Plant-mediated Synthesis Research Articles

Biogenesis and Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles and Their Pharmacological Applications

Nanomaterial innovation is the primary catalyst of advancement in nanotechnology. Although there are many known chemical processes for creating nanoparticles that use harmful substances, it is now more important than ever to use processes that are safer, greener, and more environmentally friendly. The goal of research in this field is to use diverse life forms as "nanoparticle factories." Phytochemicals can convert salt into the appropriate nanoparticles thanks to their regular biosynthetic routes. In recent years, green chemistry methods for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles have emerged as a fresh and exciting area of study. Metal nanoparticles, including gold (Au), silver (Ag), iron (Fe), and cadmium (Cd) along with certain oxides, can be synthesized using a variety of chemical and physical techniques as well as biological techniques carried out using plants. It has been discovered that methods involving plant-mediated synthesis are a more efficient and cost-effective way to create these metal nanoparticles. The plant-mediated nanoparticles are used as potential pharmaceutical agents for many diseases, including hepatitis, cancer, malaria, and HIV. Due to the higher efficacy and fewer side effects of nanodrugs compared to other commercial cancer drugs, the synthesis of nanoparticles targeting biological pathways has gained tremendous popularity. This review paper aims to cover the different green methods for the biogenesis of these nanoparticles, the different compounds and salts used, and the metals obtained. Ultimately, the significance and prospects of these metal nanoparticles especially in the fields of medicine, pharmacology, drug designing, and drug delivery engineering will also be commented on.

BIOGENIC SYNTHESIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF CERIUM OXIDE AND ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES ON FISH PATHOGENS

Plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles has gained much attentions due to its eco-friendliness, non-toxic, ease of preparation and biocompatibility. Phytochemicals has been adjudged to be useful as bio-reductants, stabilizers, and capping agents in the formation of nanoparticles. The aim of this study is to compare the antibacterial activities of biosynthesized Cerium oxide (CeO2NPs) and Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) against fish pathogens (Vibrio cholera strain RC3 and Escherichia coli strain C214). Qualitative analysis of Carica papaya leaf extract was performed to examine the biomolecules present, then biosynthesis was carried out. CeO2NP and ZnONP formed were characterized through UV-visible spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy to confirm the formation of the nanoparticles. The result revealed monodispersed, spherical shaped CeO2NPs with average size of 46.34nm, while ZnONP revealed cylindrical shaped nanoparticles with average size of 43.77nm. Antibacterial sensitivity test showed that CeO2NP has a higher antibacterial potential than ZnONPs on Vibrio cholera (13.00±1.41b and 10.00±1.41c) and E. coli (8.00±1.41b and 0.00±0.00a). In view of this outcome, it is therefore suggested that CeO2NP could be used effectively against Vibrio cholera strain RC3 and E. coli strain C214 than ZnONP with highly significant impact.

Microwave-assisted phytogenic Ag/Ag2O/ZnO nanocomposite as a replacement of Ag/Ag2O and ZnO nanoparticles: A comparative antioxidant study

A biogenic approach, particularly plant-mediated synthesis, is currently regarded as the sustainable approach for synthesizing nanomaterials (NMs). The present investigation concentrates on the green fabrication of Ag/Ag2O nanoparticles (NPs), ZnO NPs, and Ag/Ag2O/ZnO nanocomposites (NCs) via microwave irradiation using Murusi peel (MP) and Kew peel (KP) aqueous extracts and comparatively determine their antioxidant potentials. The synthesis parameters of Ag/Ag2O NPs, ZnO NPs, and Ag/Ag2O/ZnO NCs were optimized and characterized using different analytical techniques. Surface plasmon resonance peaks appeared at 448–450 nm, 350–370 nm, and 400–500 nm for Ag/Ag2O NPs, ZnO NPs, and Ag/Ag2O/ZnO NCs, respectively. The scanning electron microscopic images of both peel-mediated Ag/Ag2O NPs depicted quasi-spherical shapes aggregating on the flake-shaped ZnO surface, leading to the Ag/Ag2O/ZnO NCs formation. Transition electron microscopic analysis revealed the average particle sizes of MP and KP-mediated Ag/Ag2O NPs, ZnO NPs, and Ag/Ag2O/ZnO NCs as 13.58±1.32 nm, and 36.79±1.24 nm, 13.00±1.26 nm, and 10.28±1.25 nm, 28.37±1.39 nm, and 11.21±1.06 nm, respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the synthesis of pure crystalline structures with a hexagonal wurtzite structure for ZnO and a face-centered structure for Ag and Ag2O during the formation of Ag/Ag2O/ZnO NCs. According to the research findings, MP and KP-mediated Ag/Ag2O/ZnO NCs displayed an enhanced free radical scavenging effect for DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay with IC50 values of 54.13±0.53 ppm and 51.41±1.27 ppm, respectively. At higher concentrations, the NCs exhibited a greater radical scavenging potential for ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay, with the IC50 values for MP and KP-mediated as 72.28±0.83 ppm and 65.78±1.29 ppm, respectively. Similarly, for the FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay, MP and KP-mediated Ag/Ag2O/ZnO NCs demonstrated a higher antioxidant potential, expressed in terms of ascorbic acid equivalents (AE), which were 46±0.7 (AE) mg/1 g and 50±1.1 (AE) mg/1 g, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this study remains the first comparative analysis of synergistically enhanced antioxidant potential of the agro-waste mediated Ag/Ag2O/ZnO NCs with their respective NPs counterparts, Ag/Ag2O NPs and ZnO NPs. These research findings pave the path for sustainably utilizing these NMs in biomedical applications.

Plant-mediated synthesis of Ag and Se dual-doped ZnO-CaO-CuO nanocomposite using Nymphaea alba L. extract: assessment of their photocatalytic and biological properties

Plant-mediated synthesis of Ag and Se dual-doped ZnO-CaO-CuO nanocomposite using Nymphaea alba L. extract: assessment of their photocatalytic and biological properties

Effectiveness of plant-mediated synthesis of hydroxyapatite nano-particles impregnated in Pistachio oleogum resin on mineral contents of human teeth. An in-situ single-blind controlled study

ObjectivesThis study aimed to synthesize and characterize an environmentally friendly nanohydroxyapatite (n-HA) and evaluate its impact on enamel mineral content when incorporated into a Pistachio oleo gum resin (Saqqez) bio-chewing gum for in-situ models. We compared the effects of this green nano-hydroxyapatite (G n-HA) with those of a commercially available synthetic nano-hydroxyapatite (S n-HA). MethodsVarious analytical techniques were employed including XRD, FESEM, FT-IR, EDX/SEM and TGA/DTA to characterize the crystallinity, size and composition of the G n-HA powder. Three chewing gum groups were formulated: (1) Saqqez gum containing 10% wt G n-HA, (2) Saqqez gum containing 10% wt S n-HA, and (3) pure Saqqez gum. In order to evaluate the impact of these chewing gums on enamel, intraoral appliances were fabricated, each containing six enamel specimens. Participants were instructed to chew the gums while wearing these appliances. The calcium (Ca+2) and phosphorus (P) levels in enamel specimens, both with and without exposure to an acid challenge, were quantified using EDX/SEM. FE-SEM was employed to capture the microstructure of the enamel surface. In terms of the statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests were utilized to compare the data, where the significance level (α) was set at 0.05. ResultsThe characterization tests confirmed the successful synthesis of G n-HA. Furthermore, EDX/SEM analysis of the enamel specimens from the intraoral appliance revealed significant variations in calcium (Ca+2) content among the enamel specimens (P = 0.000). The S n-HA group, in particular, exhibited the highest Ca+2 content, while the pure Saqqez group displayed the lowest. Nonetheless, there was no statistically significant differences in phosphorus (P) content observed among the three groups (P = 0.27). ConclusionsSaqqez gum can be considered a wholesome natural chewing gum that serves, as a carrier for delivering remineralization agents to the tooth surfaces. This was evident in the groups containing n-HA, exhibiting elevated Ca+2 levels. It's noteworthy that G n-HA demonstrated less efficacy in enamel remineralization compared to S n-HA.

Advances in Phytonanotechnology: A Plant-Mediated Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Using Phyllanthus Plant Extracts and Their Antimicrobial and Anticancer Applications.

Nanoparticles and nanotechnology developments continue to advance the livelihood of humankind. However, health challenges due to microorganisms and cancerous cells continue to threaten many people's lives globally. Therefore, new technological interventions are of great importance. The phytochemicals present in medicinal plants are suggested as biocompatible, cost-effective, and regenerative sources that can be utilized for the green synthesis of nanoparticles. Different plant extracts with various phytochemical constituents can form nanoparticles with specific shapes, sizes, and optical properties. This review focuses on advances in green nanotechnology and provides details on reliable synthetic routes toward medically and biocompatible relevant metallic nanoparticles. We cover a wide range of applications that use phytonanoparticles with an in-depth look at what makes these materials interesting. The study also provides details of the literature on the interventions made in phytonanotechnology for the production of plant-mediated synthesis and capped metallic nanoparticles and their applications in various industries. It was observed that a variety of plants have been well studied, and detailed findings have been reported; however, the study of Phyllanthus is still in its early stages, and more needs to be uncovered.

Revisiting the Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles: Uncovering Influences of Plant Extracts as Reducing Agents for Enhanced Synthesis Efficiency and Its Biomedical Applications.

Conventional nanoparticle synthesis methods involve harsh conditions, high costs, and environmental pollution. In this context, researchers are actively searching for sustainable, eco-friendly alternatives to conventional chemical synthesis methods. This has led to the development of green synthesis procedures among which the exploration of the plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles experienced a great development. Especially, because plant extracts can work as reducing and stabilizing agents. This opens up new possibilities for cost-effective, environmentally-friendly nanoparticle synthesis with enhanced size uniformity and stability. Moreover, bio-inspired nanoparticles derived from plants exhibit intriguing pharmacological properties, making them highly promising for use in medical applications due to their biocompatibility and nano-dimension. This study investigates the role of specific phytochemicals, such as phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and proteins, in plant-mediated nanoparticle synthesis together with their influence on particle size, stability, and properties. Additionally, we highlight the potential applications of these bio-derived nanoparticles, particularly with regard to drug delivery, disease management, agriculture, bioremediation, and application in other industries. Extensive research on scientific databases identified green synthesis methods, specifically plant-mediated synthesis, with a focus on understanding the contributions of phytochemicals like phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and proteins. The database search covered the field's development over the past 15 years. Insights gained from this exploration highlight plant-mediated green synthesis for cost-effective nanoparticle production with significant pharmacological properties. Utilizing renewable biological resources and controlling nanoparticle characteristics through biomolecule interactions offer promising avenues for future research and applications. This review delves into the scientific intricacies of plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles, highlighting the advantages of this approach over the traditional chemical synthesis methods. The study showcases the immense potential of green synthesis for medical and other applications, aiming to inspire further research in this exciting area and promote a more sustainable future.

Mapping the Progress in Surface Plasmon Resonance Analysis of Phytogenic Silver Nanoparticles with Colorimetric Sensing Applications.

Nanotechnology is gaining enormous attention as the most dynamic research area in science and technology. It involves the synthesis and applications of nanomaterials in diverse fields including medical, agriculture, textiles, food technology, cosmetics, aerospace, electronics, etc. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been extensively used in such applications due to their excellent physicochemical, antibacterial, and biological properties. The use of plant extract as a biological reactor is one of the most promising solutions for the synthesis of AgNPs because this process overcomes the drawbacks of physical and chemical methods. This review article summarizes the plant-mediated synthesis process, the probable reaction mechanism, and the colorimetric sensing applications of AgNPs. Plant-mediated synthesis parameters largely affect the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) characteristic due to the changes in the size and shape of AgNPs. These changes in the size and shape of plant-mediated AgNPs are elaborately discussed here by analyzing the surface plasmon resonance characteristics. Furthermore, this article also highlights the promising applications of plant-mediated AgNPs in sensing applications regarding the detection of mercury, hydrogen peroxide, lead, and glucose. Finally, it describes the future perspective of plant-mediated AgNPs for the development of green chemistry.

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Arum dioscoridis plant leaf aqueous extract: anticancer and antimicrobial properties

This study was carried out to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Arum dioscoridis (AD) leaf extract and to investigate the cytotoxic and antipathogenic effects of them. The plant material had a reducing and stabilizing effect on the synthesized nanomaterial. During the plant-mediated synthesis of nanomaterials, no substances that would cause environmental pollution were used. For the structural characterization of AD-AgNPs, Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) Spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Electron Dispersive X-ray (EDX) Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Zetasizer analyses were performed. The produced AgNPs showed maximum surface plasmon resonance at 431.67 nm and had mostly spherical morphology. The zeta potential value of the nanomaterial was -9.76 mV and the average powder crystal size was 31.48 nm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (mg/L) of AD-AgNPs on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans were 0.25, 2.00, 0.125, 4.00, and 1.00, respectively. After 24 and 48 hours of application by MTT [3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-difeniltetrazolium bromid] assay, the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50: μg/mL) of AD-AgNPs on human colon adenocarcinoma cell (CACO-2), human breast cancer cell (MCF-7), glioblastoma multiforme cell (T98-G), and healthy human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) lines were determined as 2.977, 2.801, 5.694, 4.392; 2.115, 2.300, 2.612, 4.091, respectively.

The Proliferation of Refined Optical and Emission Properties of Silver Oxide Nanoparticles using various Leaf Extracts

Plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles has emerged as a promising approach, leveraging the unique properties of plant extracts. In this study, extracts from Bidens pilosa, Achyranthes aspera, and Tecoma stans were used to synthesize silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag2O NPs). The experimental results demonstrated successful synthesis of Ag2O NPs using a Soxhlet extraction method and subsequent characterization of the nanoparticles. The photoluminescence and optical properties of the synthesized Ag2O NPs were investigated, revealing distinct emission peaks and strong absorption in the visible region. The antimicrobial activity of the nanoparticles was also assessed, showing potential for their use in controlling and preventing infections. Overall, this study highlights the valuable optical and fluorescence properties of green extracts and their impact on the synthesis and functionality of silver oxide nanoparticles, paving the way for future research in the field of biotechnology and antimicrobial applications.

Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Mono- and Bimetallic (Au–Ag) Nanoparticles: Future Prospects for Food Quality and Safety

The environmental, economic, and operational limits associated with the physical, chemical, and microbiological techniques for the production of nanoparticles (NPs) are the principal obstructions to their rapid commercial applications in various fields including food packaging and sensing to ensure food quality and safety. Over the years, many reports revealed that the nanotechnological (metal-based NPs) application facilitates an alternate, interactive, reliable, as well as simple technology in the food industries and packaging sector. In this review, we summarized the usage of plant extract for the biosynthesis of bimetallic (Au–Ag) and monometallic counterpart NPs. Further, the impact of reaction conditions and identification of reactive phytochemicals with the reaction mechanism of these nanoparticles was reviewed. The recent progress on the applications of Ag, Au, or Au–Ag NPs in food quality analysis and food packaging was comprehensively discussed. The safety aspect of the nanoparticles for food sector use was also briefly stated.

Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Ni-Doped CuO and Fe2O3 Nanocomposite for Photodegradation of Methylene Blue Dye

Cu1–xNixO/Fe2O3 (with x = 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 wt%) were synthesized by plant extraction technique. The absorbance and degradation performance of Ni-doped CuO and Fe2O3 nanocomposite against methylene blue (MB) was analyzed, and the 2% Ni-doped CuO yielded an optimum result, and the optical bandgap of CuO, 2NCO, Fe2O3, and (60%) 2NCO/40% Fe2O3 was found to be 1.88, 1.73, 2.1, and 1.80 eV, respectively. Hence, the 2% Ni-doped CuO (2NCO) was further used for the establishment of a composite with Fe2O3. The lowest composition of the oxide composite was (1−x) 2NCO/(x) Fe2O3 (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5). The degradation performance of those oxide composites was determined against (MB) with the nominal composition of sample (60%) 2NCO/40% Fe2O3 resulted in an optimum degradation of MB with a percentage of 94% at 120 min. The recyclability takes a look at was performed for five cycles at the start of 94%; after five cycles, the sample remained stable at 120 min. Therefore, 2NCO/40% Fe2O3 composite is going to be the selection material for waste product treatment.

Plant-mediated synthesis of sphalerite (ZnS) quantum dots, Th1-Th2 genes expression and their biomedical applications

Plant-mediated synthesis of sphalerite (ZnS) quantum dots, Th1-Th2 genes expression and their biomedical applications

Plant-mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Mangosteen Pericarp Extract and their Antimicrobial Potential

Introduction: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using mangosteen pericarp ethanolic extract (MPEE) as a source of bioreductants and their antimicrobial activity against common foodborne pathogens was evaluated. Methods: Characterization of MPEE was conducted using phytochemical screening, total phenolic content analysis, and DPPH (antioxidant) assay. Synthesis AgNPs and optimization studies were monitored using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize the AgNPs, and resazurin microtiter assay was used for antimicrobial testing. Results: Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, quinones, anthraquinones, and tannins were confirmed present in the extract. TPC and IC50 of MPEE were 0.192 mg GAE/mg extract and 0.277 mg/mL, respectively. A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak within 450-403 nm confirmed the formation of AgNPs. At pH 7, the optimum reaction conditions were 45°C and 3 h. Meanwhile, at pH 9, the optimum reaction conditions were 27°C and 0.5 h. The sizes of nanoparticles synthesized at pH 7 and pH 9 were 13-35 nm and 7- 38 nm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90) of AgNPs produced at pH 7 were 1.45, 2.81, and 2.93 ug/mL for S. aureus, E.coli, and B. cereus, respectively. For AgNPs synthesized at pH 9, the MIC90 were 2.93, 3.02, and 5.24 ug/mL, for the same microorganisms, respectively. Conclusion: MPEE was able to successfully synthesize AgNPs. Compared to chloramphenicol, AgNPs exhibited better antimicrobial activity, which can address the growing concern of drug resistance in certain pathogenic microorganisms. Furthermore, the use of MPEE provides a green and sustainable alternative to synthesizing AgNPs.

Mosquito-Borne Diseases and Their Control Strategies: An Overview Focused on Green Synthesized Plant-Based Metallic Nanoparticles.

Mosquitoes act as vectors of pathogens that cause most life-threatening diseases, such as malaria, Dengue, Chikungunya, Yellow fever, Zika, West Nile, Lymphatic filariasis, etc. To reduce the transmission of these mosquito-borne diseases in humans, several chemical, biological, mechanical, and pharmaceutical methods of control are used. However, these different strategies are facing important and timely challenges that include the rapid spread of highly invasive mosquitoes worldwide, the development of resistance in several mosquito species, and the recent outbreaks of novel arthropod-borne viruses (e.g., Dengue, Rift Valley fever, tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile, yellow fever, etc.). Therefore, the development of novel and effective methods of control is urgently needed to manage mosquito vectors. Adapting the principles of nanobiotechnology to mosquito vector control is one of the current approaches. As a single-step, eco-friendly, and biodegradable method that does not require the use of toxic chemicals, the green synthesis of nanoparticles using active toxic agents from plant extracts available since ancient times exhibits antagonistic responses and broad-spectrum target-specific activities against different species of vector mosquitoes. In this article, the current state of knowledge on the different mosquito control strategies in general, and on repellent and mosquitocidal plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles in particular, has been reviewed. By doing so, this review may open new doors for research on mosquito-borne diseases.

One-Step Phytofabrication Method of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles Using Haloxylon salicornicum for Anticancer, Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Activities.

Among various routes of metallic nanoparticle (NPs) fabrication, phytosynthesis has significant advantages over other conventional approaches. Plant-mediated synthesis of NPs is a fast, one-step, ecobenign, and inexpensive method with high scalability. Herein, silver (Ag) and gold (Au)-NPs were extracellularly synthesized using aqueous Haloxylon salicornicum (H@Ag-, H@Au-NPs) leaf extracts. GC-MS was performed to analyze the chemical compositions of H. salicornicum extract. H@Ag- and H@Au-NPs were characterized via UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and Zetasizer. H@Ag- and H@Au-NPs have surface plasmon resonance at 435.5 and 530.3 nm, respectively. FTIR and GC-MS data suggest that secondary plant metabolites and hydrocarbons might be responsible for the reduction and stabilization of NPs. XRD demonstrated that both NPs have a crystalline nature. H@Ag-NPs have a uniform spherical shape, whereas H@Au-NPs are spherical with few oval and triangular shapes, and their average nanosizes were 19.1 ± 0.8 and 8.1 ± 0.3 nm, respectively. Hydrodynamic diameters of H@Ag-NPs and H@Au-NPs were 184.7 nm, 56.4, and 295.4 nm, and their potential charges were -24.0 and -24.4 mV, respectively. The inhibitory activity of 500 µg/mL H@Ag- and H@Au-NPs was tested against Sw480, Sw620, HCT-116, and Caco-2 colon cancer cell lines and two normal cell lines, including HFs and Vero. H@Ag-NPs revealed potent anticancer activity against all cancer cells at low concentrations. Sw480 was the most sensitive cell to H@Ag-NPs, whereas Sw620 was the least permeable one. These findings suggested that the antiproliferative activity of H@Ag-NPs is cell-response-dependent and may be influenced by a variety of factors, including the cellular metabolic state, which influences cellular charge and interactions with charged NPs. Although H@Au-NPs were smaller, their reactivity against cancer cells was weak, suggesting that the chemical properties, metal structure, quantity and chemistry of the functional groups on the NP surface may influence their reactivity. The biocidal activity of 1 mg/mL H@Ag- and H@Au-NPs against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae was assessed. H@Ag-NPs showed biocidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria compared to Gram-negative bacteria, whereas H@Au-NPs showed no inhibitory activity. FRAP and DPPH assays were used to determine the scavenging activity of the plant extracts and both NPs. H@Ag-NPs (1 mg/mL) had the greatest scavenging activity compared to tested drugs. These findings suggest that H@Ag-NPs are potent anticancer, antibacterial, and antioxidant agents, while H@Au-NPs may be used as a drug vehicle for pharmaceutical applications.

Evaluation of the Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, and Anticholinesterase Potential of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles from Khaya grandifoliola.

In recent years, plant-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles has evolved as a promising alternative to traditional synthesis methods. In addition to producing silver nanoparticles with diverse biomedical potential, the biosynthesis approach is known to be inexpensive, rapid, and environmentally friendly. This study was aimed at synthesizing silver nanoparticles using ethanolic stem and root bark extracts of Khaya grandifoliola and highlighting the biomedical potential of the nanoparticles by evaluating their antioxidant, antidiabetic and anticholinesterase effects in vitro. Silver nanoparticles were prepared using ethanolic stem and root bark extracts of K. grandifoliola as precursors. The biogenic silver nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energydispersive X-ray analysis. Furthermore, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power, and nitric oxide scavenging assays were used to determine the antioxidant property of the nanoparticles. The antidiabetic potential of the nanoparticles was determined by evaluating their inhibitory effect on the activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The anticholinesterase potential of the nanoparticles was determined by assessing their inhibitory effect on the activity of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. UV-visible spectroscopy showed surface plasmon resonance bands between 425 and 450 nm. Scanning electron microscopy revealed almost round nanoparticles with a maximum size of 91 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy affirmed the role of the phytoconstituents present in K. grandifoliola as reducing and stabilizing agents. The biogenic silver nanoparticles showed remarkable antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticholinesterase effects. Biogenic silver nanoparticles could be useful in biomedical and pharmacological applications.

Green sol–gel synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles using lemon extract as capping agent and investigation of its anticancer activity against human cancer cell lines (T98, and SHSY5)

Nanotechnology and biomedical sciences open the door to a wide range of biological research topics and medical applications at the molecular and cellular levels. Biosynthesis ofnanoparticleshas been proposed as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to chemical and physical methods. Plant-mediated synthesis ofnanoparticlesis a green chemistry approach that connects nanotechnology with plants. Novel methods of ideally synthesizing NPs are thus proposed that are formed at ambient temperatures, neutral pH, low costs and in an environmentally friendly fashion. The goal of the current study is to examine the cytotoxic activity of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in various kinds of human cancer cells and potential mechanisms at play. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were created by the sol–gel method using lemon extract as a capping and reducing agent to achieve environmentally friendly synthesis. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, TGA, VSM and HRTEM. They were tested for cytotoxicity against T98 and SH-SY5Y, two human cancer cell lines. The synthesized nanostructures significantly caused in vitro cell death in cancer cells. The results confirmed that synthesized nanoparticles significantly decreased the percentage of cells that survived. Nevertheless, it is essential to perform more investigations to find out the exact mechanisms involved. Binding energy of Hydroxyapatite- SH-S5YS complex and Hydroxyapatite- T98 complex calculated by molecular docking. However, it is essential to perform more investigations to find the underlying mechanisms.

Antifungal Activity of Selenium Nanoparticles Obtained by Plant-Mediated Synthesis.

The continuous need to satisfy world food demand has led to the search for new alternatives to combat economic losses in agriculture caused by phytopathogenic fungi. These organisms cause plant diseases, reducing their productivity and decreasing fruit quality. Among the new tools being explored is nanotechnology. Nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties could be an excellent alternative to address this problem. In this work, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were obtained using plant extracts of Amphipterygium glaucum leaves (SeNPs-AGL) and Calendula officinalis flowers (SeNPs-COF). Characterization of the SeNPs was performed and their ability as antifungal agents against two commercially relevant plant pathogenic fungi, Fusarium oxysporum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, was evaluated. Assays were performed with different concentrations of SeNPs (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.7 mg/mL). It was observed that both SeNPs had antifungal activity against both plant pathogens at concentrations of 0.25 mg/mL and above. SeNPs-AGL demonstrated better antifungal activity and smaller size (around 8.0 nm) than SeNPs-COF (134.0 nm). FTIR analysis evidenced the existence of different functional groups that constitute both types of SeNPs. There are factors that have to be considered in the antimicrobial activity of SeNPs such as nanoparticle size and phytochemical composition of the plant extracts used, as these may affect their bioavailability.

Mitigating the growth of plant pathogenic bacterium, fungi, and nematode by using plant-mediated synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs)

ABSTRACT Nanoparticles of copper oxide were synthesized from the Spirodela polyrrhiza (greater duckweed) plant. Ultraviolet spectroscopy absorbance of around 400 nm was used for nanoparticle characterization. The presence of copper and oxygen in the biogenic nanoparticles was analyzed by the EDX technique. Based on scanning, and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) results, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are evenly distributed and spherical, and their sizes are in the 100 nm range. The synthesized nanoparticles of copper oxide were tested for antibacterial, antifungal, and nematicidal effectiveness against plants pest and pathogens. Antifungal and nematicidal activity against pests and plant pathogens was observed, with fungal mycelium reduced by 45–50% and eggs hatching. The findings suggest that plant-based copper oxide nanoparticles could be a potential source of plant pathogen inhibition. From this study, we concluded that synthesized CuO NPs have the potential to serve as a safer alternative for plant disease management.