Plantation Waste Research Articles

STUDI KETERSEDIAAN UNSUR HARA MAKRO PADA PROSES PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH CAIR INDUSTRI PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT PT FARINDA BERSAUDARA

This research is motivated by the importance of managing liquid waste in the oil palm plantationindustry of PT. Farinda Bersaudara, whose aim is to determine the potential availability ofmacronutrient content in their liquid waste, with the method used, namely by taking liquid waste in thesewage treatment pond (1,5 and 8) with each pond taken a sample that is put in a bottle. 1.5 literpackages in each pond, samples were packed and sent to the laboratory for analysis of macronutrientcontent (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na and pH).The results showed that the content of macronutrients in theliquid waste pond no 5 from the palm oil plantation waste treatment plant showed that the organicchemical content was better than pond 1 and pond 8

Study of potential of plantation and agriculture waste as feed for support the development of cattle population in district along east coast of Sumatera Utara province

Development of various important industries in the region, such as livestock, agriculture and plantations (especially oil palm and rubber) led to a marked increase in regional domestic income. The increase in the economy affects the consumption pattern of the localcommunity, especially in relation to the increasing demand for foodstuffs of animal origin such as meat, eggs and milk. This study aims to determine of agricultural and plantation by product that used for feed for cattle This research was used a descriptive data. This research was conducted at North Sumatera Province drom May–August 2020. Results showed that North Sumatra Province,which in this study was represented by districts along the east coast, potential for developing beef cattle in several districts, namely Langkat Regency, Deli Serdang, Serdang Bedagai, Labuhanbatu Utara, Batubara, and Asahan are in accordance with the abundant sources of feed fromagricultural and plantation waste.

Analysis of bio-briquette preparation from teak tree (Tectona grandis Linn. f)

The government has taken energy deflation seriously and is trying to find solutions by implementing energy efficiency and utilizing renewable energy sources. That action also supports the procedure to save the world from the ongoing climate crisis. One of Indonesia’s potential renewable energy sources is biomass, which can be in the form of plantation waste such as teak branches. Based on the analysis results, charcoal made from teak branches had a carbon content about 62.5968%, so it was pretty potential to be used as raw material for bio-briquettes. In this research, bio-briquette from teak branches' charcoal using tapioca binder has been successfully carried out. The manufacture of bio-briquettes was studied by observing the effect of the size parameters of teak charcoal and binder ratio on the heating value and water content of briquettes. The analysis results showed that these two parameters significantly affected the quality of teak branches' bio-briquette. In the ranking, the particle size was much more significant in influencing the calorific value of bio-briquettes, while the binder ratio had more influence on the water content value. The obtained bio-briquettes' calorific value and water content have met the established standards.

Pelatihan Pembuatan Pupuk Kompos Limbah Peternakan dan Perkebunan bagi Masyarakat Dusun Selelos Kabupaten Lombok Utara

The purpose of this activity is to increase the knowledge and skills of the community in utilizing livestock and community plantation waste into compost. The advantages of this compost are that it is environmentally friendly, can increase the income of farmers and can increase soil fertility and improve soil physical damage due to excessive use of inorganic fertilizers. The participants of this training activity were 21 people from Selelos Baturinggit Village, Gangga District, North Lombok Regency. This training activity is carried out in three stages, namely: 1) Preparation; 2) Implementation; and 3) Evaluation. The implementation of this community service program is by providing a technology package for making solid organic fertilizer with the basic ingredients of cow dung and community plantation waste. Extension activities and practices for making solid organic fertilizers have been carried out in the Selelos Baturinggit Village Community, North Lombok Regency. The results of this organic fertilizer are expected to be applied to plantation land to reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers and increase plantation yields.

Penggunaan Karbon Aktif dari Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Teraktivasi NaOH pada Penyerapan Ion Pb(II)

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) are plantation waste that has the potential to be used as activated carbon. The main component of OPEFB is lignocellulosic which can be a source of activated carbon and utilized for Pb2+ ion adsorption. The use of activated carbon activated by NaOH still requires optimization, especially in determining the contact time and optimum adsorption pH. This study aims to determine the effect of pH and contact time on the adsorption of Pb2+ and to determine the efficiency of the adsorbent on the adsorption of Pb2+. In this study, activated carbon from OPEFB was carbonized at 300oC for 1 hour, followed by activation using NaOH 0.5%. The results showed that the use of pH 5 and a contact time of 90 minutes had a relatively higher Pb2+ adsorption than other conditions. However, the use of variations in pH and contact time had no significant effect on the adsorption of Pb2+ ions. Adsorbents with variations in pH 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 were able to absorb Pb2+ of 99.73%, 99.86%, 99.74%, 99.79%, and 99.80%, respectively. Adsorbents with variations in contact time of 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes were able to absorb Pb2+ of 99.28%, 99.40%, 99.48%, 99.44%, and 99.48%, respectively.

Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Mikro dalam Pembuatan Kreasi Piring dengan Media Lidi Sawit

In our environment there are a lot of things that we think of as leftovers, but in the hands of experts, things that are considered useless can be turned into valuables and have high artistic value, this service uses palm sticks to become woven plates, fruit bowl and parcel. Tiyuh Panaragan is an oil palm plantation area that has plantation waste in the form of multiple palm sticks which have only been destroyed by burning. The purpose of this service is to improve the entrepreneurial skills of the community by utilizing palm sticks and shaping them into objects that are beautiful and useful and have a high selling value. The method used in this mentoring is Asset Based Community Development (ABCD). This assistance utilizes the potential of the Tiyuh Panaragan community in Tulang Bawang Tengah District, Tulang Bawang Barat Regency. The result of this service is the mastery of the skills provided in this activity so that the ability of these excellent skills can benefit in increasing entrepreneurship and in the end it can improve the community's economy. Thus the community service in increasing entrepreneurship with the creation of this oil palm stick is running smoothly, although there are several obstacles, these obstacles can be overcome. The skills given in this activity provide more knowledge and skills by utilizing palm oil waste which has been used as waste which has not been utilized properly.

Pembuatan bio-briket dari produk pirolisis biochar cangkang kelapa sawit sebagai sumber energi alternatif

Fossil fuel sources are non-renewable energy sources and someday will experience scarcity due to the increasing population; it is necessary to look for alternative fuels. Several renewable energies that can replace fossil fuels are water, solar energy, wind, thermal energy, and biomass energy. One biomass energy from plantations is biomass from oil palm plantation waste. Riau Province is Indonesia's largest palm oil producer, with a total land area of ​​2.89 million until 2021. The results of harvesting coconuts will produce waste, i.e., oil palm shells. Oil palm shells can be treated with pyrolysis technology. In the pyrolysis process, three products are produced: liquid, solid (biochar), and oil products (bio-oil). In this study, the pyrolysis product of oil palm shell waste in the form of biochar was used as raw material to produce bio-briquettes. Producing bio-briquettes resulted from pulverized biochar pyrolysis, mixed with tapioca flour adhesive with a percentage of 4% and 8%. Then, the biochar mixture with adhesive was put in a mold and compressed. The results of the bio-briquettes were tested for water content, ash content, volatile matter content, and calorific value. The test results were compared with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 8021 2014. The research results on bio briquettes from the pyrolysis of palm oil shell waste showed the best results at 4% reactant content with 4.45% water content, 5.1% ash content, volatile matter content 40.40%, and the calorific value was 5,999.93 cal/gram.

Micro-Grid Oil Palm Plantation Waste Gasification Power Plant in Indonesia: Techno-Economic and Socio-Environmental Analysis

The utilization of new and renewable energy sources explicitly based on biomass needs to be increased to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. One of the potential biomasses of plantation waste in Indonesia that can be utilized is oil palm plantation waste in the form of fronds and trunks that are converted with multi-stage downdraft gasification technology. This study aimed to conduct a technical analysis, economic analysis, investment risk analysis, social analysis, and an environmental impact assessment of power plants fueled by oil palm plantation waste. The method used was the upscaling of a prototype of a 10 kW power plant to 100 kW. The results showed that it was technically and economically feasible to apply. The economic indicators were a positive NPV of USD 48.846 with an IRR of 9.72% and a B/C ratio of 1.16. The risk analysis predicted a probability of an NPV 49.94% above the base case. The study of the social aspects suggested that the construction of power plants has a positive impact in the form of increased community income and the growth of new economic sectors that utilize electricity as a primary source. An analysis of the environmental effects is critical so that the impacts can be minimized. Overall, the construction of small-scale power plants in oil palm plantations is worth considering as long as it is carried out following the applicable regulations.

Kinetic Study of Alkaline Treatment in the Production of Bio-gas from Cocoa Pod Husks Using a Batch Reactor

Cocoa pod husk (CPH) is one of the potential plantation wastes used for biogas production. However, the presence of lignin inhibits the production process. Therefore, pretreatment is required to reduce the lignin content. This study investigates the effect of several pretreatment methods on lignin reduction and biogas production enhancement. The study also investigates the kinetic models for biogas production from treated and untreated CPH. The pretreatment exploitation NaOH (N), NaOH with the addition of H2O2 at the same time (NHS) and consecutively (NHC) were administered to cut back lignin content in CPH and enhance methane series yield. The N, NHS, and NHC pretreatments obtained the maximum delignification of 78.10%, 91.42%, and 88.68%. Biogas production from NHS pretreated with CPH led to a better methane yield (0.0389 m3CH4 / kgVS) than the various pretreatments corresponding to 175.59% for CPH without pretreatment and productivity is 0.0009 m3CH4 / kgVS.day. The biogas production kinetic model parameters have been evaluated by fitting experimental data for the treated and untreated cocoa waste. The kinetic models investigated are the one-step first-order kinetic model, two-step first-order kinetic models, Gompertz model, and Transfer Function model. Based on Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) value, the one-step first-order model is more accurate than the two-step first-order model. When compared with other models, the Gompertz model is the best version.

Sugarcane Bagasse as the Source of Nanocrystalline Cellulose for Gelatin-Free Capsule Shell.

Gelatin-free capsules are possibly produced through an innovation which involves utilizing environmentally friendly materials derived from plants such as bagasse which are produced into nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC). This research was conducted to report the extraction and characterization of NCC from the abundant industrial plantation waste of sugarcane and its application as the base material for gelatin-free capsule shell material. The process involved using different concentrations of NCC at 1%, 2%, 4%, and 7% (in wt. %) with the addition of 1% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) (in wt. %) and 1% carbopol (in wt. %). Moreover, the NCC capsules obtained from sugarcane bagasse were tested for moisture content, tensile strength, elongation, solubility, and pH. The results showed that sugarcane bagasse contains 40–50% cellulose, 6.15%–9.5% moisture content which indicates they are potentially better in terms of storage, 7.25–7.85 pH, and 0.05–0.136 MPa gel strength, and the elongation value ranges from 7.19 to 87.51%. These values were discovered to have satisfied the standard requirements as indicated by the optimal concentration of 4% NCC +1% HPMC, which is in line with the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS), thereby leading to the consideration of the material safe to be used as raw material in making capsule shells.

The potential solvent for tannin extraction as a feed additive made of coffee husk (Coffea canephora) using Soxhlet Method

The purpose of this research was to determine the best of solvent for extracting tannins as a feed additive from coffee husks using the soxhlet method. The method used was quantitative with a completely randomized design experimental. The coffee husk used was a type of Robusta taken from the Kaliwates Region, Jember Regency, Indonesia. The material was the waste from the grinding of coffee cherries, namely the pericarp (parchment, pectin layer, pulp, and outer husk). This research consisted of 3 treatments (P1: Methanol, P2: Ethanol, P3: Acetone), each treatment consisted of 3 replications. The variables were the tannin extracts and residue of tannin extracts. The results showed that different types of tannin solvents had a significant effect on the tannin extracts yield and residue of tannin extracts (P<0.05). Methanol and ethanol solvents produced higher tannin than acetone solvents: 0.5392%, 0.6120%, and 0.2457% respectively. Coffee husk with ethanol solvent gave the least residue compared to methanol and acetone: 61.64%, 66.89%, and 85.26% respectively. The conclusion of this research was Ethanol is a solvent that produces the highest total tannin (0.6120%) and the lowest residue (61.64 ± 0.6688%) from coffee husks compared to methanol and acetone. The result of this research can be used as a consideration for the tannins extraction of other plantation waste.

Nutritional improvement of oil palm and sugarcane plantation waste by solid-state fermentation of Marasmiellus palmivorus

The agricultural sector of Indonesia comprises large oil palm and sugarcane plantations. Nearly 50% of the material resulted in organic waste with high lignin and cellulose content during palm oil and sugarcane production. The lignocellulolytic activity of white-rot fungi has been reported to improve the digestibility and nutrient content of plantation waste into feedstock. This study treated lignocellulose waste, including palm kernel meal, oil palm empty fruit bunch, oil palm frond, sugarcane tops, and sugarcane pressmud with white-rot fungi solid-state fermentation system in a petri dish with two replicates. The growth of the fungus in each waste was observed. The Nutrient content, including water, ash, lipid, protein, crude fiber; and the digestibility, including crude and organic fiber digestion of fermented and unfermented waste, were measured. The molecular identification of white-rot fungi in this study was revealed to be Marasmiellus palmivorus. The result indicated that fermentation of M. palmivorus increased the protein level of sugarcane pressmud, palm kernel meal, oil palm frond, and empty fruit bunch. Fermentation also improved digestibility up to 12%. It is concluded that M. palmivorus has a high potential to enhance the digestibility and nutritive value of lignocellulose waste in oil palm and sugarcane plantations.

Chlorophyll extraction from pineapple plantation waste through mechanical extraction

The presence of chlorophyll in pineapple waste provides a lot of benefits to all living things. The application of pineapple waste chlorophyll as an alternative natural dye in dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) could be advantageous. DSSC is a new invented technology that contributes to a renewable energy source that is both environmentally friendly and cost-effective. The purpose of the research was to apply mechanical extraction to extract chlorophyll from pineapple plantation waste and to determine the important factors involved in the process. A sugarcane machine was used to extract chlorophyll from pineapple waste. The factors investigated in the process were type of waste (leaf only or mixed waste), heat pre-treatment (yes/no), extraction cycle (1–3 cycles) and storage time (8–36 h). The concentrations of chlorophyll a and b were measured by using an Ultraviolet–Visible spectrophotometer . Design-Expert software was used to construct the design table and perform all the data analysis for total chlorophyll (TC) using two-level factorial analysis. The results revealed that all factors had a significant effect on extraction, with extraction cycle having the greatest effect. A significant model for the process was discovered with an R 2 value of 0.9983. A maximum extraction yield of 29.52 mg L −1 TC was obtained using leaf only without heat pretreatment after 3 cycles of extraction cycle and 8 h of storage. The outcomes of this study indicate the potential of pineapple leaves as a source of chlorophyll by investigating all of the factors that affect extraction yields while keeping costs low. • Chlorophyll was extracted mechanically from pineapple waste. • Pineapple leaves have a higher potential for chlorophyll production. • Total chlorophyll extraction of up to 29.52 mg L −1 was achieved. • The extraction time was the most significant factor in the extraction process. • A good fit model was obtained for the extraction process.

High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) composite mixed with Azadirachta excelsa (Sentang) tree waste flour: Mechanical and physical properties

This article presents the application of plantation waste materials (leaves, branches and trunks) of Azadirachta excelsa (Sentang) tree in order to evaluate and compare their suitability as reinforcement and filler for high density polyethylene (HDPE) thermoplastics. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of different types of Azadirachta excelsa (Sentang) trunks flour, branches flour and leaves flour fillers on the mechanical and physical properties of HDPE composite. The composite samples were produced using 25%, 35% and 45% by weight of flour filler loading and 2% coupling agent (maleic anhydride) using a twin-screw extruder, followed by injection molding process. The flexural modulus and tensile strength of the composite filled with trunk flour were not significantly different with the composite-filled branch flour. However, there is a significant difference between composite-filled leaf flour when compared to both composite-filled trunk flour and composite-filled branch flours. Overall, composite samples with trunk flour show better mechanical properties, while composite samples with lower filler loadings of 25% exhibit better dimensional stability compared to the other such as 35% and 45% filler loadings. The study also indicated that composite filled with leaf, branch and trunk flours had better mechanical strength than virgin HDPE.

Potential Utilization of Oil Palm Plantation Waste Supports Beef Cattle Development in West Sulawesi

West Sulawesi Province has oil palm plantation areas that have the potential to be integrated with beef cattle. This study aims to collect data on feed availability from oil palm plantation waste and the carrying capacity of beef cattle development in West Sulawesi Province. The research method used is the desk study method that uses secondary data from Statistics Indonesia in 2022 related to oil palm plantations, palm oil production, and beef cattle populations, as well as research data relevant to this study. The data collected were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that West Sulawesi Province has oil palm plantation areas in 4 districts (Polewali Mandar, Mamuju, Central Mamuju, and Pasangkayu). The availability of dry matter from the plantation and palm oil processing waste is 479,554.04 Tons DM/year with a capacity of 210,330.72 LU/Year and can meet the needs of 317.61% of the beef cattle population from four districts. The index of feed availability from palm oil waste was highest in Pasangkayu Regency, with dry matter production of 11,298.8 tons DM/year. West Sulawesi Province has the potential to support the development of beef cattle with an integrated system of palm oil and cattle.

Thermal degradation analysis of light, medium and severe torrefaction of oil palm plantation residue

Oil palm plantation waste is a potential renewable energy resource in terms of energy security and carbon-neutral fuel. The wastes from the plantation sites, such as oil palm fronds (OPF) and oil palm trunks (OPT) are currently underutilised. In this work, the thermal degradation behaviour of the OPF and OPT, and evaluation on the kinetic and activation energy of the torrefied products are investigated. The samples undergo light (200°C), mild (250°C), and severe (300°C) torrefaction for 30 minutes in inert condition. Then, the samples are characterised using bomb calorimeter, FTIR, and TGA analyses. As a result, the calorific values of OPF and OPT improved to 22.46 MJ/kg and 25.48 MJ/kg from the raw samples. At mild torrefaction, the energy yield of the solid product was higher for both OPF and OPT. In conclusion, the mild condition process showed optimum characteristics for both OPT and OPF as the feedstock for energy application.

PENYULUHAN PEMBUATAN PUPUK ORGANIK CAI R MENGGUNAKAN ALAT BIOREAKTOR DI DESA KARYA HARAPAN MUKTI KABUPATEN BUNGO

PENYULUHAN PEMBUATAN PUPUK ORGANIK CAI R MENGGUNAKAN ALAT BIOREAKTOR DI DESA KARYA HARAPAN MUKTI KABUPATEN BUNGO

Upcycling and Recycling Potential of Selected Lignocellulosic Waste Biomass.

This research aimed to confirm the ability to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by novel composite production using plantation waste on the example of lignocellulosic particles of black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott) and raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.). Furthermore, to characterize the particles produced by re-milled particleboards made of the above-mentioned alternative raw materials in the light of further recycling. As part of the research, particleboards from wooden black chokeberry and raspberry were produced in laboratory conditions, and select mechanical and physical properties were examined. In addition, the characterization of raw materials (particles) on the different processing stages was determined, and the fraction share and shape of particles after re-milling of the produced panels was provided. The tests confirmed the possibility of producing particleboards from the raw materials used; however, in the case of boards with raspberry lignocellulose particles, their share cannot exceed 50% so as to comply with the European standards regarding bending strength criterion. In addition, the further utilization of chips made of re-milled panels can be limited due to the significantly different shape and fraction share of achieved particles.

Pemanfaatan limbah perkebunan (kayu karet) menggunakan tungku beehives modifikasi

Biomass can be used for energy production from renewable sources. Due to the social resistance to crop burning, mixtures and pellets made from or including waste materials are a good alternative. Plantation waste becomes a problem, namely reducing land which ultimately destroys the soil and the ecosystem around the land. This waste has the potential to become charcoal that supports biomass production in Indonesia with modified beehive furnaces. The carbonized rubber charcoal has a fixed carbon content of 63% with 37% of ash, volatile and water impurities. And the redemption value in this process is around 15% which has a profit margin of 200% from the purchase capital of rubber wood waste. The carbonization process with modified beehive furnaces can be a recommendation for the manufacture of charcoal from plantation waste.

Analysis of The Impact of Biochar Application on Soil Fertility and Productivity

The increase agricultural production through intensification and extensification programs does not only provide solutions to food security, but it raises several challenges in sustainable production. In addition to increasing greenhouse emissions which have an impact on global warming, increased production also escalate the production of biomass waste. Although biomass waste is more environmentally friendly than oil-based waste, without proper treatment, this solid waste will have a negative impact on the environment and the sustainability of agricultural production. The conversion of biomass waste into new technology must be adapted to the characteristics of the biomass. Several studies have shown that biomass waste has the potential to be converted into products of higher value such as biochar. Biochar is a material converted from organic waste or agricultural / plantation waste that is rich in carbon, used to increase soil productivity . The long-term advantage of biochar application for the availability of plant nutrients is related to the high stability of organic carbon. The effectiveness of biochar application depends on the biochar production process, the amount of biochar that applied, the soil characteristic, the type of crop being cultivated.