Plant Vegetation Research Articles

ISLAMIC BOARDING SCHOOL MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN ACEH

As time goes by, Islamic boarding schools in Aceh no longer focus their students' attention on continuing to focus on studying religion, but many Islamic boarding schools in Aceh teach or provide provisions to their students on how to have the potential and skills within themselves so that they can be useful for their future lives. In the future, the skills that must be provided by Islamic boarding schools are entrepreneurial skills, therefore researchers conducted research related to Islamic boarding school management in fostering the entrepreneurial spirit of students. The methodology used in this research is a qualitative descriptive approach that uses data collection techniques through observation, interviews and documentation. The results of this research found that: Islamic boarding school management in developing entrepreneurship in Aceh is: 1) Encouraging and supporting entrepreneurial students to pursue their entrepreneurial efforts by giving them motivation to do so, 2) Efforts that need to be made to develop an entrepreneurial spirit are by teaching students and then provide assistance. them in creating a business plan that allows them to have independent and creative skills that benefit them. 3) Steps for developing Santri entrepreneurial skills are as if they were carried out through business units supervised by the Islamic Boarding School. These include cooperatives, vegetable plantations and animal husbandry

Persepsi dan Preferensi terhadap Vertical Greenery Berdasarkan SBE di Kota Pekanbaru

Vertical greenery in the city of Pekanbaru is very difficult to find because there are still many people who do not know the various benefits and uses of vertical greenery with limited land. This study focuses on the city of Pekanbaru at 10 locations found. The research location is in the District Limapuluh, District Pekanbaru City, District Marpoyan Damai with 2 location points. Area Sukajadi and in the District Bukit Raya each with 3 location points. This paper aims to examine perceptions, preferences, color freshness and plant density analyzed by SBE. Vertical greenery is generally found in cafes, hotels and included in the Pekanbaru Park service. The vertical greenery owned by the company in management is more maintained and aesthetically so that it gets the highest score. Meanwhile, the Pekanbaru office tends to be simple in design and many are neglected. The results showed that the people of Pekanbaru city were still unfamiliar with the existence of vertical greening. While the results of the evaluation of the aesthetic value show that the average vertical greenery in Pekanbaru City has a good aesthetic value at a moderate level. Both in terms of design, freshness of color and density level are influenced by several aspects such as structure, environment, activity intensity, type of plant vegetation and maintenance.

Maksimisasi Keuntungan pada Usaha Hidroponik

Cultivating vegetables using the hydroponic method is essential in developing Indonesia's agricultural sector. Vegetables are a type of food that is consumed at any time, so there is always a stable demand all the time. The ever-increasing demand and awareness of the importance of nutritious food make hydroponics an attractive option. The potential for high demand for vegetables opens up many business opportunities to meet people's needs, including cultivating hydroponic vegetables. This research aims to analyze the actual profits of hydroponic businesses and the maximum profits they can generate. The research location is in Deedad Hidroponik, Tamalate District, Makassar City, from July to October 2023. Primary data was collected through interviews and direct observation of owners and employees, and secondary data was obtained from previous studies related to this research. Linear programming analysis via the Simplex Method is used to analyze Deedad Hidroponik's profit maximization. Profit analysis involves production costs, inputs, production results, and business revenues. The research results show that Deedad Hidroponikis can generate profits of IDR 6,980,492 from various types of vegetables. Deedad Hidroponik's source of profit comes from the production of 4 kinds of vegetables: lettuce, bok choy, kale, and spinach. Through a linear programming approach, Deedad Hidroponikwill achieve maximum profits if they plant vegetables with a combination of 625 planting holes for lettuce, 302 planting holes for bok choy, 257 planting holes for kale, and 260 planting holes for spinach; therefore, they could increase profits to IDR 7,496,783 with the potential increase of 7.38%. This shows that selecting vegetable types and resource allocation can be optimized to achieve maximum profits.

Pengenalan Teknik Vertikultur untuk Budidaya Sayuran di Pekarangan Rumah di Desa Gapura

The Sustainable Food Home Area Program (KRPL) is an activity that encourages residents to develop a small-scale food crops, animal husbandry and fisheries by utilizing their home gardens. Since community activity are restricted during Covid-19, the economy become unstable and decrease the ability to meet food needs. This activity aims to re-empower the community by introducing a verticulture technique utilizing bamboo and used bowl that are easily found in the village and supporting the KRPL program. The verticulture technique is suitable for application to vegetable plants, including mustard greens, kale, chilies, eggplants and onions. This activity was carried out in Gapura Village, Pujut District, Central Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara. The method used is direct counseling and training in making verticulture media from bamboo. Through this activity, the Gapura village community has additional knowledge and stimulation in creativity to maximize the use of existing land potential to create food resilience especially vegetables and support welfare.

Enhanced Enzyme Inhibitory Effects of the Nanohybrid Eggplant Extract: An Unusual Pharmaceutical Form for Medicinal Plant

Objective: Recently, biosynthesis/synthesis of nanoflowers has become very attractive for chemical and pharmaceutical sciences, and enhanced enzyme activities. Various plant extracts and their active compounds are effectively used as organic component for novel nanoflowers synthesis. Solanum melongena L., commonly known as eggplant in English, a vegetable and medicinal plant belongs to Solanaceae family has several advantages in materials synthesis due to cheap and obtained easily. The aim of this study is to compare the enzyme ((alpha-glucosidase (AGase), alpha-amylase (AAase), tyrosinase (Tyr), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyryl cholinesterase (BChE)) inhibitory effects of the eggplant’ calyx extract and its Solanum-inorganic hybrid nanoflower (Sm-ihNFs) via in vitro experimental methods. 
 Methods: The hybrid nanoflower was formed (NF) with organic molecules, eggplant extract (Sm), and inorganic compounds, copper to enhance the catalytic activities. The inhibition capacities of the eggplant extract, and its hybrid nanoflower were evaluated on selected enzymes (AGase, AAase, Tyr, AChE and BChE) which play significant roles physiologically by in vitro tests in this study. 
 Results: According to inhibition percentages and IC50 values, Sm-ihNFs showed higher inhibitory activities on enzymes other than ache than the plain crude plant extract. Among all the enzymes that were studied, Sm-ihNFs demonstrated significantly higher alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibition activities compared to acarbose. And when compared to galanthamine hydrobromide Sm-ihNFs showed higher enzyme inhibition and significant IC50 value. 
 Conclusion: It was thought that Sm-ihNFs prepared from eggplant extract may have promising potential for antidiabetic drug formulations in the future. The hybrid nanoflowers will be promising and guide for the future work in terms of pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industry.

Microgreen as a Minimalist Vegetable Cultivation Innovation in Supporting Food Security Family in Urban Areas

Microgreen is a small vegetable or young edible plant with a soft texture. The purpose of this paper is to find out microgreen can be a solution in providing vegetable food in urban areas and to find out the content contained. The method used is literature review which is a reference to understand the research conducted by searching by reading various sources of books, journals, and other publications. The results of this writing microgreen does not require large areas of land for production, simple planting media. The advantages of microgreen include very easy maintenance, saving space, saving time and saving energy. The nutritional content contained in microgreen is at least 4-10 times more than that of vegetables in general.

Soil fauna diversity is enhanced by vegetation complexity and no-till planting in regenerative agroecosystems

Agricultural ecosystems are driven by the need to increase yield, due to increased food demands. Conventional, intensive practices are not sustainable as they disrupt the biodiversity in the soil which performs a range of ecosystem functions that sustain soil productivity and resilience. Conservation agriculture and crop-livestock integrated agriculture have been promoted as some of the most sustainable and biodiversity-conserving forms of agriculture. This study assesses how soil macro-and mesofauna in staple crops respond to different agricultural land uses, including conventional, integrated and conservation agriculture, and lastly, natural grassland ecosystems which were used as reference sites. We compared species richness, composition, and functional structure of soil fauna among the land uses and assessed environmental drivers of these patterns. Soil macro-and mesofauna species richness was generally lower in conventional management compared to other management practices, for overall arthropods and for the separate taxonomic groups, beetles, earthworms, spiders, and springtails. Different functional guilds varied in their responses to the farming systems. Vegetation cover and plant litter cover are the variables which benefited most fauna diversity. The practices of no-till plantings coupled with diversified crop rotations and cover crop mixtures under conservation and integrated agricultural management enhances the diversity of earthworms, collembola, beetles, and spiders. Low-disturbance soil management, crop diversification and within-crop habitat complexity preserves arthropod soil fauna diversity in staple crops.

Solusi Recycle Sampah Organik dan Anorganik bagi Keluarga di Perumahan Taman Dramaga Permai 2 Bogor

Households are one of the contributors to organic and inorganic waste. Generally, the family needs to manage waste independently. The concept of waste recycling can be applied at the household level. The aim of waste management in the Dosen Mengabdi Reguler 2022 was to provide alternative solutions for processing organic and inorganic waste in the household based on the recycling concept. The activities were carried out from July‒November 2022 in one of the villages around the IPB campus locations, namely the Taman Darmaga Permai 2, Cihideung Ilir, Ciampea, Bogor. The core activities consist of discussions and demonstrations about compost, coenzymes, re-growing vegetable plants, and the culture of mung bean sprouts from Vima 1 and Vimil 1 varieties. About 42.9% of the 14 participants sorted household waste, and 28.6% managed waste. Compost from organic waste was harvested within one month after the process, while coenzymes were harvested after three months. Ecoenzymes were attractive to all participants as a solution for processing waste. About 50% of participants favor growing vegetables and 21.4% re-grow vegetable waste. Katuk and Welsh onion plants have 100% growth and 90% survival rates. All participants had never sprouted mung bean seeds. The sprouts can be harvested 1 to 3 days after sowing as needed. The Vima 1 mung bean variety has a sweet sprout taste and produces 657.9 g of sprouts from 100 g of seeds, while the Vimil 1 taste is slightly astringent with a lower sprout production of 543.8 g.

Budidaya Tanaman Hortikultura dan Lumbung Pangan dalam Upaya Pemanfaatan Lahan Pekarangan di Kelurahan Klitren Yogyakarta

One of the characteristics of urban areas is the increasingly limited land that can be used for plant cultivation. Only now, a lot of yard land has yet to be utilized optimally, especially for cultivating vegetables. Klitren Village, in the center of Yogyakarta City, has community-owned yard land that can be used even though the area is limited. This service activity aims to maximize the use of yard land for cultivating vegetable plants, herbal gardens, and food storage. This service activity was carried out in Klitren Village at the Asoka Farming Women's Group (FWG) in July 2022. The service activity was attended by 81 people who were a combination of women members of Asoka's FWG, the Village Head of Klitren Village, Village Agricultural Extension Officers, Lecturers, Students, Research and Community Service Units, and the Klitren Village community from various. The service is carried out through several activities, including making planting media for cultivating vegetable plants, arranging herbal gardens, and providing food barns. 100% of the evaluation results stated that the activity participants knew how to make planting media and food storage. In comparison, 66.7% said they knew how to organize and maintain an herbal garden. 66.7% of the participant's responses to the activities indicated that they were helpful and hoped they could be sustainable and improved.

Vegetable Cultivation Using Residents' Yard Land to Increase Food Security in Gelanggang Village, East Sakra District, East Lombok Regency

Gelanggang Village is one of the villages located in East Sakra District, East Lombok Regency, which has great potential in the agricultural sector and almost 90% of the people living in Gelanggang village work as farmers. However, other plants such as vegetables, which are one of the food necessities, are not widely planted and cultivated, because they are considered less productive for the community. Apart from that, the people of Gelanggang village also have large plots of land which are not utilized. The aim of the main KKN-PMD program activities in Gelanggang Village is to provide education regarding the use of residents' yards for cultivating vegetable crops and increasing the food security of the Gelanggang Village community. The stages in carrying out the main KKN-PMD work program activities in Gelanggang Village are the first stage sowing vegetable seeds, the second stage making Verticulture shelves and the last stage carrying out outreach. The result obtained from this activity is that by conducting outreach related to vegetable cultivation, this can provide education regarding the use of residents' yard land for cultivating vegetable plants. Apart from that, this outreach is also an effort to increase the food security of the Gelanggang village community

Elevated Uptake and Translocation Patterns of Heavy Metals in Different Food Plants Parts and Their Impacts on Human Health.

Irrigation with contaminated wastewater is a common practice in cultivation of crops and vegetables in many developing countries due to the scarcity of available fresh water. The present study has investigated the transfer and mobilization trends of heavy metals in different crops and vegetables plants grown in contaminated soil and waterbody. The translocation patterns of metals from polluted sources into different organs of plants bodies such as roots and edible parts and associated health risks have been evaluated simultaneously. Total of 180 different environmental samples including food plants, agricultural soil, and irrigation water were collected and analyzed. Heavy metal concentrations (Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb, Cu, Cd, As) in water, soil, and different parts of crops and vegetable plants were compared with the permissible levels reported by FAO/WHO, EU, and USEPA. Different metals contents within the food plants were found to be in the order of Fe > Mn > Ni > Cu > Pb > Cd > As. Pollution load index (PLI) data indicate that soil is highly polluted with Cd as well as moderately contaminated by As and Cu. Bioconcentration factor (BCF) analysis showed excessive accumulation of some heavy metals in crops and vegetables. Target hazard quotient (THQ) and target carcinogenic risk (TCR) analysis data showed higher carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for both adult and children from the consumption of metal-contaminated food items. The results of metal pollution index (MPI), estimated daily intake (EDI), and hazard index (HI) analyses demonstrated the patterns of metals pollution in different food plants.

Agronomical Performances of Sequential Planting Pak Choi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis L.) as Responses to Weed-based Liquid Organic Fertilizer

The use of weed-based liquid organic fertilizers (LOFs) in organic Pak Choi production was expected to improve the effectiveness of solid organic fertilizers. Sequential vegetable planting has been practiced to improve the viability of the organic vegetable business. This research aimed to determine the effects of weed-based LOF on the yields of sequentially cropped organically grown Pak Choi. Field experiments were conducted in Rejang Lebong Highland, Indonesia, using complete randomized block design with three replicates, The first planting was in May 2021, and the second planting was in June 2021. Treatments were 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm of weed-based LOF. The results indicated that in each growing season the use of weed-based LOF had no effect on leaf number, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and leaf greenness, as well as the N, P, K uptakes of Pak Choi. Nutrient (N, P and K) uptakes of Pak Choi in the second planting were 27.8%, 91.6% and 51.4% lower than those of the first planting, respectively. In addition, shoot fresh weight in the first planting was 56.2% higher than that found in the second planting. Nevertheless, the fresh weight of Pak Choi in both planting seasons was higher than in many studies and that of the Indonesian market standard for Pak Choi.

Drought mitigation in sandy soil of oil palm plantation using apllication oil palm empty fruit bunch

Sandy soil in oil palm plantations has the potential to experience a higher water deficit during drought condition compared to other soil types. Application oil palm empty fruit bunch, which are co-product of oil palm industry, can be used to mitigate drought in sandy soil. This research aims to compare effective methods of applying empty fruit bunch on sandy soil in drought mitigation. This research was conducted in May-September 2023 at the Sei Rasau Region oil palm plantation of PT. BGA in Kendawangan, Ketapang, West Kalimantan. The research was carried out descriptively on block which are applied empty fruit bunch mulch (Block N21), applied focal feeder (Block P14), and applied combination mulch and focal feeder (Block P19). The technique for applying empty fruit bunch was observed directly and by seeking information from the company. Soil samples and plant vegetative data were also taken, while plant productivity was obtained from the company's secondary data. The results show that the implementation of empty oil palm fruit bunches as drought mitigation will be carried out intensively in 2022. Application empty fruit bunch as mulch are spread on the ground at a dose of 200 kg/tree and application as a focal feeder is carried out with empty fruit bunch inserted into a hole in the ground at a dose of 200 kg/hole. The microclimatic conditions in the three blocks of the research location are relatively same. The results of soil sample analysis show that soil with the application of empty fruit bunch mulch has the best soil moisture conditions and the lowest soil temperature. The lowest C/N ratio was in the combination application of mulch and focal feeder. The best plant vegetative conditions and plant productivity occurred in blocks with the application of empty fruit bunch mulch. So it can be concluded that the application of empty fruit bunch mulch provides the best drought mitigation benefits compared to the focal feeder applications and the combination application.

In vivo Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activity Evaluation of Brassica Rapa Ssp. Chinensis Ethanolic Extract with In Vitro Thrombolytic and Anthelmintic Activity Test

Objective: Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis is a well-known vegetable plant (Family: Brassicaceae) often grown as a type of Chinese cabbage. The present study was designed to explore the thrombolytic, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive activities of ethanolic extract of the Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis leaves. Methods: The in vitro thrombolytic activity of the leaf extract was evaluated by clot analysis using Streptokinase as a standard drug. The in vitro anthelmintic activity was assessed by applying four different concentrations of the plant extract (10 mg/ml, 20 mg/ml, 40 mg/ml, and 60mg/ml) and recording the time of paralysis and death of worms. Two different doses (100mg/kg and 250mg/kg b.w.) were administered to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the carrageenan-induced paw edema model. The antinociceptive activity was evaluated by hot plate test in mice by two different doses (200mg/kg and 400 mg/kg b.w.). Results: The ethanolic leave extract had thrombolytic action, which broke up blood clots that had already formed. The ethanolic leaf extract showed both paralysis and faster worm death at those concentrations in the anthelmintic test. The extract showed significant anti-inflammatory action in pedal edema compared to the control group. The results show that the highest level of anti-inflammatory action against carrageenan-induced hind paw edema may be achieved with an ethanolic extract of Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis (250 mg/kg, p.o.). The proportion of maximum possible effect in the hot plate test was 82.49 percent in the antinociceptive evaluation. Conclusion: The pharmacological test of leaf extract endorsed the clinical uses of Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis in treating thrombosis, intestinal worms, and inflammation. Thus, this plant could be subjected to extensive bioactive compounds to discover novel therapeutic agents. Keywords: Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis, ethanolic extract, thrombolytic activity, anthelmintic activity, anti-inflammatory activity, antinociceptive activity

Use of Azolla in organic farming on availability and uptake of N, P, K of rice paddy (Oryza Sativa, L.)

Organic fertilization is very important to maintain sustainable land and environmental productivity. Organic fertilizer from Azolla has the advantage of increasing soil fertility by increasing nutrient availability. This study aimed to determine the effect of Azolla application on the availability and uptake of N, P, and K of Inpari 32 variety rice plants. This research used 9 treatments: (T0= control, T1= 90 kg/h NPK, T2= 45 kg/h NPK, T3= 10 t/h Manure, T4= 2 t/h Manure + 90 kg/h NPK, T5= 10 t/h Rice straw compost, T6= 2 t/h Rice straw compost + 90 kg/h NPK, T7= 10 t/h Azolla, T8= 2 t/h Azolla + 90 kg/h NPK) with as control and 3 replications, so there were 27 experimental plots. This research was located in the paddy field of Madiun Regency, East Java. The results showed that Azolla, manure, and straw compost at a dose of 10 t/ha increased soil C-organic, soil Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), and soil pH, which was still in the neutral range. Azolla fertilizer increased the highest soil total N compared to cow manure and straw compost and increased the efficiency of NPK fertilizer use. Azolla (T7) increased soil available P (27.02 ppm) and exchangeable K (17.63 me/100g soil). Azolla had the highest available P effect. Azolla (T7) and manure (T4) were affected by increasing K-exchange. Azolla fertilizer, manure, and rice straw compost increased vegetative plant growth (plant height, number of tillers, shoot and root biomass). Among the three, Azolla fertilizer had the highest effect. Organic fertilization affected N, P, and K uptake, which was highest in Azola fertilizer (T7). For manure, varied NPK fertilizer (T4) just showed an increase in P uptake, and compost fertilizer varied NPK fertilizer (T6) showed a rise in K uptake. A positive relationship existed between the availability and uptake of nutrients N, P, and K.

The Effect of Different Ratio Combinations of Rice Husk Charcoal: Soil Media and Different NPK Fertilizer Rates on Growth and Fruit Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)

Okra plant is a vegetable plant that contains many vitamins and minerals that are very good for health. Increased production of okra plants can be done by setting the composition of the media and the provision of NPK fertilizer. The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of the composition of charcoal husk planting media and NPK fertilizer is appropriate for the growth and yield of okra plants. The experiment was carried out in Air Tawar Barat sub-district, North Padang sub-district, Padang City from September to December 2019. This study used a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) factorial with 2 factors. The first factor with the composition of charcoal planting media husks banding soil 0:1, 1;1, 1;2 and 1:3 . and the second factor with NPK fertilizer doses 400kg/ha, 500kg/ha and 600kg/ha repeated 4 times. The observation data is analyzed with the F test at a 5% level, if the F count is greater than the F table then continue with the Duncan New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at a real level of 5%. The results of the study showed there is an interaction between the administration of the composition of the planting media of charcoal husks and soil 1:2 and the administration of NPK fertilizer dose 3.0g / polybag to the height of plants, as well as the provision of the composition of planting media affects the lifespan of flowers, the number of flowers, the number of fruit, the length of fruit, the diameter of the fruit and the total weight of the fruit.

Analysis of NDVI and Plant Vegetation Diversity in the Traditional Zone, Mount Halimun Salak National Park, Bogor

Mount Halimun Salak National Park (MHSNP) traditional zone is a zone which is highly utilized by the local community to fulfill their daily needs by utilizing non-timber forest resources and implementing an agroforestry system with the main commodity is poh-pohan (Pilea melastomoides). Forest monitoring in the MHSNP traditional zone is very important to do as part of sustainable forest management and the realization of supporting Indonesia's Forestry And Other Land Use (FOLU) Net Sink 2030 program. This study aims to analyze the density of vegetation based on NDVI values; besides, analyze the level of plant species diversity and stand structure in the traditional zone of MHSNP. Furthermore, the data collection of plant species diversity at the area based on NDVI value of vegetation density. NDVI values ​​are obtained into three classes that have different land conditions. The class 1 value range from 0.147 to 0.273 has a low vegetation density. Class 2 from 0.273 to 0.319 has medium vegetation density. Meanwhile, class 3 has high vegetation density with a value of 0.319 to 0.433. Diversity of plant species has 60 different species from a total of three classes. The density of seedlings is lower than saplings and at the level of poles, trees is decreasing that is indicates a balanced stand structure. The low seedling level is caused by inhibition of seedling growth due to cleaning by the local community in preparation for planting understory since the community prefers to plant understory which harvest faster woody plant seedling.

Causes of dangerous fungal diseases of potatoes in the western region of Ukraine due to climate change

Goal. To determine the species composition of pathogens of potato fungal diseases in the western region of the forest-steppe zone under climatic changes.
 Methods. Research was conducted during 2021—2022 on the basis of the Ukrainian Plant Quarantine Research Station of the Institute of Plant Protection using laboratory (identification of pathogens) and field (examination of potato plantations and analysis of tuber material) methods.
 Results. According to the research results, the most common fungal diseases on vegetative plants during the studied period were: anthracnose (Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) S. Hughes), Alternaria solani (Ellis & G. Martin) L.R. Jones & Grout, Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl.), fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum Sсhl.) and late blight (Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary). As a result of phytopathological analysis of tubers, it was established that the greatest danger during potato storage is caused by pathogens of the genera Fusarium, Phoma, Colletotrichum, Phytophthora, causing fusarium, fomosis, anthracnose, phytophthora and mixed types of rot. the causative agents of fusarium were identified — Fusarium oxysporum Sсhl., F. sambucinum Fuck., F. solani Vart.; phomoza — Rhoma exigua Desm. var. exigua rhizoctonia — Rhizoctonia solani (J. G. Kühn) [teleomorph Thanatephorus cucumeris (A. B. Frank) Donk]; Alternaria solani (Ellis & G. Martin) L.R. Jones & Grout; Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl.; anthracnose — Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) S. Hughes, late blight — Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary); the share of fusarium was 42.1%, the causative agent of anthracnose — 27.5%.
 Conclusions. Fungal diseases (anthracnose, fusarium wilt) of potatoes, which at the end of the twentieth century were considered to be of limited distribution, have become widespread, which requires their further study in order to optimize crop protection.

Quantifying seasonal thrips population dynamics in relation to temperature and wheat senescence

AbstractThe incidence of thrips in the High Plains of Texas (USA) was investigated using sticky traps during the 2021 and 2022 seasons. Yellow sticky traps were placed in wheat fields and collected and replaced weekly and thrips were counted under a dissecting scope. Weekly wheat reflectance measurements were taken using a hyperspectral radiometer from which normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was calculated for each measurement. Temperature (degree day) and NDVI values were then related to weekly thrips incidence using regression. Thrips incidence curvilinearly increased over time during each of the two seasons and reached a maximum in the middle of June, after which it declined sharply. There was a strong positive relationship between degree days and thrips incidence until the incidence reached a maximum, whereas the incidence was negatively related to NDVI values. Analysis of the thrips changes over time progress with the two variables together showed that degree day has greater impact on thrips incidence than NDVI. However, the steep decline in thrips abundance after its peak in mid‐June suggests that senesced wheat fields with NDVI values near zero are not significant sources of thrips, signifying the importance of wheat growth stages in the seasonal population dynamics of thrips. Overall, the 2‐year results were generally consistent in trends of thrips incidence during the season, which may need to be considered when choosing vegetable planting dates in the region.

Perception and adoption of integrated plant disease management by family farmers in Ribeira Valley (São Paulo State, Brazil)

Family farming, crop diversity and traditional knowledge for plant diseases management characterize Ribeira Valley, São Paulo State, Brazil. Our aim was to diagnose the profile of family farmers from Registro, a municipality of Ribeira Valley, and to determine their perception and adoption of integrated plant disease management (IDM). Semi-structured questionnaire was conducted with farmers and data were analyzed by average, median, mode, Pearson's χ2 test and Monte Carlo simulation. Men and women are involved in farming, but men are prevalent (68%). There are few young people (18% were up to 30 years old), reaffirming their exodus from rural activities. These farmers grow and sell vegetable, fruit, medicinal, and ornamental plants, and they exchange information among themselves, with low demand for farm store sellers. Elimination of symptomatic plants is the main control (13% of strategies adopted). Crop residues elimination, crop rotation and resistant plants were also highlighted (12% each one). Most of the respondents did not know IDM concepts, and after the explanation, they agreed that it is possible put into practice. Dialogue between farmers is strategic for them to obtain information, and rural extension is important for the dialogical transmission of knowledge, and for IDM adoption and maintenance in small properties.