Institute Of Plant Protection Research Articles

POTATO PROTECTION AGAINST GLOBODEROSIS IN BELARUS

The golden nematode of potato is a quarantine species that is widespread in the Republic of Belarus and a causative agent of potato globoderosis causing yield depression of up to 90%. Chemical plant protection products are the most drastic and fastest method to control the phytohelminth. The efficacy of Verango nematicide, KS was studied on-site in the Quarantine Station of RUE "Institute of Plant Protection" on a natural infection background which had 12.3-18.3 cysts/100 mL of soil. The invasive load of the nematode in soil was determined before potato planting and during harvesting. It was found that the rate of cyst increasing in soil was 0.9–1.2, and 1.3–2.3 without the plant protection product, regardless of the Verango, KS frequency. The biological efficacy of the nematicide varied depending on the year the studies were performed. Thus, it was 29.8–32.7% under unfavorable weather conditions, and 45.1–47.9% under favorable weather conditions for the phytohelminth development. Verango, KS did not adversely affect the growth and development of potatoes and contributed to accumulation and preservation of 0.3–3.6% to 8.8–9.7% potato tuber yield.

IDENTIFICATION OF MYCOBIOTA AND DIAGNOSIS OF SOYBEAN SEED DISEASES

Micromycetes that colonise soybean seeds reduce their sowing quality, causing loss of germination, rotting and death of seedlings, and the appearance of diseases on young plants. Infection-free seed is one of the factors that ensure crop growth. Therefore, the study of mycobiota of seeds is relevant for the implementation of preventive disease control measures. The purpose of this study was to identify phytopathogenic fungi that colonise soybean seeds and to establish their species composition. The seed samples were selected in the conditions of the Ukrainian Scientific Plant Quarantine Research Station (Chernivtsi Oblast) of the Institute of Plant Protection of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences during 2019-2021. Mycological studies of soybean seeds were performed in the scientific laboratory of the Department of Phytopathology of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine using the biological method from subsequent morphological and microscopic analysis of pathogens. It was established that the species composition of mycobiota of soybean seeds is diverse and is represented by 17 species: Reronospora manshurica (Naum.) Syd. (downy mildew pathogen), Sclerotinia sclerotiorum de Bary (white mold pathogen), Botryotinia fuckeliana Whetzel. (grey mold pathogen), Diaporthe sp. (Phomopsis pathogen); pathogens of fusariosis are Fusarium okhusporum (Schl.), Snyd. et Hans., Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, Fusarium gibbosum App. et Wr., Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc.; Alternaria alternata (Fries: Fries) Keissler (Alternaria pathogen), Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) G.A. de Vries (cladosporiosis pathogen), Colletotrichum sp. (anthracnose pathogen); pathogens of various moulds – Aspergillus niger van Tiegh., Aspergillus flavus Link, Trichothecium roseum Link ex Friet Fries, Mucor mucedo Fres. amend. Bref., Penicillium expansum Link and Rhizopus nigricans Ehrenb. The dominant species were C. cladosporioides and A. alternata, their frequency of occurrence was in the range of 28.5-47.8%. The obtained data on the symptoms of mycosis of soybean seeds, the species composition of pathogens and their frequency of occurrence are of practical importance for the diagnosis of diseases, the identification of pathogens and the implementation of preventive therapeutic control measures

CREATION OF HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE FORMS OF WINTER WHEAT WITH COMPLEX RESISTANCE AGAINST DISEASES AND PESTS ON ARTIFICIAL INFECTIOUS BACKGROUNDS OF THEIR CAUSATIVE AGENTS

Diseases of field crops substantially reduce the yield and quality of the obtained agricultural products. Underselection of gross grain harvest due to diseases and pests can reach about 25-30% annually. This necessitates the creation of resistant varieties for winter wheat selection. The purpose of this study was to create a new highly productive selection material with complex resistance against the main most harmful diseases for further use in the selection of winter wheat. In the phase of emergence of plants in the tube, winter wheat plants were infected with spores of the causative agent of brown rust according to E.E. Heschele’s method. To create an artificial infectious background of brown rust, a synthetic population of the pathogen (Institute of Plant Protection of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences) was used as a reservoir of infection – a susceptible variety of Myronivska 10. To create an artificial infectious background of powdery mildew, a local population and an infectious reservoir of the American variety Keprock were used. In the F3 hybrid nursery against the provoking background of powdery mildew, combinations highly resistant to the pathogen (up to 5%) were selected, created with sources of resistance: Zdar, Fakon, Pi170911, Bongo – Svitanok Myronivskyi/Zdar, Kolos Myronivshchyny/Fakon, Berehynia Myronivska/Pi170911, Dostatok/Bongo. Resistance against the pathogen (up to 10.0%) was observed in two crossing combinations (Gorlytsia Myronivska/Gloria and Remeslivna/Wervok). Crossing combinations created with sources of resistance were selected on the artificial infectious background of hybrids of the fourth generation for resistance to brown rust: Flex, V 1275, Tobarzo, 203-238. It is worth noting the hybrids: Oberih Myronivskyi/Flex, Smuhlianka/V 1275, Monotyp/Tobarzo, Kolos Myronivshchyna/203-238. The largest number of grains in an ear was obtained from the combination Svitanok Myronivskyi/Zdar (61.5 pieces), and the largest weight of grain from an ear was obtained from the combinations Horlytsia Myronivska/Gloria and Berehynia Myronivska/Pi170911 (2.38 g and 2.37 g, respectively). The Oberih Myronivskyi/Flex combination stood out for its resistance to brown rust and performance elements. The samples selected based on the results of the study are used as valuable raw material to create new winter wheat varieties resistant to diseases in the Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Effectiveness of Selected Entomopathogenic Fungi against the Tobacco Caterpillar, Spodoptera Litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura is destructive pest causes severe losses to various crops worldwide. The potential of different entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs) against S. litura was conducted at Institute of Plant Protection, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan by using leaf dip method. Larvae and eggs were the most susceptible while pupae were less susceptible to the tested entomopathogenic fungal isolates. The early instar larvae were highly susceptible to EPFs as compared to the later instar larvae. The median lethal concentration (LC50) values for third instar larvae were 1.13×107 conidia ml-1 and 2.16×107 conidia ml-1 for B. bassiana 25 and I. fumosorosea 32, respectively. The entomopathogenic fungi pathogenicity was increased with increase in conidial concentration and mortality rate also increased. Median lethal time (LT50) of S. litura was increased with decreased in fungus conidial concentrations. The median lethal concentration (LC50) values for eggs were 1.22×106, 2.33×107 and 4.91×106 in Metarhizium anisopliae L6, Beauveria bassiana 25 and Isaria fumosorosea 32, respectively. During the study, no significant effect was recorded on adult emergence while the virulence potential of I. fumosorosea had significant impact on pupal formation. Key words: Armyworm, Entomopathogens, Pathogenicity, Biological Control

Ground squirrels of the war: a history of zoological research and Spermophilus collections in the Reichskommissariat Ukraine

The history of research on ground squirrels as pests is described in detail in the light of reconstruction of the history and specifics of zoological institutions of Kyiv in 1941-1944, including the Institute of Plant Protection and its Zoological Museum. Data from five different groups of sources were analyzed such as publications, collections, personal files (including KGB) and interviews of participants in those events. It is shown that ground squirrels were one of the main research objects at the Institute of Plant Protection, which was established by the occupation regime in 1942-1943 on the basis of the Institute of Zoology and the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Based on studies of the distribution and variability of ground squirrels of the group Spermophilus "suslicus", two articles were published after the war describing new forms, including the Volyn subspecies, published by E. Reshetnyk in the USSR (1946) and by E. Scharlemann in Germany (1952). The history of (probable) transfers of the ground squirrel collection is analyzed and the measures that had been taken to prevent their export to Poznan and further to Germany in the autumn of 1943 are clarified. It is shown that part of the ground squirrel type series described in various publications is identical, but it was most likely either not exported or returned quickly. Various facts about the movements of collections based on memories of the participants of those events are analyzed.

Breeding gregarious locusts at the Slavyanskaya experimental station for plant protection of the All-Russian Institute of plant protection

Breeding gregarious locusts at the Slavyanskaya experimental station for plant protection of the All-Russian Institute of plant protection

THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR PLANT PROTECTION TO THE FIRST DETECTION OF INVASIVE INSECT PEST SPECIES IN ROMANIA

The global phenomenon of biological invasion is a prevailing and important subject of research, with major negative social and economic consequences, representing a real threat for the native biodiversity of invaded countries. The main elements that favour the entering and spreading of invasive insect pest species into new territories are the intensive trade of goods between different regions, tourism and the on-going climate changes which are predicted to become more severe. Early detection and monitoring of the invasive organisms are essential steps of the foundation of an appropriate and efficient management. The problem of alien invasive species, especially those of agricultural importance, has been an on-going concern for the community of researchers at the Research and Development Institute for Plant Protection in Bucharest, Romania, who have made it the subject of numerous studies and research papers published and incorporated in national and international journals and projects.

Insecticidal Effect of Pătârlagele Diatomaceous Earth Against Acanthoscelides Obtectus Adults

In the present study there are presented the results obtained in laboratory tests to evaluate the efficacy of the Romanian diatomaceous earth from Pătârlagele deposit in Buzău County (DE PatRom) against adults of three population of the bean weevil Acanthoscelides obtectus L. (one maintained in laboratory conditions at the Plant Protection Institute Bucharest and the others two came from fields bean from Buzău and Bacău) compared with two commercial formulations (SilicoSec® and PyriSec® ). The DE PatRom was applied at four doses 100, 300, 500 and 900 ppm while SilicoSec® and PyriSec® at the doses registered in common practice. Tests were carried out at 25±2°C and at 70± 5% relative humidity (RH). Adult mortality was assessed 3, 7 and 14 days after treatment. The PyriSec DE was the most effective reaching a total mortality of adults for all three insect populations tested even after 3 days, followed by SilicoSec DE which caused mortality between 74 and 99% after 3 days and 100% after 7 days. The mortality levels of A. obtectus adults reached by Romanian DE PatRom varied depending on dose, period after treatment and insect population. The mortality of bean weevil increased with increasing dose and period after treatment. The highest mortality (of 93, 96 and 98.5% to adults in Buzău, Bucharest and Bacău population, respectively) was recorded in bean treated with 900 ppm after 7 days. The results in experiments showed that the A. obtectus adults of Bacău population were more susceptible and those of Buzău population were more tolerant to all DEs tested.

To 75th anniversary of Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS of Ukraine. The phytopatological schools

Goal. To analyze the development of phytopathological research at the Institute of Plant Protection of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine and to characterize the scientific schools of phytopathologists.
 Methods. Information about the life of phytopathologists, reflected in the literature and their personal affairs.
 Results. Schools of phytopathologists have been formed at various stages of scientific research to address the most important issues related to plant protection at the Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS. Among students of Corresponding members of NAS of Ukraine V.P. Muraviov candidates of sciences V.M. Lopatin, V.A. Markhasiova and Yu.M. Shelud’ko worked in institute during long time, solving a number of phytopathological problems. The students of Academician of NAAS V.F. Peresypkin M.P. Lisovyi, P.O. Mel’nyk, M.P. Goncharenko, V.O. Fedorova, V.I. Shkodenko, L.M. Shelekhova, O.K. Kondratiuk, T.G. Zrazhevs’ka, V.S. Fedorenko, V.Yu. Kornienko, L.S. Loboda realized the wide spectrum of scientific investigations on revealing of the mechanisms of agricultural crops’ resistance against pathogens of the most dangerous diseases and working out of the system of planting measures. Academician of NAAS M.P. Lisovyi created the school of plant immunologists. Thanks to the efforts of Corresponding members of NAAS D.D. Sigariova agricultural nematology became the full section of agricultural phytopathology; the scientific school of nematologists was formed. The main direction of school of Doctor Sciences (Agr.), Professor S.V. Retman is modernization of the systems of field crop integrated protection from diseases. Some of phytopathologists, which were trained by N.I. Saluns’ka, V.M. Lopatin, V.A. Markhasiova, V.S. Chaban, S.V. Lysenko, V.G. Sergienko, linked their activity with Institute of Plant Protection, directing efforts to solve numerous scientific and practice problems.
 Conclusions. The successful training of scientists on agricultural phytopathology will greatly contribute to further development of agrarian science, and a wide its introduction to production — to solve of state tasks on strengthening of food security of the country.

Institute of Plant Protection of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine — 75 years

Goal. Research of the history of formation and stages of activity of the Institute of Plant Protection of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, its role in increasing the efficiency of the agro-industrial production of the country, in the scientific and business world.
 Methods. Analysis of archival data on the establishment of the modern Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS, articles on the activities of the institution, scientific works of scientists.
 Results. At all stages of its history, the Institute has successfully solved important tasks related to the development of effective plant protection measures from the most dangerous pests and diseases, in particular the improvement of the chemical method of protection, development and implementation of biological protection measures. The economic expediency of the use of insecticides is theoretically substantiated; the economic thresholds of harmfulness of phytophages, indicators of ecological safety of the chemical method of protection and the theoretical foundations of integrated plant protection from harmful organisms are developed. A huge work on scientific provision of breeding of agricultural plants to resistance against pathogens of diseases and pests is carried out. A set of scientific researches on improving ecological and safe methods of protecting cultures under radioactive contamination are carried out. Systems of monitoring and controlling the number of parasitic phytonematodes on wheat winter, potatoes, sugar beets, vegetable cultures of greenhouse are developed. Numerous scientific researches on quarantine of plants are carried out. There are developments on the forecasting of the beans of field crops and improvement of techniques of use of herbicides. Large-scale researches on wheat genetics are carried out.
 Conclusions. The Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS has always played and now plays a huge role in improving the efficiency of agro-industrial production. It is firmly established in the scientific and business world.

Main pests of grain crops and phytosanitary condition in 2021—2021

Goal. Development analysis of harmful organisms in cereal crops, to determine the economic feasibility of applying plant protection measures.
 Methods. To assess the phytosanitary state of crops, and its dynamic changes, the following are used: — the results of phytosanitary monitoring of crops (according to generally accepted methods), which were carried out directly by the staff of the forecast laboratory of the Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS; — current reports of researchers from other laboratories of the Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS from the places of business trips; — materials of decadal reports of regional plant protection stations, as well as signaling and forecasting points; — information on the phytosanitary situation from regional state research stations and institutes of NAAS.
 Results. A study of the phytosanitary state of cereal crops on the territory of Ukraine was carried out, the dominant species of pests were identified, regarding the of the phytosanitary state in the conditions of the year, and a long-term (annual) forecast of the development of pests for the next year was drawn up, based on the appropriate analysis of the data obtained.
 Conclusions. In recent years, climate change in Ukraine has manifested itself through an increase in the average annual temperature, and an increase in the sum of effective temperatures. A decrease in the zone of sufficient soil moisture was noted, its line shifted to the north. Under the influence of abiotic factors, pests constantly change the boundaries of their habitat and zones of damage, therefore reliable protection of crops is impossible under constant gradually monitoring, constant clarification of the species composition of phytophages, and phytosanitary forecast. Improved methodological approaches for assessing the phytosanitary state of agrocenoses and the promptness of obtaining relevant data will allow agricultural producers to make timely decisions on the economic feasibility of using certain plant protection products.

To 75 years of Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS of Ukraine. The school of analytical chemists and ecotoxicologists

Goal. To analyze the development of scientific research of the Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of Pesticides of the Institute of Plant Protection of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine and to characterize the scientific school of analytical chemists and ecotoxicologists.
 Methods. Information about the scientific activity of scientists in the spheres of analytical chemistry and ecotoxicology, reflected in their personal files and literature.
 Results. Problems related to the improvement of the chemical method of plant protection and scientific substantiation of its application were largely solved by the Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS during the whole period of 75 years of activity. The Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of Pesticides has played and still plays an important role in this respect. The founder of this laboratory Doctor Sciences (Chem.) Ye.S. Kosmaty was the first to conduct research on the problem of rational use of chemicals in agriculture, the study of processes and mechanisms of their interaction in the agro-ecosystem. His work was continued by students — V.M. Kavetsky, L.I. Bublyk, K.O. Chebot’ko. Doctor Sciences (Agr.), Professor L.I. Bublyk established a school of ecotoxicologists, preparing 15 candidates of science, 6 of whom continue to work at the Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS and its network to this day. The main directions of their research are the development of the principles of rational use of pesticides, the methods for determining individual pesticides and their multiple residues in the objects of agrocoenosises and soil; study of the dynamics of pesticide detoxification in agrocoenosises; development of methods of ecological assessment of technologies of chemical protection of agricultural crops for the purpose of forecasting, prevention of ecological risks and reduction of negative impact on the environment.
 Conclusions. The achievements of the scientific school of analytical chemists and ecotoxicologists of the Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS and its network are a significant contribution to the development of agricultural science. Their widespread implementation will help solve problems of ecologically oriented chemical method of plant protection and at the same time increase the production of high quality food.

Evaluation of phytosanitary condition of sunflower crops in the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Goal. To determine the species pathogens composition of sunflower diseases and to study the dynamics of development of the most harmful in the conditions of the western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.
 Methods. The research was carried out during 2018—2019 in the research field of the Ukrainian Scientific Research Station on Plant Quarantine of Institute of Plant Protection using laboratory (pathogen identification) and field (examination of sunflower crops with sampling of plant material) methods.
 Results. Since the 1940s, the sunflower area in Ukraine has increased almost in 10 times: from 669 thousand hectares in 1939 to 5034 thousand hectares in 2017. The main crops — 75—80% are located in the steppe, and about 20% — in the Forest-Steppe zone. The sunflower crops are moving further to the west of Ukraine, where its areas increased in 2015—2017 by 1.7—6.4 times with large-scale climate change. However, the instability of weather conditions in this region and violations of the rules of agricultural technology lead to the defeat of sunflower plants by diseases of various etiologies. Researches studying the development of fungal diseases of sunflower have shown that the threat to crops was: embelizia (plant damage in the yellow basket phase was 73.3—100% with the development of the disease 36.7—75.5%); Alternaria (plant damage was 100% with the development of the disease 45—65.0%), verticillium wilt — the number of affected plants reached 35%, rust — for 100% of the affected plants, the intensity of sunflower damage was 3 points (for 5 score scale); the prevalence of phomosis and phomopsis for two years did not exceed 43.5%, and development — 15.4%.
 Conclusions. The most common during the study period (2018—2019) were: Alternaria alternata (Fr.Fr) Keissl.), embelizia (Alternaria helianthi Tub. et Nish.), verticillium wilt Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke et Berthold, V. dahliae Kleb., phomoses (Phoma oleraceae var. helianthi Sacc.) and phomopsis (Phomopsis helianthi Munt.Cvet. et al) in the western region of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.

Optimization of microclonal reproduction of potato wart cultivar-differentiators

Goal. To study the influence of ammonium salts of dihydropyrimidine to the formation of microtubers and the productivity of potato wart cultivator differentiators in vitro.
 Methods. The research was conducted in 2019—2020 in the Laboratory of Biotechnology for Agricultural Crops of Ukrainian Plant Quarantine Research Station Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS. Derivatives of ammonium salts of dihydropyrimidine were synthesized at the Department of Organic Chemistry Institute of Biology, Chemistry and Bioresources of Chernivtsi National University. The material for the research was potato wart cultivar-differentiators of different maturity groups Slovyanka (medium ripe), Chervona Ruta (medium late). The plants were grown on Murashige-Skuga nutrient medium with addition of ammonium salts of dihydropyrimidine at different concentrations (0.1; 0.2; 0.3 mg/l) in a cultivation room at 16-hour photoperiod with a light intensity of 2000—2500 lux, temperature 22—25°C and humidity of 60—80%.
 Results. It was determined that high morphometric parameters and intensity of tuber formation of different varieties of maturity Slavyanka and Chervona Ruta in vitro culture provides the addition to the nutrient medium of ammonium salts of dihydropyrimidine with a concentration of 0.3 mg/l: plant height was 4.6 and 4.1 cm compared with the control of 4.0 and 3.7 cm, respectively. The number of internodes in both varieties were 5.3 pieces (in control — 4.5 pcs.) and the optimal number of microtubers on the 60th day — 79.1 and 81.3%.
 Conclusions. The effect study of different concentrations of ammonium salts of dihydropyrimidine on the productivity of potatoes in vitro in different varieties of maturity Slavyanka and Chervona Ruta showed that the optimal performance provides cultivation at a concentration of ammonium salts of dihydropyrimidine 0.3 mg/l: weight of the average microtuber is 22 and 195.4 mg, the mass of microtubers per plant — 185.5 and 174.4 mg, the number of microtubers per plant — 1.01 and 0.87 pcs.

Effect of plant extracts against Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze) Wiltshire in vitro

Goal. To investigate the fungistatic effect of plant extracts on Alternaria tenuissima in vitro.
 Methods. The study was conducted in the Laboratory of Phytopathology of the Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS (IPP NAAS) and the Laboratory of Ecology and Pharmacognosy of Research Station of Medicinal Plants of the Institute of Agroecology and Environmental Management NAAS (RSMP IAEM NAAS). Medicinal plant raw materials used in the research were grown and selected at the research sites of DSLR IAP NAAS. Plant extracts were made on its basis. Determination of the activity of plant extracts on the growth of Alternaria tenuissima culture was performed in the laboratory of phytopathology of the IPP NAAS. Agar-disk diffusion method was used. The radial growth rate and the percentage of growth inhibition of colonies were determined.
 Results. On the 5th day after the start of the experiment, all studied extracts formed colonies of significantly smaller size compared to the control. On the 7th day, extracts of sage, thyme, annual wormwood, wormwood, echinacea root, and plume poppy significantly inhibited the development of Alternaria tenuissima colonies. On the 10th day, a significant reduction in the growth of colonies of the pathogen occurred with the use of extracts of sage, annual wormwood, echinacea roots and plume poppy. Inhibition of colony growth was highest for sage, annual wormwood and plume poppy and ranged from 84.3—99.5% on day 5 to 38.1—73.4% on day 10 after inoculation.
 Conclusions. According to our results, extracts of sage (Salvia officinalis L.), annual wormwood (Artemisia annua L.) and plume poppy (Macleaya cordata L.) showed a pronounced fungistatic effect against Alternaria tenuissima. These data suggest that extracts of these plants can be used in the future to develop plant protection products.

Assessment of winter soft and durum wheat varieties for resistance to yellow and dark brown spots

Winter wheat varieties sown in the Rostov region are characterized by varying degrees of resistance to pests. The size and quality of the wheat harvest are threatened not only by weather conditions, but are reduced by various pathogens, among which yellow and dark brown spots have recently played a large role. Therefore, the aim of the research is to search for sources of resistance among varieties and samples of winter wheat to the causative agents of pyrenophora (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) and dark brown spot (Cochliobolus sativus). Resistant varieties serve as an ideal factor inhibiting epiphytotics and improving the ecological environment in general. Disease monitoring was carried out in research and production teams of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Agrarian Research Center “Donskoy”. Laboratory research - in the laboratory of mycology and phytopathology of the All-Russian Institute for Plant Protection. The object of research is 226 varieties and samples of winter soft and durum wheat obtained from the department of selection of winter wheat of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution of the ANC “Donskoy”. It was established: in laboratory conditions (VIZR), 15 varieties and samples showed high resistance to yellow spot in soft winter wheat of intensive type. In studies on resistance to dark brown spot out of 155 samples of winter soft wheat, no highly resistant ones were found.

The effect of the Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria and substances of a stimulating nature on the productivity of the soybean plant and seed damage by pathogens

Soybeans are a strategic leguminous crop for global agriculture and play an important role in ensuring food security in many countries. Therewith, biotic factors, in particular, pathogens prevent obtaining a rich and high-quality yield of the crop. Their control is conducted using various methods and technques. However, with an excessive increase in the use of chemical protective equipment, the environmental situation in agrocenoses becomes more complicated. Therefore, it is important to reduce the pesticide load in crop cultivation technologies. The purpose of the study is to assess the effect of the Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria and stimulating substances on soybean plant productivity and seed damage by pathogens. The experiments were conducted in the conditions of the Ukrainian scientific-research station on plant quarantine of the Institute of Plant Protection of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine. The soil of the experimental plot is grey forest heavy-loamy. The Ksenia soybean variety was used in the study. Field studies were conducted according to generally accepted methods. Soybean crops were sprayed during the growing season in the following periods: true three-leaf, flowering, and bean formation. For the treatment of soybean plants, a preparation based on the Pseudomonas fluorrescens bacteria with a titrant of 3x109 CFU/cm3 was used with a consumption rate of 5.0 l/ha per use in combinations with substances of stimulating action. Over the years of research, the amount of precipitation (in certain months of soybean vegetation) was higher than the average monthly perennial norm. Pre-harvest desiccation of crops was not conducted. Phytopathological examination of seeds obtained from soybean plants for various treatment options was conducted in accordance with DSTU 4138-2002. Studies show a positive effect of the drug based on P. fluorescens and substances of a stimulating nature on biometric indicators of soybean plants and their productivity. In particular, the weight of 1000 seeds in variants with spraying plants increased in the range from 16 to 66 g. Joint application on soybean crops of P. fluorrescens together with substances of the group of ammonium salts of dihydropyrimidine and stimulating substances provided an increase in the yield of soybean seeds up to 1.1 t/ha. There was also a decrease in infection of soybean seeds with pathogens of Fusarium, Alternaria and penicillosis – Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht, Alternaria spp., and Penicillium expanum Link fungi. The investigation of the immunoprotective and stimulating effects of combinations of biocomplexes is promising for the development of environmentally safe measures to increase soybean yield and reduce seed damage by pathogens

Resistance of synthetic hexaploid wheat to the leaf rust pathogen

Background. One of the promising sources for enrichment of the common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) gene pool with new alleles is synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW), or allopolyploids from crossing tetraploid wheats (2n = 4x = 28, BBAA) with accessions of Aegilops tauschii Coss. (2n = 2x = 14, DD), and subsequent doubling of the chromosome number in the hybrids. Objectives of the study were to evaluate the SHW accessions from the VIR collection for resistance to Puccinia triticina Erikss. populations collected in Russia; genotype the accessions; and summarize information from the published sources concerning the resistance of the studied accessions to other harmful diseases and pests.Materials and methods. Resistance of 36 SHW accessions from the VIR collection to the populations of P. triticina was assessed in the laboratory and in the field, under artificial infection pressure, using the techniques developed by the Institute of Plant Protection. A phytopathological test and PCR markers were used to identify the Lr genes.Results and conclusion. The SHW accessions were characterized according to their resistance to the Russian populations of the wheat leaf rust pathogen. The sources of resistance in the phase of emergence and in adult plants were identified. The phytopathological test isolated three accessions with Lr23; the PCR marker of Lr21=Lr40 was found in 11 accessions, Lr39=Lr41 in 19, and Lr22a in 3. At the same time, k-65496, k-65515 and k-65517 had si multaneously Lr21=Lr40 and Lr39=Lr41, while k-65497, k-65503 and k-65508 had Lr22a and Lr39=Lr41. The analysis of published data showed that many of the studied SHW accessions were also resistant to other harmful diseases and insect pests, so they are of interest for further studying and possible use in domestic breeding.

POLYEL - COMPOUND WITH ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES

A new complex compound, Polyel, which contains thiourea, macro- and microelements in the form of salts and coordination complexes, as well as vitamins, was obtained and tested. Biological tests were performed in laboratory experiments and in the vegetation complex of the Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection. As subjects of investigations served the plants Glycine max (Merr) cultivars L. ‘Deia’, ‘Moldovița’, and ‘Enigma’ varieties, grown in the Mitcherlih vegetation pots with a volume of 40 kg soil and exposed to the drought stress at the phase "flowering - pods formation”. The beneficial effect of Polyel on antioxidant protection systems by reducing the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and intensifying the activity of antioxidant protection enzymes has been established. Polyel has been shown to be one of the new biologically active chemicals that can be used in agriculture to reduce the negative impact of oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The use of Polyel as a physiologically active substance (PAS) with antioxidant proprieties for pre-treatment of seeds and foliar apparatus is much more effective under moderate drought conditions.

Leaf Rust Resistance Genes in Wheat Cultivars Registered in Russia and Their Influence on Adaptation Processes in Pathogen Populations

The main growing regions for winter wheat in the Russian Federation are the North Caucasian, Central Black Earth, and Central agroecological regions. Spring wheat crops dominate in the Urals, Volga region, and Western Siberia. Wheat leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, is an important disease, impacting greatly on wheat production. In Russia, the disease was an annual problem until 2010 but has since been more effectively controlled. However, changes in virulence in pathogen populations may arise from climate change, evolving cropping practices, intense use of chemical protectants, and an increase in the release of resistant cultivars. In the 2000s, the State Register of the Russian Federation included an increase in the number of winter and spring wheat cultivars resistant to leaf rust. However, successful genetic protection requires a diversity of cultivars with different resistance genes (Lr genes). Studies by the All Russian Institute of Plant Protection identified Lr genes in Russian cultivars’ phenotypes and molecular markers. In addition, the prevalence of virulence in pathogen populations was studied and the influence of the cultivar used in wheat production on the changes in these populations was evaluated. This paper reviews research on the genetic diversity of winter and spring wheat cultivars included in the State Register of Russia from 2000 to 2020 and analyzes their impact on the prevalence of virulence in pathogen populations. These data demonstrate the continuous evolution of P. triticina in response to wheat breeding efforts. Populations of the pathogen showed higher variability in regions where pathotype-specific resistance cultivars were commonly grown.