metabolites composition. Metabolite compositions of samples of some origins of the commodity are clustered using the Hard C-Means algorithm with the Xie-Beni index as the cluster validity. Our present results confirm that each origin has a unique characteristic and belongs to a separate cluster.

Supply Response Analysis Of Indonesian Cocoa

The Supply response of cocoa in Indonesia is done through an approach to the area of cocoa plantations, in response to economic factors and non-economic factors. Data analyzed from 1985 to 2015 (time series). The aim is to find out the factors that affect the area of cocoa plantations in Indonesia and the response of the offer of cocoa in Indonesia seen from the value of short-term elasticity and long-term elasticity. The partial adjustment and adaptive expectation model was applied and continued with an analysis of Seemingly Unrelated Regression Equations (SURE). The results of the analysis show that the factors affect the area of cocoa plantations in Indonesia are on smallholder plantations, namely coffee prices, rubber prices, and technology. In the state plantations, namely the previous year's cocoa plantation area, rubber prices, technology, and government policy. In private plantations, namely rubber prices, technology, and labor costs. Supply response of cocoa that is in line with the value of elasticity both short and long term is inelastic which means that it is following expectations, where the value of long-term elasticity is greater than the value of short-term elasticity

Study on sustainability status of smallholder oil palm plantations Jambi Province, Sumatra Indonesia

The growth of oil palm plantations in Indonesia is growing rapidly. Issues of oil palm plantations that are not environmentally friendly are continuously exposed. The purposes of this research are, 1) To determine the role of smallholder in managing oil palm plantations, 2) To analyse the status of sustainability of oil palm plantations, 3) To find sensitive attributes that affect the sustainability of smallholder oil palm plantation management. Analysis method is to answer the first objective which is done descriptively, the second objectives was conducted with MDS approach, with Rappalm, third objectives are to analyse attribute lever was conducted with Leverage analyse. The result of the research is that smallholders can cultivate oil palm plantations. The status of sustainability indicated a very sustainable status (80.41), meaning that economic factors and social factors leverage ecological factors to be sustainable. This means that smallholder should improve the pattern of oil palm crop farming, with lever attributes, namely tree planting among islands of oil palm (plot scale). The integration of sensitive attributes, with the economic dimension and social dimension, produced a research output which have provide solutions sustainability of the smallholder oil palm plantation.

Identification and Characterization of the Causal Agent of Sugarcane Root and Basal Stem Rot in South Sumatra, Indonesia

Root and basal stem rot (RBSR) is a new serious disease affecting sugarcane plantation in Indonesia and can lead to devastating yield losses in crop-producing areas, particularly in Lampung and South Sumatra. This disease was first described in Taiwan. Based on morphological characteristics, Xylaria cf warburgii was identified as the causal agent of this disease in Taiwan and Lampung, Indonesia. However, the causal agent of sugarcane RBSR in South Sumatra, Indonesia, has still not been characterized. Here, we aimed to isolate and characterize the causal agent of sugarcane RBSR in South Sumatra based on morphological and molecular analyses. Accordingly, the fungal pathogen from diseased sugarcane in South Sumatra was isolated and the internal transcribed spacer region and morphological characteristics were used to identify the causal agent. Based on the morphological characteristics and phylogenetic tree generated using sequences of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers, Xylaria arbuscula was identified to be the causal agent of RBSR. Pathogenicity assay confirmed that symptoms caused by X. arbuscula infection resembled those observed in plant in the field. This is the first report of characterization of X. arbuscula causing sugarcane root and basal stem rot in Indonesia.

KEANEKARAGAMAN SPESIES HERPETOFAUNA PADA BERBAGAI TIPE TUTUPAN LAHAN DI LANSEKAP PERKEBUNAN SAWIT: Studi Kasus di PT. BLP Central Borneo

The expansion of oil palm plantations in Indonesia is often blamed as the drivers of natural resource destruction and decrease the tropical biodiversity. Herpetofauna is one of biodiversity on oil palm plantation, but information about its species diversity is still limited. This research was aims to reveal the variation of diversity of Herpetofauna on oil palm landscape in central Borneo. Field inventory was conducted on seven types of land cover i.e. young oil palm, mature oil palm, old oil palm, High Conservation Value area, secondary forest, shrubs, and smallholder plantation. We used Visual Encounter Method to invent Herpetofauna spesies on all land cover type. This study reveal that the diversity of Herpetofauna species in PT BLP varies by land cover type. The land cover types of HCV and Secondary Forest have the largest number of species (12 species). Secondary Forest is the type of land cover with the highest abundance among other types of land cover, followed by old oil palm plantations. The oil palm plantations lanscape with different type of land cover can be part of the habitat for several Herpetofauna species and managed for sustainable oilpalm scheme.

KARAKTERISASI BATANG DAN DAUN TANAMAN AREN DI KABUPATEN PANDEGLANG, SERANG, DAN LEBAK

ABSTRACT Sugar Palm ( Arenga pinnata Merr,) has a high economic value and has the potential to be exported and can be processed into a variety of food and non-food products. Sugar palm is a multipurpose tree because all parts of the tree can be used, such as stems, palm sap, leaves. Characterization of local palm trees had been carried out in Pandegelang, Serang, and Lebak Regencies (Banten Province) which were used as making nursery material to make better sugar palm in the future (superior varieties). This study used a survey method based on guidelines for plantation germplasm management from the Indonesian Plantation Research and Development Center. The results showed the diversity of stems and leaves of palm trees in the three districts. The diversity of stem phenotypes on sugar palm was seen in the height and circumference of the stem. Diverse appearance of palm leaves seen in the length and circumference of the ptiole, the length of the rachis, the length and width of the leaflets. The study conclude that the accessions used in this study showed variations in the appearance of stems and leaves from the accessions of palm trees observed.

KARAKTERISASI ARANG CANGKANG KELAPA SAWIT SEBAGAI BAHAN PEMBANTU UNTUK MINGKATKAN KESUBURAN TANAMAN BERDASARKAN KROMATOGRAFI GC – MS

In 2015, the area of oil palm plantations in Indonesia had reached 10,701,436 ha, with details of the people's oil palm plantation 4,810,271 ha, state-owned oil palm plantations 704,094 ha and private oil palm plantations 5,207,071 ha. A ton base of fresh palm oil fruit bunches will produce 20% - 23% CPO; 5% - 7% PKO and the rest in the form of solid waste, namely 20% - 23% oil palm empty bunches; 10% - 12% oil palm fruit fiber and 7% - 9% oil palm shells. In the implementation of this study, oil palm shell charcoal was made by treating palm oil shells. From the treatment of oil palm shell roasting, the average yield was 38.20% (the last temperature of roasting 348 0 C, when the palm shells being roasted were no longer smoke). From the results of the chromatogram analysis of GC - MS, oil palm shell charcoal is known as 25 organic compounds with the dominant composition being cyclopropyl with a concentration of 14.87%; acetic acid with a concentration of 17.01%; benzenesulfonic acid with a concentration of 12.11%; benzene with a concentration of 7.3% and phenol with a concentration of 15.59%. The characterization of the composition of the organic palm shell charcoal organic compounds needs to be done in order to about the development of the use of oil palm shell charcoal as an auxiliary material to increase plant fertility.

Oil palm fruit ripeness detection using K-Nearest neighbour

Palm oil plant (Elaeis guineensis jacq) is one of the most popular plants in Indonesian plantation and also a species of the palm family. Harvesting process should obtain fresh fruit bunches at optimal ripeness. Some farmers are lack of ripeness knowledge and do not understand which color that represents optimal ripeness of palm fruit to harvest. Another issue on the scarcity of such system provides ripeness identification also encourage a study to develop an image-processing-based expert system. The aim of this study is to provide a tool for examining oil palm fruit ripeness level. Identification system consists of several image processing phases, namely image edge detection and feature value of the image to be calculated such as mean value, standard deviation, skewness, entropy, energy, homogeneity, contrast and intensity. In the proposed work, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) is applied as a computation method which allows the system to classify data of ripeness level based on user-entered image. The output is the identification of the ripeness level of the oil palm fruit.

Dynamics of Transmigration Policy as Supporting Policy of Palm Oil Plantation Development in Indonesia

Transmigration is the program that cannot be separated with success story of palm oil development in Indonesia. Transmigrants became the engine to build the palm oil smallholder. The involvement of transmigrant in the PIR-Trans program, primary credit for member Scheme (KKPA), and revitalisation scheme has been accelerating the palm oil plantation development in Indonesia. However, the success of developing palm oil plantation in Indonesia through scheme mentioned above was not without flaws. Unclear of land status or overlapping claim became the biggest problems faced nowadays. This paper aims to observe the development transmigration program and palm oil development in Indonesia. By analysing policies of both transmigration programs and palm oil development from different political administration, this paper shows that, first, transmigration policy went from narrative of security, economic growth to border development and security. Second, under those different policy narratives, transmigration policy has been accommodated to the development of palm oil in Indonesia. Transfer of central authority to local government in executing transmigration movement and settlement has been addition to local government operational permission authority for palm oil development.

Corporate Social and Environmental Strategy and Reporting in Indonesian Plantation Industry

This study aims to investigate how corporate social and environmental strategy can contribute to corporate social and environmental reporting (CSER) in the plantation industry in Indonesia. This study employed a case study approach by using semi–structured interviews to collect data from Indonesian plantation companies listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) and state–owned plantation companies that included CSER in their annual report. The motivation of CSER implementation in Indonesian plantation companies was influenced by proactive and reactive strategies. The corporate social and environmental strategy of proactive principles would publish CSER due to the social discretion beyond the regulatory requirements or pressure of certain stakeholders, and prior to any negative information being received by the public. Moreover, the corporate social and environmental strategy of reactive principles would also publish CSER to meet stakeholders’ needs and demands, obtain good corporate image and reputation, and avoid negative impacts (e.g., harm, hazards, mishap, complaints, etc.). Therefore, corporate social and environmental strategy can contribute to CSER depending on whether the company has proactive or reactive principles. This research contributes to the knowledge of social accounting literature in which CSER practices can be influenced by corporate social and environmental strategy.

Determination of Quality Seed Coffee Use Method of Fuzzy Logic

Coffee is one of Indonesian plantation yields whose selling value is quite high. Particularly in Gayo highland, this plant IS the main incomes for the farmers. There are two kinds of coffee plant raised on namely Arabica and Robusta. This study aims to explain application of fuzzy logic method using tsukamoto method. The result of this study shows that accuracy level can reach up to 30%. The accuracy for each coffee beans quality can be explained as: 80%Arabica grade 1, 0% Arabica grade 2, 0% Arabica grade 3, 100% robusta grade 1, 0% robusta grade 2, and 0% robusta grade 3.

Impact of Increasing in Production Capacity of CPO Downstream Industries on Competitiveness and Welfare of Oil Palm Farmers in Indoneisa

Indonesia is the largest country in exporting crude palm oil (CPO) to the world market. However, the production capacity of the CPO downstream industries in Indonesia must continue to be increased, bearing in mind that Indonesia also imports CPO derivative products. In addition, oil palm plantations in Indonesia still face environmental and social issues, such as: deforestation, damage to peatlands, destruction of wildlife habitat (such as orang-utans), and land tenure conflicts. In this connection, Indonesia needs to continue to develop the CPO downstream industries that can increase added value and foreign exchange, absorb employment, and address environmental and social issues. Therefore we need appropriate government policies to support the development of the CPO downstream industries. The purposes of writing this paper were to analyze the factors that influence CPO demand by the CPO downstream industries (ie: palm cooking oil, margarine and soap industry) in Indonesia, and to evaluate the impact of facilitation policy that increasing production capacity of the CPO downstream industries on the CPO competitiveness of Indonesia-Malaysia and the palm cooking oil, margarine and soap competitiveness of Indonesia, as well as the welfare of oil palm farmers in the 2015-2017 period. This paper was part of the dissertation research results that using the CPO industry econometrics model. The dissertation model specification is a dynamic simultaneous equation consisting of 71 behavioral equations and 51 identities, while the model was estimated and simulated using the 2SLS and Newton methods. The results showed that the production capacity of the CPO downstream industries affected CPO demand by the CPO downstream industries. Furthermore, if the production capacity of CPO downstream industries (palm cooking oil, margarine, soap, biodiesel and others) increases, it will increase the Indonesian competitiveness in export CPO and its derivative and welfare of oil palm farmers in Indonesia.

THE INSECTICIDE EFFECT TO THE ACTIVITY AND EMERGENCE OF Elaeidobius kamerunicus FAUST (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) ON OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) MALE INFLORESCENCE

Elaeidobius kamerunicus is the main pollinating insect in oil palm plantations in Indonesia which influences the oil palm fruit set. Theoil palm (Elaeis guineensis) male inflorescence is the only one of their breeding site. The application of insecticides, especially those directly to the male inflorescence, can affect the activity and breeding of pollinator insects. Various insecticides include Deltamethrin (2 mL/L), Lamda Sihalotrin (2 mL/L), Dimehipo (2 mL/L), Asefat (1.5 g/L), Fipronil (2.5 mL/L), Chlorantraniliprol (1 mL/L), Flubendiamide (0.5 mL/L) and B. Thuringiensis (2 mL/L) have been tested on E. kamerunicus weevils by in vivo trial and on anthesising male inflorescence at different levels of bloom (25 %, 50%, 75% and 100%) in the field. The weevils mortality observations were carried out for 5 days after the insecticides application in the laboratory while observations in the field included the number of weevils visit before and after insecticide application until the end of the male flower anthesis and the number of new emerged weevil in each spikelet after 21 days of incubation. The results showed that the chemical insecticides i.e. Deltametrin, Lamda Sihalotrin, Dimehipo, Asefat, and Fipronil were killed the weevil, affecting the weevil visit on anthesising male inflorescence 1-3 days later, and decreasing the number of new emerged weevil from each spikelet of male inflorescence after incubation for 21 days. Meanwhile, the treatment of Chlorantraniliprole and Flubendiamide and B. thuringiensis did not affect the development of E. kamerunicus both in the laboratory and in the field so that they were safe for oil palm pollinating naturally.